Objectives:

By the end of this course, students will be able to:

 Apply building blocks of Python in solving computational problems
 Explore and implement in-built data structures like Lists, Tuples, Sets, and Dictionaries.
 Implement modular programming, string manipulations, and object-oriented concepts.
 Develop practical contemporary applications using Functions, Modules, and Regular
Expressions.
 Analyze and Debug Code: Demonstrate the ability to identify, trace, and resolve logical
and runtime errors using standard debugging techniques and exception handling.
 Handle File Persistence: Perform robust Input/Output operations to read from and write
to external data sources, ensuring data persistence.
 Optimize Algorithmic Logic: Evaluate and implement fundamental searching and
sorting algorithms (such as Linear Search) to improve computational efficiency.
 Utilize Standard Libraries: Leverage Python’s "batteries-included" philosophy by
importing and applying built-in modules like math, date time, and collections for
specialized tasks.
 Implement Best Practices: Adhere to PEP 8 styling guidelines and write self-
documenting code with meaningful variable names and doc strings to ensure
maintainability.
 Apply Data Manipulation Techniques: Use advanced features like list comprehensions
and lambda functions to write concise and efficient Pythonic code.
Laboratory Rules:
Students are expected to adhere to the following guidelines to maintain a productive and safe
environment:
 Do's:
 Conform to the academic discipline of the department.
 Enter credentials in the laboratory attendance register.
 Understand the activity thoroughly before starting the experiment.
 Shutdown the machine properly once work is completed.
 Don'ts:
 Avoid bringing eatables into the laboratory
 Do not adopt generic methodologies; ensure uniqueness in experiment
execution.
Lists of Activities
Lab Activities Remark
1 Write a Python script to check if a given year is a leap year or not.
2 Write a Python script to display the reversal of a given number.
3 Write a program to find prime numbers within a given range.
4 Write a Python program to display odd numbers from 0 to 20.
5 Write a Python program to print the sum of numbers present inside a list.
6 Write a Python program to print a right-angled triangle pattern of stars.
7 Write a Python script to display elements of a list in reverse order.
8 Find the minimum and maximum elements in a list without using built-in
functions.
9 Write a Python script to remove duplicates from a list.
10 Write a Python script to create a tuple with different data types.
11 Write a Python script to add member(s) to a set.
12 Find the number of occurrences of each letter present in a given string using a
dictionary.
13 Return multiple values from a function using a return statement.
14 Implement Linear Search to find a value in a list.
15 Perform read and write operations on a file.

Activity 1: Leap Year Check

Write a Python script to check if a given year is a leap year or not.

Code

year = int(input("Enter a year: "))

if (year % 400 == 0) or (year % 4 == 0 and year % 100 != 0):
print(f"{year} is a leap year")
else:
print(f"{year} is not a leap year")
Expected output
Enter a year: 2024
2024 is a leap year

Activity 2: Number Reversal

Write a Python script to display the reversal of a given number.

Code

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))

print("Reversed Number:", str(num)[::-1])
Expected output
 Enter a number: 123
Reversed Number: 321

Activity 3: Prime Number Identification

Write a program to find prime numbers within a given range.

Code

for num in range(2, 11):

for i in range(2, num):
if (num % i) == 0:
break
else: print(num, end=' ')

Expected Output

2357
Activity 4: Display Odd Numbers
Write a Python program to display odd numbers from 0 to 20.

Code

for i in range(21):
if(i%2!=0):
print(i,end=' ')

Expected Output

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19
Activity 5: List Summation
Write a Python program to print the sum of numbers present inside a list.

Code

list_val = eval(input("Enter List: "))

total_sum = 0
for x in list_val:
total_sum += x
print("The Sum =", total_sum)

Expected Output

Enter List: [1,4,6,7,8]

 The sum = 26
Activity 5:
Code

# Define the number of rows for the triangle

rows = 5
# Outer loop for each row
for i in range(1, rows + 1):
# Inner loop for the number of stars in the current row
for j in range(i):
print("*", end=" ")
# Move to the next line after each row
print()
Expected Output
*
* *
* * *
* * * *
* * * * *

Activity 6:
Code

# Initialize the list

my_list = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
# Display reversed list using slicing
print("Reversed list:", my_list[::-1])

Expected Output
Reversed list: [50, 40, 30, 20, 10]
Lab 3: Find the minimum and maximum elements in a list without using built-in functions.
Code

def find_min_max(numbers):
# Handle empty list case
if not numbers:
return None, None

# Assume the first element is both the min and max

min_val = numbers[0]
max_val = numbers[0]

# Iterate through the list starting from the second element

for num in numbers[1:]:
 if num > max_val:
max_val = num
elif num < min_val:
min_val = num

return min_val, max_val

# Test the function

my_list = [23, 1, 45, 99, 12, -5, 67]
minimum, maximum = find_min_max(my_list)

print(f"List: {my_list}")
print(f"Minimum: {minimum}")
print(f"Maximum: {maximum}")

Expected Output
List: [23, 1, 45, 99, 12, -5, 67]
Minimum: -5
Maximum: 99
Lab 3: Write a Python script to remove duplicates from a list.
Code

# Original list with duplicates

my_list = [1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 1]

# Convert to set and back to list

unique_list = list(set(my_list))

print(unique_list)
# Note: The order of elements might change

Expected Output
[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
Lab 3: Write a Python script to create a tuple with different data types.
Code

# Creating a tuple with diverse data types

# It contains: Integer, String, Float, Boolean, and even a List
mixed_tuple = (10, "Hello Gemini", 3.14, True, [1, 2, 3])

# Display the tuple

print("The Tuple:", mixed_tuple)

# Iterate and display the type of each element

 print("\nElement Details:")
for item in mixed_tuple:
print(f"Value: {item} | Type: {type(item)}")

Expected Output
The Tuple: (10, 'Hello Gemini', 3.14, True, [1, 2, 3])

Element Details:
Value: 10 | Type: <class 'int'>
Value: Hello Gemini | Type: <class 'str'>
Value: 3.14 | Type: <class 'float'>
Value: True | Type: <class 'bool'>
Value: [1, 2, 3] | Type: <class 'list'>
Lab 3: Write a Python script to add member(s) to a set.
Code

# Create an empty set

my_set = set()
# Adding a single item
my_set.add(10)
# Adding multiple items from a list
my_set.update([20, 30, 40])

# Adding items from another set

new_items = {40, 50, 60} # 40 is a duplicate and will be ignored
my_set.update(new_items)
print("Final Set:", my_set)

Expected Output
Final Set: {50, 20, 40, 10, 60, 30}
Lab 3: Find the number of occurrences of each letter present in a given string using a dictionary.
Code

def count_letters(input_string):
# Initialize an empty dictionary
frequency_dict = {}

for char in input_string:

# Check if the character is already a key in the dictionary
if char in frequency_dict:
frequency_dict[char] += 1
else:
# If it's the first time seeing the character, set count to 1
frequency_dict[char] = 1
 return frequency_dict

# Test the script

text = "google"
result = count_letters(text)

print(f"String: {text}")
print("Occurrences:", result)

Expected Output
String: google
Occurrences: {'g': 2, 'o': 2, 'l': 1, 'e': 1}
Lab 3: Return multiple values from a function using a return statement.
Code

def get_user_stats():
name = "Alice"
score = 95
level = 10
return name, score, level # Returns a tuple: ("Alice", 95, 10)
# Unpacking the returned values into three variables
user_name, user_score, user_level = get_user_stats()

print(f"Name: {user_name}, Score: {user_score}, Level: {user_level}")

Expected Output
Name: Alice, Score: 95, Level: 10
Lab 3: Implement Linear Search to find a value in a list.
Code

def linear_search(data_list, target):

"""
Search for target in data_list.
Returns the index if found, otherwise returns -1.
"""
# Iterate through the list using the index
for index in range(len(data_list)):
# Check if the current element matches the target
if data_list[index] == target:
return index # Target found, return the position

return -1 # Target not found after checking the whole list

# Example usage:
 numbers = [10, 50, 30, 70, 80, 60, 20, 90, 40]
search_for = 20

result = linear_search(numbers, search_for)

if result != -1:
print(f"Element {search_for} found at index: {result}")
else:
print(f"Element {search_for} not found in the list.")

Expected Output
Element 20 found at index: 6
Lab 3:
Code

# Writing to a new or existing file

content = "Hello! This is a test file.\nPython makes file handling easy."

with open("[Link]", "w") as file:

[Link](content)

print("File written successfully.")

Expected Output

Acti 16 Reading from a File

Following the file write operation, this activity focuses on retrieving data from a file using a loop

Code

# Open the previously created file in read mode

with open("[Link]", "r") as file:
# Read and print the content line by line
print("Reading file content:")
for line in file:
print([Link]())

Expected Output

Reading file content:

Hello! This is a test file.
Python makes file handling easy.
Lab 17: Counting Lines, Words, and Characters
This activity applies file handling concepts to perform basic text analysis

Code

line_count = 0
word_count = 0
char_count = 0
with open("[Link]", "r") as file:
for line in file:
line_count += 1
word_count += len([Link]())
char_count += len(line)
print(f"Lines: {line_count}")
print(f"Words: {word_count}")
print(f"Characters: {char_count}")

Expected Output

Lines: 2
Words: 10
Characters: 56
Lab 3 (Activity 18): Handling Exceptions in Python
Consistent with the goal of solving computational problems, this activity demonstrates how to handle
runtime errors during file operations.

Code

try:
with open("non_existent_file.txt", "r") as file:
data = [Link]()
except FileNotFoundError:
print("Error: The file you are trying to read does not exist.")

Expected Output

Error: The file you are trying to read does not exist.
Lab 3 (Activity 19): List Comprehension:
This activity implements in-built data structures like Lists using the efficient Pythonic "List
Comprehension" syntax.

Code

# Create a list of squares for even numbers between 1 and 10

squares = [x**2 for x in range(1, 11) if x % 2 == 0]
print("Squares of even numbers:", squares)
Expected Output

Squares of even numbers: [4, 16, 36, 64, 100]

Lab 3 (Activity 20): Using Dictionary get() for Counting

This refines the previous dictionary activity by using the modular .get() method to handle missing
keys.

Code

text = "apple"
counts = {}

for char in text:

# get(char, 0) returns 0 if char is not in dictionary
counts[char] = [Link](char, 0) + 1

print("Character counts:", counts)

Expected Output

Character counts: {'a': 1, 'p': 2, 'l': 1, 'e': 1}