[Link].
org
Seminar
On
The Semantic
Web
Submitted To:
Submitted By:
[Link]
Overview
• Introduction
• Expressing Meaning
• Knowledge Representation
• XML
• Ontologies
• Incremental Ontology Creation
• Evolution of Semantic Web
• Advantages
• Conclusion
Introduction
• The development of Semantic Web is well underway with a goal
that it would
be possible for machines to understand the information on the
web rather than
simply display.
• The major obstacle to this goal is the fact that most information
on the web is
designed solely for human consumption. This information should
be structured
in a way that machines can understand and process that
information.
• The concept of machine-understandable documents does not
imply “Artificial
Intelligence”. It only indicates a machine’s ability to solve well-
defined
Expressing Meaning
ost of the web’s content today is designed for humans to read , and not
omputer programs to process meaningfully.
omputers can
- parse the web pages.
- perform routine processing (here a header, there a link, e
general, they have no reliable way to understand and process the sema
he Semantic Web will bring structure to the
eaningful content of the web of web pages,
eating an environment where software agents
aming from page to page carry out sophisticated
sks for users.
he Semantic Web is not a separate web.
Knowledge
Representation
• For Semantic Web to function, the computers should
have access to
• Structured Collections of
Information
• Meaning of this Information
• Sets of Inference Rules/Logic.
These sets of Inference rules can be used to conduct
automated reasoning.
• Technological Threads for developing the
Semantic Web:
- XML
- RDF
- Ontologies
XML
• XML lets everyone to create their own tags.
• These tags can be used by the script programs in sophisticated
ways to
perform various tasks, but the script writer has to know what
the page
writer uses each tag for.
• In short, XML allows you to add arbitrary structure to the
documents but
says nothing about what the structures mean.
• It has no built mechanism to convey the meaning of the user’s
new tags to
Ontologies
• Ontologies are collections of statements written in a language
such as RDF
that define relations between concepts and specifies logical
rules for
reasoning about them.
• Computers/agents/services will understand the meaning of
semantic data on
a web page by following links to specified ontologies.
• Ontologies can express a large number of relationships among
entities
(objects) by assigning properties to classes and allowing
subclasses to inherit
such properties.
• An Ontology may express the rule,
If City Code State Code
and Address City Code then Address State
Your Web Page Incremental Ontology Creation
[Link]
o1
o2 Your own ontology page
We sell animals Animals of
type feline Oa
Feline of type f2
Animals of F1 is popular
type canine Feline of type f1
F1 is exotic
Pages from a web ontology repository
[Link]
• The meaning of the terms or XML codes used on a web page
can be defined
by pointers (markup not displayed by a typical browser) from
the page to an
ontology page.
• Problem: Same concept different definitions.
E.g. One ontology defines : Address contains Zip Code.
Other ontology defines : Address contains Postal Code.
Resolved: If ontologies provide equivalence relations, i.e one or
SOFTWARE AGENTS will
be greatly facilitated by
semantic content on the Web.
In the depicted scenario, Lucy's
agent tracks down a physical
therapy clinic for her mother
that meets a combination of
criteria and has open
appointment times that mesh
with her and her brother Pete's
schedules. Ontologies that
define the meaning of semantic
data play a key role in enabling
the agent to understand what is
on the Semantic Web, interact
with sites and employ other
automated services.
Evolution of Semantic Web
Advantages
• Automated Tools
• Enhanced Web Services
• Effective Searching
• Quality issues
• Trust Issues
Reference
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
Conclusion
The semantic web in naming every concept simply by a URI, lets everyo
express new concepts that they invent with minimal effort.
Its unifying modeling language will enable these concepts to be progre
linked into a universal web.
The structure of semantic web will open up the knowledge and working
human kind to meaningful analysis by software agents, providing a new
of tools by which we can live, work and learn together.
k s
Th an
