Ch - 3 JavaScript & JQuery
Introduction:
JavaScript Can Change HTML Content
One of many JavaScript HTML methods is getElementById().
The example below "finds" an HTML element (with id="demo"), and changes the element content
(innerHTML) to "Hello JavaScript":
Example
[Link]("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript";
JavaScript accepts both double and single quotes:
Example
[Link]('demo').innerHTML = 'Hello JavaScript';
JavaScript Can Change HTML Attribute Values
In this example JavaScript changes the value of the src (source) attribute of an <img> tag:
JavaScript Can Change HTML Styles (CSS)
Changing the style of an HTML element, is a variant of changing an HTML attribute:
Example
[Link]("demo").[Link] = "35px";
JavaScript Can Hide HTML Elements
Hiding HTML elements can be done by changing the display style:
Example
[Link]("demo").[Link] = "none";
JavaScript Can Show HTML Elements
Showing hidden HTML elements can also be done by changing the display style:
Example
[Link]("demo").[Link] = "block";
Did You Know?
JavaScript and Java are completely different languages, both in concept and design.
JavaScript was invented by Brendan Eich in 1995, and became an ECMA standard in 1997.
ECMA-262 is the official name of the standard. ECMAScript is the official name of the language.
JavaScript Data Types
JavaScript has 8 Datatypes
String Number Bigint Boolean Undefined Null Symbol Object
The Object Datatype
The object data type can contain both built-in objects, and user defined objects:
Built-in object types can be:
objects, arrays, dates, maps, sets, intarrays, floatarrays, promises, and more.
Examples
// Numbers:
let length = 16;
let weight = 7.5;
// Strings:
let color = "Yellow";
let lastName = "Johnson";
// Booleans
let x = true;
let y = false;
// Object:
const person = {firstName:"John", lastName:"Doe"};
// Array object:
const cars = ["Saab", "Volvo", "BMW"];
// Date object:
const date = new Date("2022-03-25");
A JavaScript variable can hold any type of data.
The Concept of Data Types
In programming, data types is an important concept.
To be able to operate on variables, it is important to know something about the type.
Without data types, a computer cannot safely solve this:
let x = 16 + "Volvo";
Does it make any sense to add "Volvo" to sixteen? Will it produce an error or will it produce a result?
JavaScript will treat the example above as:
let x = "16" + "Volvo";
When adding a number and a string, JavaScript will treat the number as a string.
Example
let x = 16 + "Volvo";
Example
let x = "Volvo" + 16;
JavaScript evaluates expressions from left to right. Different sequences can produce different results:
JavaScript:
let x = 16 + 4 + "Volvo";
Result:
20Volvo
JavaScript:
let x = "Volvo" + 16 + 4;
Result:
Volvo164
In the first example, JavaScript treats 16 and 4 as numbers, until it reaches "Volvo".
In the second example, since the first operand is a string, all operands are treated as strings.
JavaScript Types are Dynamic
JavaScript has dynamic types. This means that the same variable can be used to hold different data
types:
Example
let x; // Now x is undefined
x = 5; // Now x is a Number
x = "John"; // Now x is a String
JavaScript Strings
A string (or a text string) is a series of characters like "John Doe".
Strings are written with quotes. You can use single or double quotes:
Example
// Using double quotes:
let carName1 = "Volvo XC60";
// Using single quotes:
let carName2 = 'Volvo XC60';
You can use quotes inside a string, as long as they don't match the quotes surrounding the string:
Example
// Single quote inside double quotes:
let answer1 = "It's alright";
// Single quotes inside double quotes:
let answer2 = "He is called 'Johnny'";
// Double quotes inside single quotes:
let answer3 = 'He is called "Johnny"';
You will learn more about strings later in this tutorial.
JavaScript Numbers
All JavaScript numbers are stored as decimal numbers (floating point).
Numbers can be written with, or without decimals:
Example
// With decimals:
let x1 = 34.00;
// Without decimals:
let x2 = 34;
Exponential Notation
Extra large or extra small numbers can be written with scientific (exponential) notation:
Example
let y = 123e5; // 12300000
let z = 123e-5; // 0.00123
Most programming languages have many number types:
Whole numbers (integers):
byte (8-bit), short (16-bit), int (32-bit), long (64-bit)
Real numbers (floating-point):
float (32-bit), double (64-bit).
Javascript numbers are always one type:
double (64-bit floating point).
You will learn more about numbers later in this tutorial.
JavaScript BigInt
All JavaScript numbers are stored in a 64-bit floating-point format.
JavaScript BigInt is a new datatype (ES2020) that can be used to store integer values that are too big
to be represented by a normal JavaScript Number.
Example
let x = BigInt("123456789012345678901234567890");
You will learn more about BigInt later in this tutorial.
JavaScript Booleans
Booleans can only have two values: true or false.
Example
let x = 5;
let y = 5;
let z = 6;
(x == y) // Returns true
(x == z) // Returns false
Booleans are often used in conditional testing.
You will learn more about booleans later in this tutorial.
JavaScript Arrays
JavaScript arrays are written with square brackets.
Array items are separated by commas.
The following code declares (creates) an array called cars, containing three items (car names):
Example
const cars = ["Saab", "Volvo", "BMW"];
Array indexes are zero-based, which means the first item is [0], second is [1], and so on.
You will learn more about arrays later in this tutorial.
JavaScript Objects
JavaScript objects are written with curly braces {}.
Object properties are written as name:value pairs, separated by commas.
Example
const person = {firstName:"John", lastName:"Doe", age:50, eyeColor:"blue"};
The object (person) in the example above has 4 properties: firstName, lastName, age, and eyeColor.
You will learn more about objects later in this tutorial.
The typeof Operator
You can use the JavaScript typeof operator to find the type of a JavaScript variable.
The typeof operator returns the type of a variable or an expression:
Example
typeof "" // Returns "string"
typeof "John" // Returns "string"
typeof "John Doe" // Returns "string"
Example
typeof 0 // Returns "number"
typeof 314 // Returns "number"
typeof 3.14 // Returns "number"
typeof (3) // Returns "number"
typeof (3 + 4) // Returns "number"
You will learn more about typeof later in this tutorial.
Undefined
In JavaScript, a variable without a value, has the value undefined. The type is also undefined.
Example
let car; // Value is undefined, type is undefined
Any variable can be emptied, by setting the value to undefined. The type will also be undefined.
Example
car = undefined; // Value is undefined, type is undefined
Empty Values
An empty value has nothing to do with undefined.
An empty string has both a legal value and a type.
Example
let car = ""; // The value is "", the typeof is "string"
