Top 25 Java Full Stack Interview Questions &
Answers
1. What are the key features of Java 8?
Java 8 introduced features like Lambda Expressions, Stream API, Optional, Functional Interfaces,
and the Date-Time API. These enhanced functional programming and made code more concise.
2. What is the difference between HashMap and ConcurrentHashMap in Java?
HashMap is not thread-safe and allows one null key, while ConcurrentHashMap is thread-safe and
doesn’t allow null keys or values. It uses segment-level locking for better performance.
3. Explain the use of Spring Boot in application development.
Spring Boot simplifies Java development by providing auto-configuration, embedded servers (like
Tomcat), and opinionated defaults. It helps build production-ready microservices quickly.
4. What is Dependency Injection in Spring?
Dependency Injection is a design pattern used to achieve loose coupling. Spring manages object
creation and injects dependencies automatically at runtime.
5. How does Spring Security handle authentication and authorization?
Spring Security uses filters and interceptors to manage authentication (verifying user identity) and
authorization (granting access to resources based on roles).
6. What are Microservices, and how are they different from Monolithic applications?
Microservices are small, independent services that communicate via APIs. Unlike monolithic apps,
they allow independent deployment and scaling.
7. How do you connect a Spring Boot application to a database?
Use Spring Data JPA with Hibernate. Configure datasource in [Link], define entities
and repositories, and use CRUD methods for operations.
8. What is the purpose of JPA and Hibernate in Spring Boot?
JPA is a specification for ORM, and Hibernate is its implementation. It allows mapping Java objects
to database tables and simplifies CRUD operations.
9. How do you secure REST APIs using JWT in Spring Boot?
JWT (JSON Web Token) is used for stateless authentication. After successful login, a token is
generated and included in request headers for authorization.
10. What are Angular components?
Components are building blocks of Angular applications. Each component has an HTML template,
a TypeScript class, and CSS for styling.
11. Explain the role of Angular services.
Services handle business logic and data sharing between components. They are typically used for
API calls and state management.
12. What is RxJS, and why is it used in Angular?
RxJS is a library for reactive programming using observables, enabling asynchronous data streams
and event handling in Angular apps.
13. What is two-way data binding in Angular?
It synchronizes data between the model and the view instantly using the ngModel directive.
14. How does Angular handle routing?
Angular Router enables navigation between views using RouterModule, route configuration, and
routerLink directives.
15. What are AWS Lambda and EC2 used for?
AWS Lambda is for serverless functions, while EC2 provides virtual servers. Lambda scales
automatically, whereas EC2 requires manual instance management.
16. What are RESTful APIs?
RESTful APIs use HTTP methods like GET, POST, PUT, DELETE to perform CRUD operations,
typically exchanging JSON data.
17. How do you test Spring Boot applications?
Spring Boot testing uses JUnit and Mockito for unit and integration tests to ensure functionality
correctness.
18. What are Angular directives?
Directives are markers on DOM elements that change their behavior or appearance. Examples:
*ngIf, *ngFor, and custom directives.
19. What is lazy loading in Angular?
Lazy loading loads modules only when needed, improving performance and reducing initial load
time.
20. How do you manage version control in projects?
Use Git for source control with commands like clone, commit, push, pull, and branch management.
GitHub is used for collaboration.
21. Explain Agile methodology.
Agile emphasizes iterative development, daily standups, sprints, and continuous feedback for faster
delivery and adaptability.
22. How do you handle exceptions in Spring Boot?
Use @ControllerAdvice and @ExceptionHandler for global exception handling. Custom error
responses improve clarity.
23. What is Material UI, and how is it used in Angular?
Angular Material provides ready-to-use UI components following Google’s Material Design. It
speeds up UI development and ensures consistency.
24. What is Postman used for?
Postman is a tool for testing APIs by sending requests and validating responses. It helps
developers debug REST APIs easily.
25. How do you deploy a Spring Boot application on AWS?
Package the app as a JAR, upload to EC2 or Elastic Beanstalk, set environment variables, and
configure security groups and IAM roles.
