Python sys module
The python sys module provides functions and variables which are used to manipulate
different parts of the Python Runtime Environment. It lets us access system-specific
parameters and functions.
Python import sys
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before running any functions, we need to import it using below command.
import sys
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This function gives the names of the existing python modules current shell has imported.
EX
import sys
[Link]()
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This function collects the String arguments passed to the python script.
import sys
A= input()
B =input()
print(′The command line arguments are:′)
for i in [Link]:
print(i)
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This function just displays the PYTHONPATH set in current system.
import sys
print('\n\nThe PYTHONPATH is', [Link], '.\n')
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This function is used to take.
import sys
user_input = [Link]()
print("Input : " + user_input)
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This String just displays the copyright information on currently installed Python version.
import sys print([Link])
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This method makes the Python interpretor exits the current flow of execution abruptly.
import sys
print("CGPIT")
[Link](1)
print("Hello")
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This python sys module method returns the count for references to an object where it is
used. Python keeps track of this value, as, when this value reaches 0 in a program, the
memory for this variable is cleaned up.
import sys
variable = "CGPIT"
print([Link](0))
print([Link](variable))
print([Link](None))
copy in Python (Deep Copy and Shallow
Copy)
In Python, Assignment statements do not copy objects, they create bindings between a
target and an object. When we use = operator user thinks that this creates a new object;
well, it doesn’t.
It only creates a new variable that shares the reference of the original object. Sometimes a
user wants to work with mutable objects, in order to do that user looks for a way to create
“real copies” or “clones” of these objects. Or, sometimes a user wants copies that user can
modify without automatically modifying the original at the same time, in order to do that
we create copies of objects.
A copy is sometimes needed so one can change one copy without changing the other. In
Python, there are two ways to create copies :
Deep copy
Shallow copy
In order to make these copy, we use copy module. We use copy module for shallow and deep copy operations. For
Example
# importing copy module
import copy
# initializing list 1
li1 = [1, 2, [3,5], 4]
# using copy for shallow copy
li2 = [Link](li1)
# using deepcopy for deepcopy
li3 = [Link](li1)
In the above code, the copy() returns a shallow copy of list and deepcopy() return a deep
copy of list.
Deep copy is a process in which the copying process occurs recursively. It means first
constructing a new collection object and then recursively populating it with copies of the
child objects found in the original. In case of deep copy, a copy of object is copied in other
object. It means that any changes made to a copy of object do not reflect in the original
object. In python, this is implemented using “deepcopy()” function.
A shallow copy means constructing a new collection object and then populating it with
references to the child objects found in the original. The copying process does not recurse
and therefore won’t create copies of the child objects themselves. In case of shallow copy,
a reference of object is copied in other object. It means that any changes made to a copy
of object do reflect in the original object. In python, this is implemented using “copy()”
function.
Important Points:
The difference between shallow and deep copying is only relevant for compound objects
(objects that contain other objects, like lists or class instances):
A shallow copy constructs a new compound object and then (to the extent possible) inserts
references into it to the objects found in the original.
A deep copy constructs a new compound object and then, recursively, inserts copies into it
of the objects found in the original.
Python Collections Module1.1
Python collections module comes with a number of container data types. These data types
have different capabilities
Python Collections Module1.1 1. OrderedDict
Default Dict
Counter
Named Tuple
Deque
