Java Applets, AWT & Swing
1. APPLET BASICS
What is an Applet?
An applet is a Java program that runs within a web browser or applet viewer. It is embedded
in an HTML page and executed on the client side.
Key Characteristics:
Platform Independent: Runs on any system with JVM
Secure: Runs in a sandbox environment with restricted access
Embedded: Integrated into HTML pages using <applet> tag
Downloaded: Transferred from server to client automatically
No main() method: Uses init(), start(), stop(), destroy() methods
Applet vs Application:
Feature Applet Application
Entry Point init() method main() method
Execution Browser/Applet Viewer Standalone
GUI Automatic Manual creation needed
Security Restricted (sandbox) Full access
2. APPLET ARCHITECTURE
Inheritance Hierarchy:
[Link]
↓
[Link]
↓
[Link]
↓
[Link]
↓
[Link]
↓
[Link]
Core Components:
1. [Link]: Base class for all applets
2. [Link]: Provides GUI capabilities
3. [Link]: Can contain other components
4. AppletContext: Interface for browser environment
5. AppletStub: Interface connecting applet to browser
1
Applet Execution Environment:
Browser: Provides runtime environment
Applet Viewer: Testing tool from JDK
Security Manager: Controls applet permissions
Class Loader: Loads applet classes dynamically
3. LIFECYCLE OF JAVA APPLETS
Five Key Methods:
1. init()
Called once when applet is first loaded
Used for initialization tasks
Setup variables, load images, set background color
public void init() {
setBackground([Link]);
// Initialization code
}
2. start()
Called after init() and whenever applet becomes active
Starts or resumes threads
Called when user returns to the page
public void start() {
// Start animations or threads
}
3. paint(Graphics g)
Called to render applet display
Automatically invoked after init() and start()
Can be explicitly called using repaint()
public void paint(Graphics g) {
[Link]("Hello Applet", 50, 50);
}
4. stop()
Called when user leaves the page
Suspends threads or animations
Releases resources temporarily
public void stop() {
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// Suspend threads
}
5. destroy()
Called when applet is being removed permanently
Final cleanup
Release all resources
public void destroy() {
// Final cleanup code
}
Lifecycle Flow:
Applet Loaded → init() → start() → paint()
↓
User leaves page → stop()
↓
User returns → start() → paint()
↓
Browser closes → destroy()
4. CREATION OF APPLETS
Step 1: Write Applet Code
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class MyApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
[Link]("Welcome to Applets!", 20, 30);
}
}
Step 2: Compile the Applet
javac [Link]
Step 3: Create HTML File
<html>
<head>
<title>My Applet</title>
</head>
<body>
<applet code="[Link]" width="400" height="300">
Your browser does not support applets.
</applet>
</body>
</html>
3
Step 4: Run the Applet
Using Browser: Open HTML file
Using Applet Viewer: appletviewer [Link]
Important Notes:
Applets don't have main() method
Must extend Applet or JApplet class
.class file must be in same directory as HTML
Use paint() method for drawing
5. PARAMETER PASSING TO APPLETS
Passing Parameters from HTML:
<applet code="[Link]" width="400" height="300">
<param name="message" value="Hello World">
<param name="fontSize" value="20">
<param name="color" value="blue">
</applet>
Retrieving Parameters in Applet:
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class ParamApplet extends Applet {
String message;
int fontSize;
Color textColor;
public void init() {
// Get parameter values
message = getParameter("message");
String sizeStr = getParameter("fontSize");
fontSize = [Link](sizeStr);
String colorStr = getParameter("color");
if([Link]("blue"))
textColor = [Link];
else
textColor = [Link];
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
[Link](textColor);
[Link](new Font("Arial", [Link], fontSize));
[Link](message, 50, 50);
}
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}
Key Methods:
getParameter(String name): Returns parameter value as String
Returns null if parameter not found
Always returns String, conversion needed for other types
6. APPLET GRAPHICS
Graphics Class Methods:
Drawing Methods:
1. drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2): Draws a line
2. drawRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): Draws rectangle outline
3. fillRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): Draws filled rectangle
4. drawOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): Draws oval outline
5. fillOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): Draws filled oval
6. drawArc(int x, int y, int w, int h, int start, int arc): Draws arc
7. fillArc(int x, int y, int w, int h, int start, int arc): Draws filled arc
8. drawPolygon(int[] x, int[] y, int points): Draws polygon
9. fillPolygon(int[] x, int[] y, int points): Draws filled polygon
10. drawString(String str, int x, int y): Draws text
Color and Font Methods:
setColor(Color c): Sets drawing color
setFont(Font f): Sets text font
getColor(): Gets current color
getFont(): Gets current font
Examples:
Example 1: Drawing Lines
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class LineApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
// Horizontal line
[Link](10, 20, 200, 20);
// Vertical line
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](50, 10, 50, 150);
// Diagonal line
5
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](10, 10, 200, 150);
}
}
Example 2: Drawing Rectangles
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class RectangleApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
// Outline rectangle
[Link](10, 10, 100, 50);
// Filled rectangle
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](120, 10, 100, 50);
// Rounded rectangle
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](10, 80, 100, 50, 20, 20);
}
}
Example 3: Drawing Ovals and Circles
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class OvalApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
// Oval outline
[Link](10, 10, 150, 80);
// Filled circle (width = height)
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](200, 10, 100, 100);
// Filled oval
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](50, 120, 200, 100);
}
}
Example 4: Drawing Polygons
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class PolygonApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
// Triangle
int[] xTriangle = {100, 150, 50};
int[] yTriangle = {50, 150, 150};
[Link](xTriangle, yTriangle, 3);
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// Pentagon
int[] xPenta = {250, 300, 280, 220, 200};
int[] yPenta = {50, 80, 130, 130, 80};
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](xPenta, yPenta, 5);
// Hexagon
int[] xHexa = {400, 450, 450, 400, 350, 350};
int[] yHexa = {50, 75, 125, 150, 125, 75};
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](xHexa, yHexa, 6);
}
}
Example 5: Drawing Arcs
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class ArcApplet extends Applet {
public void paint(Graphics g) {
// Semi-circle (180 degrees)
[Link](10, 10, 100, 100, 0, 180);
// Quarter circle (90 degrees)
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](150, 10, 100, 100, 0, 90);
// Pac-man shape
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](300, 10, 100, 100, 45, 270);
}
}
7. APPLET CLASSES
Important Applet Classes:
1. [Link]
Base class for all applets
Provides lifecycle methods
Key Methods:
o init(), start(), stop(), destroy()
o getParameter(String name)
o getAppletContext()
o getCodeBase(), getDocumentBase()
o showStatus(String msg)
o play(URL url) - plays audio clip
o getImage(URL url, String name) - loads image
2. [Link]
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Represents applet's environment (browser)
Methods:
o getApplet(String name)
o getApplets()
o showDocument(URL url)
o showStatus(String status)
3. [Link]
Interface between applet and browser
Methods:
o isActive()
o getDocumentBase()
o getCodeBase()
o getParameter(String name)
o appletResize(int width, int height)
4. [Link]
Represents audio clip
Methods:
o play() - plays audio once
o loop() - plays audio repeatedly
o stop() - stops playing
Example Using Multiple Classes:
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class MultiMediaApplet extends Applet {
Image img;
AudioClip clip;
public void init() {
try {
URL imgURL = new URL(getCodeBase(), "[Link]");
img = getImage(imgURL);
URL audioURL = new URL(getCodeBase(), "[Link]");
clip = getAudioClip(audioURL);
} catch(Exception e) {
showStatus("Error loading resources");
}
}
public void start() {
if(clip != null)
[Link]();
}
public void stop() {
if(clip != null)
[Link]();
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}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
if(img != null)
[Link](img, 10, 10, this);
}
}
8. AWT COMPONENTS AND CONTAINERS
AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit)
Platform-independent GUI framework for Java applications and applets.
Component Hierarchy:
Component (Abstract Class)
├── Button
├── Canvas
├── Checkbox
├── Choice
├── Label
├── List
├── Scrollbar
├── TextComponent
│ ├── TextArea
│ └── TextField
└── Container
├── Panel
│ └── Applet
├── Window
│ ├── Frame
│ └── Dialog
└── ScrollPane
Common AWT Components:
1. Button
Button btn = new Button("Click Me");
add(btn);
2. Label
Label lbl = new Label("Enter Name:");
add(lbl);
3. TextField
TextField txt = new TextField(20); // 20 columns
add(txt);
4. TextArea
9
TextArea area = new TextArea(5, 30); // 5 rows, 30 columns
add(area);
5. Checkbox
Checkbox cb1 = new Checkbox("Java");
Checkbox cb2 = new Checkbox("Python");
add(cb1);
add(cb2);
6. CheckboxGroup (Radio Buttons)
CheckboxGroup group = new CheckboxGroup();
Checkbox male = new Checkbox("Male", group, true);
Checkbox female = new Checkbox("Female", group, false);
add(male);
add(female);
7. Choice (Dropdown)
Choice choice = new Choice();
[Link]("Red");
[Link]("Green");
[Link]("Blue");
add(choice);
8. List
List list = new List(4, true); // 4 visible rows, multiple selection
[Link]("Item 1");
[Link]("Item 2");
[Link]("Item 3");
add(list);
9. Scrollbar
Scrollbar scroll = new Scrollbar([Link], 0, 10, 0, 100);
add(scroll);
Container Classes:
1. Panel
Generic container
Default layout: FlowLayout
Panel panel = new Panel();
[Link](new Button("Button 1"));
[Link](new Button("Button 2"));
add(panel);
2. Frame
Top-level window with title and border
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Frame frame = new Frame("My Window");
[Link](400, 300);
[Link](true);
3. Dialog
Pop-up window
Dialog dialog = new Dialog(frame, "Dialog Box", true);
[Link](200, 150);
[Link](true);
4. ScrollPane
Container with automatic scrollbars
ScrollPane pane = new ScrollPane();
[Link](new Button("Large Button"));
add(pane);
9. LAYOUT MANAGERS
Layout managers control the size and position of components in containers.
1. FlowLayout
Default for Panel and Applet
Arranges components left-to-right, top-to-bottom
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
// or
setLayout(new FlowLayout([Link], 10, 20));
// alignment, hgap, vgap
Alignment Options: LEFT, RIGHT, CENTER, LEADING, TRAILING
2. BorderLayout
Default for Frame and Dialog
Five regions: NORTH, SOUTH, EAST, WEST, CENTER
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
add(new Button("North"), [Link]);
add(new Button("South"), [Link]);
add(new Button("East"), [Link]);
add(new Button("West"), [Link]);
add(new Button("Center"), [Link]);
3. GridLayout
Arranges components in rows and columns
11
All cells are equal size
setLayout(new GridLayout(3, 2)); // 3 rows, 2 columns
// or
setLayout(new GridLayout(3, 2, 5, 5)); // with gaps
4. CardLayout
Shows one component at a time (like tabs)
CardLayout card = new CardLayout();
setLayout(card);
Panel p1 = new Panel();
Panel p2 = new Panel();
add(p1, "Card1");
add(p2, "Card2");
[Link](this, "Card1");
Methods: first(), last(), next(), previous(), show()
5. GridBagLayout
Most flexible and complex
Components can span multiple rows/columns
GridBagLayout gbl = new GridBagLayout();
GridBagConstraints gbc = new GridBagConstraints();
setLayout(gbl);
[Link] = 0;
[Link] = 0;
[Link] = 2;
Button btn = new Button("Wide Button");
add(btn, gbc);
Comparison:
Layout Use Case Flexibility
FlowLayout Simple, sequential Low
BorderLayout Five-region design Medium
GridLayout Uniform grid Medium
CardLayout Multiple views Medium
GridBagLayout Complex forms High
10. LISTENERS AND ADAPTER CLASSES
Event Listener Interfaces:
1. ActionListener
For buttons, menu items, text fields
12
public interface ActionListener extends EventListener {
void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e);
}
Usage:
Button btn = new Button("Click");
[Link](new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
[Link]("Button clicked");
}
});
2. MouseListener
Five methods for mouse events
public interface MouseListener extends EventListener {
void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e);
void mousePressed(MouseEvent e);
void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e);
void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e);
void mouseExited(MouseEvent e);
}
3. MouseMotionListener
public interface MouseMotionListener extends EventListener {
void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e);
void mouseMoved(MouseEvent e);
}
4. KeyListener
public interface KeyListener extends EventListener {
void keyTyped(KeyEvent e);
void keyPressed(KeyEvent e);
void keyReleased(KeyEvent e);
}
5. WindowListener
public interface WindowListener extends EventListener {
void windowOpened(WindowEvent e);
void windowClosing(WindowEvent e);
void windowClosed(WindowEvent e);
void windowIconified(WindowEvent e);
void windowDeiconified(WindowEvent e);
void windowActivated(WindowEvent e);
void windowDeactivated(WindowEvent e);
}
6. ItemListener
For checkbox, choice, list
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public interface ItemListener extends EventListener {
void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent e);
}
7. TextListener
For text components
public interface TextListener extends EventListener {
void textValueChanged(TextEvent e);
}
Adapter Classes:
Adapter classes provide empty implementations of listener interfaces with multiple methods.
1. MouseAdapter
public abstract class MouseAdapter implements MouseListener {
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {}
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {}
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {}
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {}
}
Usage:
addMouseListener(new MouseAdapter() {
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
// Only override needed method
}
});
2. MouseMotionAdapter
addMouseMotionListener(new MouseMotionAdapter() {
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent e) {
// Handle drag only
}
});
3. KeyAdapter
addKeyListener(new KeyAdapter() {
public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e) {
// Handle key press only
}
});
4. WindowAdapter
[Link](new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
[Link](0);
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}
});
5. FocusAdapter
addFocusListener(new FocusAdapter() {
public void focusGained(FocusEvent e) {
// Handle focus gain
}
});
Adapter Classes Available:
ComponentAdapter
ContainerAdapter
FocusAdapter
KeyAdapter
MouseAdapter
MouseMotionAdapter
WindowAdapter
Note: Adapter classes don't exist for ActionListener, ItemListener, TextListener (only one
method each).
11. EVENT DELEGATION MODEL
Overview:
The Event Delegation Model (introduced in Java 1.1) separates event sources from event
handlers.
Key Concepts:
1. Event Source
Component that generates the event (Button, TextField, etc.)
Maintains list of listeners
Fires events to registered listeners
2. Event Object
Contains information about the event
Extends [Link]
Examples: ActionEvent, MouseEvent, KeyEvent
3. Event Listener
Object that receives event notifications
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Implements specific listener interface
Registered with event source
Event Flow:
User Action → Event Source → Event Object → Event Listener → Handler Method
Registration Methods:
addActionListener()
addMouseListener()
addKeyListener()
addWindowListener()
etc.
Example:
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class EventDemo extends Applet implements ActionListener {
Button btn;
TextField txt;
public void init() {
btn = new Button("Click Me");
txt = new TextField(20);
// Register listener
[Link](this);
add(btn);
add(txt);
}
// Event handler
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
if([Link]() == btn) {
[Link]("Button was clicked!");
}
}
}
Event Classes Hierarchy:
[Link]
↓
[Link]
├── ActionEvent
├── ItemEvent
├── TextEvent
├── ComponentEvent
│ ├── InputEvent
│ │ ├── KeyEvent
│ │ └── MouseEvent
│ ├── FocusEvent
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│ ├── WindowEvent
│ └── ContainerEvent
└── AdjustmentEvent
Advantages:
1. Separation of concerns: UI and logic separated
2. Multiple listeners: One source can have many listeners
3. Flexibility: Listeners can be added/removed dynamically
4. Type safety: Compile-time checking
5. No event propagation: Events sent only to registered listeners
Inner Class Approach:
public class InnerDemo extends Applet {
Button btn;
public void init() {
btn = new Button("Click");
[Link](new ButtonHandler());
add(btn);
}
// Inner class
class ButtonHandler implements ActionListener {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
showStatus("Button clicked!");
}
}
}
Anonymous Inner Class:
[Link](new ActionListener() {
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
showStatus("Button clicked!");
}
});
12. SWING: INTRODUCTION
What is Swing?
Advanced GUI toolkit built on top of AWT
Part of Java Foundation Classes (JFC)
Provides richer set of components
Lightweight components (written in Java)
Swing vs AWT:
Feature AWT Swing
Components Heavy-weight Light-weight
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Feature AWT Swing
Platform Platform-dependent Platform-independent
Look & Feel Native OS Pluggable
Components Limited Extensive
MVC No Yes
Performance Faster Slightly slower
Swing Component Hierarchy:
[Link]
↓
[Link]
↓
[Link]
↓
[Link] (Abstract)
├── JButton
├── JLabel
├── JTextField
├── JTextArea
├── JCheckBox
├── JRadioButton
├── JComboBox
├── JList
├── JTable
├── JTree
├── JPanel
├── JScrollPane
├── JMenuBar
├── JMenu
├── JMenuItem
└── ... (many more)
Swing Component Classes:
Basic Components:
1. JLabel
JLabel label = new JLabel("Enter Name:");
[Link](new Font("Arial", [Link], 14));
2. JButton
JButton btn = new JButton("Submit");
[Link]("Click to submit");
3. JTextField
JTextField txt = new JTextField(20);
[Link]("Default text");
4. JTextArea
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JTextArea area = new JTextArea(5, 20);
JScrollPane scroll = new JScrollPane(area);
5. JCheckBox
JCheckBox cb = new JCheckBox("Accept Terms", true);
6. JRadioButton
JRadioButton male = new JRadioButton("Male");
JRadioButton female = new JRadioButton("Female");
ButtonGroup group = new ButtonGroup();
[Link](male);
[Link](female);
7. JComboBox
String[] items = {"Java", "Python", "C++"};
JComboBox<String> combo = new JComboBox<>(items);
8. JList
String[] data = {"Item 1", "Item 2", "Item 3"};
JList<String> list = new JList<>(data);
9. JPasswordField
JPasswordField pwd = new JPasswordField(15);
char[] password = [Link]();
10. JSlider
JSlider slider = new JSlider(0, 100, 50);
[Link](20);
[Link](true);
[Link](true);
Swing Container Classes:
1. JFrame
Top-level window
JFrame frame = new JFrame("My Application");
[Link](400, 300);
[Link](JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
[Link](true);
2. JPanel
Generic container
JPanel panel = new JPanel();
[Link](new FlowLayout());
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[Link](new JButton("Button"));
3. JDialog
Modal or non-modal dialog
JDialog dialog = new JDialog(frame, "Dialog", true);
[Link](300, 200);
[Link](true);
4. JScrollPane
Adds scrollbars to components
JTextArea area = new JTextArea(10, 30);
JScrollPane scroll = new JScrollPane(area);
5. JTabbedPane
Tabbed interface
JTabbedPane tabs = new JTabbedPane();
[Link]("Tab 1", panel1);
[Link]("Tab 2", panel2);
6. JSplitPane
Divides two components
JSplitPane split = new JSplitPane(JSplitPane.HORIZONTAL_SPLIT,
leftPanel, rightPanel);
7. JToolBar
Movable toolbar
JToolBar toolbar = new JToolBar();
[Link](new JButton("New"));
[Link](new JButton("Open"));
Menu Components:
JMenuBar, JMenu, JMenuItem
JMenuBar menuBar = new JMenuBar();
JMenu fileMenu = new JMenu("File");
JMenuItem openItem = new JMenuItem("Open");
JMenuItem exitItem = new JMenuItem("Exit");
[Link](openItem);
[Link]();
[Link](exitItem);
[Link](fileMenu);
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[Link](menuBar);
Swing Features:
1. Look and Feel
// Set to system look and feel
[Link](
[Link]()
);
// Set to cross-platform (Metal)
[Link](
[Link]()
);
2. Borders
[Link]([Link]("Title"));
[Link]([Link]([Link]));
[Link]([Link]());
3. Icons and Images
ImageIcon icon = new ImageIcon("[Link]");
JLabel label = new JLabel("Text with icon", icon, [Link]);
JButton btn = new JButton("Button", icon);
4. ToolTips
[Link]("Click here to submit");
5. Mnemonics and Accelerators
// Alt+F to open menu
[Link](KeyEvent.VK_F);
// Ctrl+O for menu item
[Link]([Link](
KeyEvent.VK_O, ActionEvent.CTRL_MASK));
Complete Swing Application Example:
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class SwingDemo extends JFrame implements ActionListener {
JTextField nameField;
JButton submitBtn;
JLabel resultLabel;
public SwingDemo() {
setTitle("Swing Application");
setSize(400, 200);
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
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setLayout(new FlowLayout());
// Components
JLabel nameLabel = new JLabel("Enter Name:");
nameField = new JTextField(20);
submitBtn = new JButton("Submit");
resultLabel = new JLabel("");
// Event handling
[Link](this);
// Add to frame
add(nameLabel);
add(nameField);
add(submitBtn);
add(resultLabel);
setVisible(true);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
String name = [Link]();
[Link]("Hello, " + name + "!");
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new SwingDemo();
}
}
JApplet Example:
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class SwingAppletDemo extends JApplet implements ActionListener {
JButton btn;
JTextField txt;
public void init() {
// Use content pane for JApplet
Container c = getContentPane();
[Link](new FlowLayout());
btn = new JButton("Click Me");
txt = new JTextField(20);
[Link](this);
[Link](btn);
[Link](txt);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
[Link]("Button clicked in JApplet!");
}
}
Key Differences in JApplet:
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1. Extends JApplet instead of Applet
2. Use getContentPane() to add components
3. Supports all Swing components
4. Better appearance and functionality
Swing Event Handling:
Uses same event delegation model as AWT
Same listener interfaces
Same adapter classes
Additional Swing-specific events
Advantages of Swing:
1. Platform Independence: Pure Java implementation
2. Rich Components: More components than AWT
3. Customizable: Pluggable look and feel
4. Lightweight: Better performance in many cases
5. MVC Architecture: Better design pattern
6. Enhanced Features: Tooltips, borders, icons
7. Double Buffering: Reduces flickering
Disadvantages of Swing:
1. Complexity: More complex than AWT
2. Performance: Can be slower for simple applications
3. Learning Curve: More classes and concepts
4. Older Technology: JavaFX is newer alternative
13. PRACTICAL EXAMPLES
Example 1: Complete Applet with Graphics
import [Link];
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class DrawingApplet extends Applet implements MouseListener {
int x, y;
boolean hasPoint = false;
public void init() {
setBackground([Link]);
addMouseListener(this);
}
public void paint(Graphics g) {
// Draw coordinate system
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](0, getHeight()/2, getWidth(), getHeight()/2);
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[Link](getWidth()/2, 0, getWidth()/2, getHeight());
// Draw shapes
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](50, 50, 80, 80);
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](200, 50, 100, 60);
[Link]([Link]);
int[] xPoints = {350, 400, 300};
int[] yPoints = {50, 110, 110};
[Link](xPoints, yPoints, 3);
// Draw clicked point
if(hasPoint) {
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](x-5, y-5, 10, 10);
[Link]("(" + x + ", " + y + ")", x+10, y-10);
}
}
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e) {
x = [Link]();
y = [Link]();
hasPoint = true;
repaint();
}
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e) {}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e) {}
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e) {}
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e) {}
}
Example 2: AWT Application with Multiple Layouts
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class LayoutDemo extends Frame {
public LayoutDemo() {
setTitle("Layout Manager Demo");
setSize(500, 400);
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
// North panel with FlowLayout
Panel northPanel = new Panel();
[Link](new FlowLayout());
[Link](new Button("Button 1"));
[Link](new Button("Button 2"));
[Link](new Button("Button 3"));
// Center panel with GridLayout
Panel centerPanel = new Panel();
[Link](new GridLayout(3, 3, 5, 5));
for(int i = 1; i <= 9; i++) {
[Link](new Button("" + i));
}
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// South panel
Panel southPanel = new Panel();
[Link](new Label("Status: Ready"));
// East panel
Panel eastPanel = new Panel();
[Link](new GridLayout(4, 1, 5, 5));
[Link](new Button("Up"));
[Link](new Button("Down"));
[Link](new Button("Left"));
[Link](new Button("Right"));
// Add to frame
add(northPanel, [Link]);
add(centerPanel, [Link]);
add(southPanel, [Link]);
add(eastPanel, [Link]);
// Window closing
addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter() {
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e) {
[Link](0);
}
});
setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new LayoutDemo();
}
}
Example 3: Swing Registration Form
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class RegistrationForm extends JFrame implements ActionListener {
JTextField nameField, emailField;
JPasswordField passwordField;
JRadioButton maleBtn, femaleBtn;
JCheckBox termsBox;
JComboBox<String> countryBox;
JTextArea displayArea;
JButton submitBtn, clearBtn;
public RegistrationForm() {
setTitle("Registration Form");
setSize(500, 500);
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
setLayout(new BorderLayout());
// Main panel
JPanel mainPanel = new JPanel();
[Link](new GridLayout(8, 2, 10, 10));
[Link]([Link](10, 10, 10,
10));
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// Name
[Link](new JLabel("Name:"));
nameField = new JTextField();
[Link](nameField);
// Email
[Link](new JLabel("Email:"));
emailField = new JTextField();
[Link](emailField);
// Password
[Link](new JLabel("Password:"));
passwordField = new JPasswordField();
[Link](passwordField);
// Gender
[Link](new JLabel("Gender:"));
JPanel genderPanel = new JPanel(new FlowLayout([Link]));
maleBtn = new JRadioButton("Male");
femaleBtn = new JRadioButton("Female");
ButtonGroup genderGroup = new ButtonGroup();
[Link](maleBtn);
[Link](femaleBtn);
[Link](maleBtn);
[Link](femaleBtn);
[Link](genderPanel);
// Country
[Link](new JLabel("Country:"));
String[] countries = {"India", "USA", "UK", "Canada", "Australia"};
countryBox = new JComboBox<>(countries);
[Link](countryBox);
// Terms
[Link](new JLabel(""));
termsBox = new JCheckBox("I accept terms and conditions");
[Link](termsBox);
// Buttons
[Link](new JLabel(""));
JPanel btnPanel = new JPanel(new FlowLayout([Link]));
submitBtn = new JButton("Submit");
clearBtn = new JButton("Clear");
[Link](this);
[Link](this);
[Link](submitBtn);
[Link](clearBtn);
[Link](btnPanel);
// Display area
displayArea = new JTextArea(8, 40);
[Link](false);
JScrollPane scrollPane = new JScrollPane(displayArea);
[Link]([Link]("Registration
Details"));
// Add to frame
add(mainPanel, [Link]);
add(scrollPane, [Link]);
setVisible(true);
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}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) {
if([Link]() == submitBtn) {
if(![Link]()) {
[Link](this,
"Please accept terms and conditions!");
return;
}
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
[Link]("Name: ").append([Link]()).append("\n");
[Link]("Email: ").append([Link]()).append("\n");
[Link]("Gender: ");
[Link]([Link]() ? "Male" : "Female").append("\
n");
[Link]("Country:
").append([Link]()).append("\n");
[Link]([Link]());
[Link](this, "Registration
Successful!");
} else if([Link]() == clearBtn) {
[Link]("");
[Link]("");
[Link]("");
[Link](false);
[Link](false);
[Link](false);
[Link](0);
[Link]("");
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new RegistrationForm();
}
}
10 IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
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1. Explain the complete lifecycle of a Java Applet with a diagram. What is the
significance of each lifecycle method?
2. Differentiate between Applet and Application in Java. Why do applets not
have a main() method? Explain with examples.
3. What is the Event Delegation Model in Java? Explain with a detailed
example showing event source, event object, and event listener.
4. Compare and contrast AWT and Swing. List at least five differences and
explain when you would choose one over the other.
5. Explain the purpose and usage of Adapter classes in Java event handling.
Why are adapter classes not available for ActionListener and ItemListener?
6. Describe all five Layout Managers in Java AWT with examples. Which
layout manager would you use for creating a calculator interface and why?
7. How do you pass parameters from an HTML page to a Java Applet? Write
a complete example showing parameter passing and retrieval.
8. Explain the Graphics class in Java with at least 10 different drawing
methods. Write a program to draw a house using various shapes.
9. What are the differences between JApplet and Applet? Why is
getContentPane() used in JApplet? Explain with code examples.
10. Discuss the component hierarchy in AWT and Swing. Explain the role of
Component, Container, and JComponent classes with their relationships.
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