Day 1

JDK : [Link]

IDE : [Link]

Boiler-plate || Default Code

Class- Collection of methods and variables. It is concept of

OOPs(DTL).

Method - A method is a block of code which performs certain

operations and returns output(DTL).

Entry Point

The main method is the entry point for executing a Java application. 

When you run a Java program, The JVM or java compiler looks for
a public static void main(String args[]) method in that class, and the
signature of the main method must be in a specified format for the
JVM to recognise it as its entry point. 

If we update the method's signature, the program will throw the error
NoSuchMethodError:main and terminate.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Day 2
Just like we have some rules that we follow to speak English(the
grammar), we have some rules to follow while writing a Java program.
The set of these rules is called Syntax.

Comments
Single-line comment:
Use : /
Example : // This is single line comment

Multi-line comment:

Use : /* */
Example : /* This

is

multiline comment */

Variables

A variable is a container that holds data. This value can be changed

during the execution of the program.

Before use, you need to declare and define it.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
1. Variable Declaration:

int age;

String name;

// int and string are the data types

2. Variable Initialization:

age = 69;

name = “The boys”;

// int and string are the data types

3. Combined Declaration and Initialization:

int age = 69;

String name = “The boys”;

4. Final Variables (Constants):

final int a = 7;[DTL]

Role of + operator between String & numbers

String + String = String - Concatenatio
String + int = String - Concatenatio
int + int = int - Arithmetic Addition

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
 Day 3
Identifiers- Identifiers are used to uniquely identify the variables.
Identifier is a name given to a variable, class, method, package, or
other program elements.

Rules for Identifiers in Java:

1. Start : Must start with an alphabet or _ or $ NOT with a digit.

2. End : Can end with an alphabet or _ or $ or numeric digit.

3. No Reserved Words : You cannot use Java's reserved words (also

known as keywords) as identifiers.

4. No Special Symbols : Identifiers cannot contain special symbols like @,

#, %, etc. except for underscores (_) and dollar signs ($).

5. No Space : Spaces are not allowed.

6. Length – No Limit

Java is CASE SENSITIVE : Shery and shery is different for java

camelCase Used to name methods and variable

eg- main(), last name

PascalCase Used to name classes, interfaces(yet to come)

snake_case can be used in place of camel case(not recommend)
kebab-case Unsupported in java

Keyword and word : Keywords are reserved(built-in) words which

has specific meanings and cannot be used as [Link],
class, static, if, else, while etc.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
DAY 4
Literal or Constant: 

Any constant value which can be assigned to the variable.

DATA TYPES 

Data types are used to classify and define the type of data that a variable
can hold. 

There are 2 types of Data Types:

1. Primitive Data types : pre-defined, fixed size.

2. Non-Primitive Data types : Customize and no fixed size.

Default Values

Data Types Value

byte 0
short 0
int 0
long 0L
float 0.0f
double 0.0d
char '\u0000'
boolean false

the compiler never assigns a default value to an uninitialized local

variable(DTL).

S H E RY I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
 Data types

Primitives
1 bytes 2 bytes 4 bytes 8 bytes
integer family

byte int
-2^7 to 2^7-1 -2^31 to 2^31-1
short
-2^15 to 2^15-1 long
2^63 to 2^63-1

4 bytes 8 bytes
Floating Numbers
float short
-3.4 ^ 38 to 3.4^38 -1.7^308 to 1.7^308

2 bytes
Characters
char
0 to 65535(2^16-1)

Non-
Decision
JVM specific
Primitives
boolean User defined

true or false
classes eg- string

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
+ operator between two char values
It performs addition between their Unicode code points.
For example :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Day 5
Scanner

To take input from users we use Scanner class.

Scanner class is a built-in class in the [Link] package(DTL). Before using

the Scanner class you have to import the Scanner class using the import
statement as shown below:

To use the Scanner class, you need to create an object of it, and then you
can use that object to interact with the input data.

Example -

The nextInt() method parses the token from the input and returns the

integer value.

Use methods to read respective data

nextByte(), nextShort(), nextInt(), nextLong(), nextFloat(), nextDouble(),
nextBoolean()

Reading String Data -

nextLine() - Reads the whole line

next() - Reads the first word

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Reading Char Data : next() .charAt(0)

Problem with nextLine() method:

If we try to read String after reading in an Integer, Double or Float etc.
Java does not give us a chance to input anything for the name variable.
When the method [Link]() is called Scanner object will wait for us, to
hit enter and the enter key is a character(“\n”).

Example -

Console :

Enter an integer: 69

Enter a string: age is = 69

1. We first prompt the user to enter an integer age using nextInt().

2. After reading the integer, we immediately hit enter and enter is also a
character represented by “\n” – 69\n

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
3. The int value 69 is assigned in age but not the \n still left in the memory or

buffer.

4. In next line when we Call nextLine() to consume the name it first check in

buffer is there any thing as we have \n in buffer it take \n (for nextLine()

method \n is the stopping point it will consider we stop giving input and

return) and skip the line.

Solutions -

1. After taking an integer input we Call nextLine() to consume the

name character left in the input [Link] next line when we Call
nextLine() to consume the name character left in the input buffer.
2. Then, we prompt the user to enter a string using nextLine().

Escape Sequence(\)

\n (next Line), \b (backspace), \t (tab), \" (double quote), \' (single quote), and

\\ (backslash).

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
 Day 6
Operators
Operators can be easily defined as characters that represent an operation.
These symbols perform different operations on several variables and values.

Example : 5 + 6 = 11.

Here, 5 and 6 are the operands, and + is called the operator.

Categories of Operators
Unary operators : perform an action with a single operand.
Binary operators : perform an action with a two operand.

Types of Operator

1. Arithmetic Operator :
Binary Operators : - + , - , * , / (int/int will always yield int) , %
(Return remainder after dividing two numbers & with int (works
perfectly) but with float (produces ambiguity)). Special powers of / &
% by powers of 10 / : to reduce the number by 1 digit % : to get last
digit(s) of number.

Unary Operators :

I ncrement Operator (++) : Increase the value by 1.

D ecrement Operator( - -) : Decrease the value by 1.
, - and !(DTL) is also a unary operator(-5, 5 (is same as +5)).

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
RULES for Increment and Decrement :

Cannot applied to constant

Example : int c = ++10; // compile-time erro

Nesting of both operators is not allowed

Example :int a = 10; int b = ++(++a); // compile-time error [++11

They are not operated over final variables

Example : final int a = 10; int b = ++a; // compile-time erro

Increment and Decrement Operators can not be applied to booleans.

Example : boolean a= false; a++;// compile-time error

Quiz On Increment And Decrement Operators →

2. Relational Operators :

Used to check the relations between two operands. They return a boolean
value (true or false) by comparing the two operands. Greater Than (>) ,Less
Than (<), <=, >=, ==, !=

Equal To (==)

Checks if two operands are equal

Not Equal To (!=)

Checks if two operands are not equal

Greater Than or Equal To (>=)

Checks if one operand is either greater than or equal to the other

Less Than or Equal To (<=)

Checks if one operand is either less than or equal to the other.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
3. Logical operators :

Combine multiple conditional statements. There are three types of logical

operators in Java: AND(&&), OR (||) and NOT(!) operators.

Logical AND Operator(&&)

Returns true when both conditions under evaluation are true,

otherwise it returns false.

e.g : if(a>b && a);

Logical OR Operator(||)

Returns true if any one of the given conditions is true, otherwise it returns
false. It returns false if and only if both conditions under evaluation are
false.

e.g : if(a>b || a<c) [Link](“Max : “ + a);

Logical Not Operator(!)

It accepts a single value as an input and returns the inverse of the same.
This is a unary operator unlike the AND and OR operators.

e.g : if(!(a<c) [Link](“Max : “ + a);

4. ShortHand operators

The assignment operator can be combined with other operators to build a

shorter version of the statement. +=, -=, *=, /=, %=

Example : a = a+5, we can write a += 5.

do not use =+ & -= [(=) followed by a unary plus (+)]

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
 Day 7
Package
A Java package is a collection of similar types of sub-packages, interfaces,
and classes.

They help you manage and group related classes, interfaces, and sub-
packages to avoid naming conflicts and create a more organised and
maintainable codebase.

Example:
Directories or folders on your computer's file system(manage files). In Java,
there are two types of packages: built-in packages and user-defined
packages.

Built-in Packages : They are available in Java, including util, lang, awt etc.
We can import all members of a package using package name.* statement

java Java Packages

Subpackages

lang util awt of java

[Link] Classes

[Link] [Link]

[Link] [Link]

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
[Link] is a special package that is automatically imported by default in
every Java class.

Commonly used classes and types from the [Link] package include:
String, System, Math etc.

User-defined packages: User-defined packages are those that the users

define. Inside a package, you can have Java files like classes, interfaces, and a
package as well (called a sub-package).

Math Class

[Link] class is a built-in class. It provides mathematical functions and

constants for mathematical operations.

Commonly used methods and constants:

[Link](a) Returns the absolute value of a value.

[Link](a) Returns the sqrt root of a double value.

[Link](a) Returns the closest value that is >= to

the argument.
[Link](a) Returns the closest value that is <= to

the argument.

[Link](a,b) Returns the greater of two values

[Link](a,b) Returns the smaller of two values

[Link](a,b) Returns a raised to the power b

[Link]() Returns a double value with a +ve

sign >=0.0 and < 1.0

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
 Day 8
CONTROL-FLOW STATEMENTS
Control Flow statements in programming control the order of execution of
statements within a program. They allow you to make decisions, repeat
actions, and control the flow of your code based on conditions.

Types of control flow statements

1. Conditional or Decision Making statements (if-else and switch)

2. Looping statements (for, while, and do-while)

3. Branching statements (break and continue)

1. Conditional statements If-else :

The if-else statement allows you to execute a block of code conditionally. If

the condition inside the if statement is true, the code inside the if block is
executed; otherwise, the code inside the else block is executed.
Syntax of if-else :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
If-Else-If Ladder :
"If-Else-If" ladder consists of an if statement followed by multiple

else-if statements.

It is used to evaluate a condition using multiple statements. The

chain of if statements are executed from the top-down.

It checks each if condition, and as soon as one of the if condition

yields true, it executes the statement inside that if block and skip the

rest of the ladder. If none of the conditions evaluates to be true, then

the program executes the statement of the final else block.

Output :

Number is even.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
If Ladder :
"If" ladder consists of an multiple if statements.

It is used to evaluate a condition using multiple statements. The

chain of if statements are executed from the top-down.

The program checks each if condition, and as soon as one of

the if condition yields true, it executes the statement inside that if block

and still check further conditions. If none of the conditions evaluates to be

true, then the program executes the statement of the final else block.

Output :

Number is positive.

Number is less than 20.

Number is even.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
 Day 9
Ternary Operator
The ternary operator, also known as the conditional operator, is a shorthand
way of writing an if-else statement with a single expression.

If the condition is true, the expression before the : (i.e., expression1) is

evaluated and returned
If the condition is false, the expression after the : (i.e., expression2) is
evaluated and returned

Output : Even

Type Conversion
Type casting in Java is the process of converting one data type to another. It
can be done automatically or manually.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Type Casting in Java is mainly of two types.
1. Widening or Implicit Type Casting

2. Narrow or Explicit Type Casting

1. Widening or Implicit Conversion:

Java allows automatic type conversion when a smaller data type
is promoted to a larger data type
It is secure since there is no possibility of data loss
Both the data types must be compatible with each other :
converting a string to an integer is not possible as the string may
contain alphabets that cannot be converted to digits.
Order :byte->short->int->long->float->double

char->int

2. Explicit or Narrowing Conversion:

Sometimes, we need to convert a larger data type to a smaller one
explicitly and it requires a cast operator
Narrowing Type Casting in Java is not secure as loss of data can
occur due to a shorter range of supported values in lower data type.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Note : Shorthand operators do implicit conversion.

Byte b = 1;

b=b+2; // error , 2 is int(all non-float by default int) so can’t store in byte

b += 2; // works perfectly as += did implicit conversion

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Day 10
Loops
When we want to perform certain tasks again and again till a given
condition.

For e.g. : Our daily routine, certain song listen again & again

Looping is a feature that facilitates the execution of a set of instructions

repeatedly until a certain condition holds false.

e.g. : print 1 to 10,000 number

Types of Loop

Categorised into two main types

Entry Controlled

Check the loop condition before entering the loop body. If the condition is
false initially, the loop body will not execute at all.

for and while loops are examples of entry-controlled loops as we check the
condition first and then evaluate the body of the loop..

a. for loop

When we know the exact number of times the loop is going to run, we use
for loop.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Syntax :

Example :

Flow Diagram :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Optional Expressions :
In loops, initialization, condition, & change all are optional. Any or all of
these are skippable. The loop essentially works based on the semicolon ;

Syntax Tweaks :
Initialize the variable outside the loop
Multiple conditions
Increment or Decrement of variable inside loop body

An infinite loop is a loop that continues executing indefinitely, and it

doesn't have a condition that will terminate the loop naturally.

In the above code there is no initialization, no condition, and no

iteration expression, meaning it will run indefinitely unless explicitly
terminated.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Day 11
while loop
The while loop is used when the number of iterations is not known but the
terminating condition is known.

Loop is executed until the given condition evaluates to false.

Syntax :

Example :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Flow Diagram :

While always accepts true, if you initially give a false condition (not Boolean false) it
will neither give a syntax error nor enter in the loop.

While loop always accepts true ,if you initially give false(Boolean value) it will give
syntax error.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Day 12
do-while Loop
The do-while loop is like the while loop except that the condition is checked
after evaluation of the body of the loop. Thus, the do-while loop is an
example of an exit-controlled loop.

This loop runs at least once irrespective of the test condition, and at most as
many times the test condition evaluates to true.

Syntax :

Example :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Flow Diagram :

The code inside the do while loop will be executed in the first step. Then after
updating the loop variable, we will check the necessary condition; if the
condition satisfies, the code inside the do while loop will be executed again.
This will continue until the provided condition is not true.

Infinitive do-while Loop :

There will be no output for the above code also, the code will never end. Value
of initialize to 0 then increment by 1 so it can never be -1 hence the loop will
never end.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Day 13
Switch Statements
The switch statement is a control flow statement that allows you to select
one of many code blocks to be executed based on the value of an
[Link] simple words, the Java switch statement executes one
statement from multiple conditions.

Example :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Important Points about Java's switch statement:
No variables: The case value must be a literal or constant
No duplicates: No two cases should be of same value. Otherwise, a
compilation error is thrown
Allowed Types: int, long, byte, short and String type. Primitives are
allowed with their wrapper types
Optional Break Statement: Break statement is optional. If a case is
matched and there is no break statement mentioned, subsequent cases
are executed until a break statement or end of the switch statement is
encountered (fall through condition)
Optional default case: default case value is optional. The default
statement is meant to execute when there is no match between the
values of the variable and the cases. It can be placed anywhere in the
switch block .

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Multiple cases can be combined together with commas

Fall through statement

A fall-through statement occurs when there is no break statement at the end
of a case block. When a case block does not have a break statement, the
code execution continues to the next case block, even if the condition for that
case is not met. This behavior is known as fall-through.

Example :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
It executed the code for case 2, then continued to case 3, and finally to the
default block.

Arrow Switch

It simplifies code and eliminates the need for explicit break statements.

yield Keyword :

yield keyword is used in combination with the new switch

expression introduced in Java 12 to return a value from a switch
expression. It allows you to specify the value to be returned from a
particular case block in the switch expression.

Output :Day of the week is: Wednesday

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Day 14
Nested Loops
Nested loop means a loop statement inside another loop statement. That is
why nested loops are also called “loop inside loop“.

for loops, while loops, and do-while loops, and you can nest any of these
loop types inside one another.

Note: There is no rule that a loop must be nested inside its own type. In fact,
there can be any type of loop nested inside any type and to any level.

S H E RY I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Day 15
Array
An array is a linear data structure used to store a collection of elements of
the same data type in contiguous memory locations.

Arrays in Java are non-primitive data types and it can store both primitive
and non-primitive types of data in it. They are fixed in size, meaning that
when you create an array you need to give specific size and you cannot
change the size later.

Declaration of Array

Creating an Array
After declaring an array, you need to create an actual instance of the array
with a specific size using the new keyword. For example, to create an array
of integers with a size of 5:

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Size and initialization can't be done together
int[] arr = new int[3]{1, 2, 3}; // compilation err

Stack memory holds the references while Heap memory holds the actual object:

Stack: It is memory in which the size of the stack is limited and predefined during
program execution. Exceeding this limit can result in a StackOverflowError(DTL) .

Heap: The heap memory in Java can grow and shrink dynamically(DTL).

Reference of the array is stored on the stack(int[] arr).

Reference is essentially a memory address that points to the location in the heap
where the actual array object is stored.

Address

Contiguous Elements: The elements of the array are stored in contiguous

memory locations. This means that the memory addresses for each element are
sequential. The memory address of the first element in the array is the base
address of the array.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Internally the address is in hexadecimal number (combination of alphabets &
numeric characters) this is just for your understanding (we take 100,104,108 etc).

In Java you cannot access the memory directly, you generally work with higher-
level abstractions, and the specifics of memory addresses are hidden from you &
handled by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

Elements in the array are accessed by their index. When you use an index to
access an element, Java calculates the memory address of that element using
the base address of the array and the size of the elements.

Address = Base address + (index * 4)

Address of 1st index = 100 + (1*4) = 104

Enhanced for loop || for-each loop

The for-each also called as enhanced for loop, was introduced in Java 5. It is one
of the alternative approaches that is used for traversing arrays. Traverse the array
without using the index & makes the code simple as it reduces the code length.

Syntax:

Example:

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Day 16
Methods
It is a block of code that performs a specific task
A method runs or executes only when it is called
Methods provide for easy modification and code reusability. It will get
executed only when invoked/called.

Method Signature / Method Prototype / Method Definition

A method in Java has various attributes like access modifier, return type,
name, parameters etc.

Methods can be declared using the following syntax:

Example :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Here, public - access modifier || static - special specifier

int - return type

sum - method name || int a and int b - parameter

Access Within Class Within Subclass Outside

Modifier package outside package
package
Private

Protected

Default

Public

Methods mainly are of two type -

Stati
Non - Static

Static Method

A method declared as static does not need an object of the class to

invoke it
All the built-in methods are static - min, max, sqrt etc. called using Math
class name

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Example :

Non-Static Method or Instance Method

Non-Static Method or Instance methods are attached to the objects of
a class, rather than the class itself
In simple words, you need to create an object to invoke them.

Example :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
 Day 17
Arguments
An argument is a value passed to a function when the function is called.

A parameter is a variable used to define a particular value during a method

definition.

In common we call both parameter and argument as either parameter/

argument.

Classification of Arguments

Formal argument : The identifier used in a method at the time of method

definition.

Example :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Actual argument : The actual value that is passed into the method at the
time of method calling.

Example :

Arguments Passing

1. Pass By Value:

When we pass only the value part of a variable to a function as an argument,

it is referred to as pass by value.

Any change to the value of a parameter in the called method does not affect
its value in the calling method.

As can be seen in the figure below, only the value part of the variable is
passed i.e. a copy of the existing variable is passed instead of passing the
origin variable. Hence, any changes done to the value of the copy will not
have any impact on the value of the original variable. Java supports pass-by-
value.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Example :

Output : Value of a 10

Value of a 10

2. Pass by reference: Not supported by Java

In pass-by-reference, changes made to the parameters inside the method

are also reflected outside. Though Java does not support pass-by-
reference.

In Java, when we create a variable of class type or non primitive , the

variable holds the reference to the object in the heap memory. This
reference is stored in the stack memory. The method parameter that
receives the object refers to the same object as that referred to by the
argument.

Thus, changes to the properties of the object inside the method are
reflected outside as well. This effectively means that objects are passed to
methods by use of call-by-reference.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Changes to the properties of an object inside a method affect the original
argument as well. However, if we change the object altogether, then the
original object is not changed. Instead a new object is created in the heap
memory and that object is assigned to the copied reference variable passed
as argumen

Pass by Value for non-primitives

Example :

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Output : Result from method: 13

Result from main: 13

The called method is able to modify the original object but not replace
it with another object.

Example :

Output : Result from method: 13

Result from main: 5

Here, we can see that if we reinitialize the array object, which is passed in
arguments, the original reference breaks(i.e., we have replaced the original
object reference with some other object reference), and the array no
longer is referenced to the original array. Hence the value in the main()
method didn’t change.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Points to Remember

Java supports pass-by-value only.

Java doesn’t support pass-by-reference.
Primitive data types and Immutable class objects strictly follow pass-by-
value; hence can be safely passed to functions without any risk of
modification
For non-primitive data types, Java sends a copy of the reference to the
objects created in the heap memory.
Any modification made to the referenced object inside a method will
reflect changes in the original object.
If the referenced object is replaced by any other object, any
modification made further will not impact the original object.

Varargs (...)

Varargs also known as variable arguments is a method that takes

input as a variable number of arguments.

The varargs method is implemented using a single dimension array

internally. Hence, arguments can be differentiated using an index. A
variable-length argument can be specified by using three-dot (...) or
periods.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L
Syntax

Rule
There can be only one varargs in a method
If there are other parameters then varargs must be declared in the
last.

S H E R Y I A N S C O D I N G S C H O O L