MODULE V

Basics of Java Applet

Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage to generate the dynamic
content. It runs inside the browser and works at client side.

Types of the applet

● Applets based on the AWT(Abstract Window Toolkit) package by extending
its Applet class.
● Applets based on the Swing package by extending its JApplet class

Some methods of Applet class

Methods Description

The first method to be called when an applet

void init()
begins its execution.

Called automatically after init() method to start

void start()
the execution of an applet.

Called when an applet has to pause/stop its

void stop()
execution.

void destoy() Called when an appLet us finally terminated.

String
Returns the value of a parameter defined in an
getParameter(String
applet
ParameterName)

Returns an Image object that contains an image

Image getImage(URL url)
specified at location, url

Plays an audio clip found at the specified at

void play(URL url
location, url

Shows a message in the status window of the

showStatus(String str)
browser or appletviewer.
Advantage of Applet

There are many advantages of applet. They are as follows:

⮚ It works at client side so less response time.

⮚ Secured
⮚ It can be executed by browsers running under many plateforms, including Linux,
Windows, Mac Os etc.

Drawback of Applet

⮚ Plugin is required at client browser to execute applet.

Hierarchy of Applet

As displayed in the above diagram, Applet class extends Panel. Panel class extends Container
which is the subclass of Component.

Lifecycle of Java Applet

1. Applet is initialized.
2. Applet is started.
3. Applet is painted.
4. Applet is stopped.
 5. Applet is destroyed.

Lifecycle methods for Applet:

The [Link] class 4 life cycle methods and [Link] class provides 1 life
cycle methods for an applet.

[Link] class

For creating any applet [Link] class must be inherited. It provides 4 life cycle
methods of applet.

It is important to understand the order in which the various methods shown in the above image
are called. When an applet begins, the following methods are called, in this sequence:
1. init( )
2. start( )
3. paint( )
When an applet is terminated, the following sequence of method calls takes place:
1. stop( )
2. destroy( )
Let’s look more closely at these methods.
1. init( ) : The init( ) method is the first method to be called. This is where you should
initialize variables. This method is called only once during the run time of your applet.
2. start( ) : The start( ) method is called after init( ). It is also called to restart an applet
after it has been stopped. Note that init( ) is called once i.e. when the first time an applet
is loaded whereas start( ) is called each time an applet’s HTML document is displayed
onscreen. So, if a user leaves a web page and comes back, the applet resumes execution
at start( ).
3. paint( ) : The paint( ) method is called each time an AWT-based applet’s output must
be redrawn. This situation can occur for several reasons. For example, the window in
which the applet is running may be overwritten by another window and then uncovered.
Or the applet window may be minimized and then restored.
paint( ) is also called when the applet begins execution. Whatever the cause, whenever
the applet must redraw its output, paint( ) is called.
The paint( ) method has one parameter of type Graphics. This parameter will contain
the graphics context, which describes the graphics environment in which the applet is
running. This context is used whenever output to the applet is required.

4. stop( ) : The stop( ) method is called when a web browser leaves the HTML document
containing the applet—when it goes to another page, for example. When stop( ) is
called, the applet is probably running. You should use stop( ) to suspend threads that
don’t need to run when the applet is not visible. You can restart them when start( ) is
called if the user returns to the page.
5. destroy( ) : The destroy( ) method is called when the environment determines that your
applet needs to be removed completely from memory. At this point, you should free up
any resources the applet may be using. The stop( ) method is always called
before destroy( ).

[Link] class

The Component class provides 1 life cycle method of applet.

1. public void paint(Graphics g): is used to paint the Applet. It provides Graphics class
object that can be used for drawing oval, rectangle, arc etc.

Responsible to manage the life cycle of an applet

Java Plug-in software.

To run an Applet

There are two ways to run an applet

1. By html file.
 2. By appletViewer tool (for testing purpose).

Simple example of Applet by html file:

To execute the applet by html file, create an applet and compile it. After that create an html file
and place the applet code in html file. Now click the html file.

//[Link]
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class First extends Applet{

public void paint(Graphics g){

[Link]("welcome",150,150);
}
}

[Link]

<html>
<body>
<applet code="[Link]" width="300" height="300">
</applet>
</body>
</html>

Simple example of Applet by appletviewer tool:

To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, create an applet that contains applet tag in comment
and compile it. After that run it by: appletviewer [Link]. Now Html file is not required but
it is for testing purpose only.

//[Link]
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class First extends Applet{
public void paint(Graphics g){
[Link]("welcome to applet",150,150);
}
}
/*
<applet code="[Link]" width="300" height="300">
</applet>
*/
To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, write in command prompt:

c:\>javac [Link]
c:\>appletviewer [Link]

Types of Applets in Java

A special type of Java program that runs in a Web browser is referred to as Applet. It has less
response time because it works on the client-side. It is much secured executed by the browser
under any of the platforms such as Windows, Linux and Mac OS etc. There are two types of
applets that a web page can contain.

1. Local Applet
2. Remote Applet

[Link] Applet

Local Applet is written on our own, and then we will embed it into web pages. Local Applet
is developed locally and stored in the local system. A web page doesn't need the get the
information from the internet when it finds the local Applet in the system. It is specified or
defined by the file name or pathname. There are two attributes used in defining an applet, i.e.,
the codebase that specifies the path name and code that defined the name of the file that
contains Applet's code.

Specifying Local applet

<applet
codebase = "tictactoe"
code = "[Link]"
width = 120
height = 120>
</applet>
Let's take an example of Local applet to understand how we can create it and embedded it into
web page.

1. First, we will create a Local Applet for embedding in a web page.

2. After that, we will add that Local Applet to the web page.

[Link]

//Import packages and classes

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
//Creating FaceApplet class that extends Applet
public class FaceApplet extends Applet
{
//paint() method starts
public void paint(Graphics g){
//Creating graphical object
[Link]([Link]);
[Link]("Welcome", 50, 50);
[Link](20, 30, 20, 300);
[Link](70, 100, 30, 30);
[Link](170, 100, 30, 30);
[Link](70, 200, 30, 30);
[Link]([Link]);
[Link](170, 200, 30, 30);
[Link](90, 150, 30, 30, 30, 270);
[Link](270, 150, 30, 30, 0, 180);
} }

Execute the above code by using the following commands:

[Link] Applet

A remote applet is designed and developed by another developer. It is located or available on

a remote computer that is connected to the internet. In order to run the applet stored in the
remote computer, our system is connected to the internet then we can download run it. In order
to locate and load a remote applet, we must know the applet's address on the web that is referred
to as Uniform Recourse Locator(URL).

Specifying Remote applet

<applet
codebase = "[Link]
code = "[Link]"
width = 120
height =120>
</applet>
Difference Between Local Applet and Remote Applet

The following table describes the key differences between Local applet and Remote applet.

Local Applet Remote Applet

There is no need to define the Applet's We need to define the Applet's URL
URL in Local Applet. in Remote Applet.

Local Applet is available on our Remote Applet is not available on our

computer. computer.

In order to use it or access it, we don't In order to use it or access it on our

need Internet Connection. computer, we need an Internet
Connection.

It is written on our own and then It was written by another developer.

embedded into the web pages.
 We don't need to download it. It is available on a remote computer,
so we need to download it to our
system.

Difference between a Java Application and a Java Applet

Java Application is just like a Java program that runs on an underlying operating system with
the support of a virtual machine. It is also known as an application program. The graphical user
interface is not necessary to execute the java applications, it can be run with or without it.

Java Applet is an applet is a Java program that can be embedded into a web page. It runs inside
the web browser and works on the client-side. An applet is embedded in an HTML page using
the APPLET or OBJECT tag and hosted on a web server. Applets are used to make the
website more dynamic and entertaining.

Parameters Java Application Java Applet

Applets are small Java programs that

Applications are just like a Java
are designed to be included with the
program that can be executed
Definition HTML web document. They require a
independently without using
Java-enabled web browser for
the web browser.
execution.

The application program The applet does not require the main()
main ()
requires a main() method for its method for its execution instead init()
method
execution. method is required.

The “javac” command is used

Applet programs are compiled with
to compile application
the “javac” command and run using
Compilation programs, which are then
either the “appletviewer” command or
executed using the “java”
the web browser.
command.

Java application programs have

Applets don’t have local disk and
File access full access to the local file
network access.
system and network.
 Applications can access all Applets can only access browser-
Access level kinds of resources available on specific services. They don’t have
the system. access to the local system.

First and foremost, the

installation of a Java The Java applet does not need to be
Installation
application on the local installed beforehand.
computer is required.

Applications can execute the

Applets cannot execute programs from
Execution programs from the local
the local machine.
system.

An application program is
An applet program is needed to
Program needed to perform some tasks
perform small tasks or part of them.
directly for the user.

It cannot start on its own, but it can be

It cannot run on its own; it
Run executed using a Java-enabled web
needs JRE to execute.
browser.

Connection Connectivity with other servers

It is unable to connect to other servers.
with servers is possible.

Read and It supports the reading and

It does not support the reading and
Write writing of files on the local
writing of files on the local computer.
Operation computer.

Application can access the Executed in a more restricted

system’s data and resources environment with tighter security.
Security
without any security They can only use services that are
limitations. exclusive to their browser.

Java applications are self-

Applet programs cannot run on their
contained and require no
Restrictions own, necessitating the maximum level
additional security because
of security.
they are trusted.
 Java Networking
Java Networking is a concept of connecting two or more computing devices together so that
we can share resources.

Java socket programming provides facility to share data between different computing devices.

Advantage of Java Networking

1. Sharing resources
2. Centralize software management

Java Networking Terminology

In Java Networking, many terminologies are used frequently. These widely used Java
Networking Terminologies are given as follows:
1. IP Address – An IP address is a unique address that distinguishes a device on the internet
or a local network. IP stands for “Internet Protocol.” It comprises a set of rules governing
the format of data sent via the internet or local network. IP Address is referred to as a logical
address that can be modified. It is composed of octets. The range of each octet varies from
0 to 255.
● Range of the IP Address – [Link] to [Link]
● For Example – [Link]

2. Port Number – A port number is a method to recognize a particular process connecting

internet or other network information when it reaches a server. The port number is used to
identify different applications uniquely. The port number behaves as a communication
endpoint among applications. The port number is correlated with the IP address for
transmission and communication among two applications. There are 65,535 port numbers,
but not all are used every day.

3. Protocol – A network protocol is an organized set of commands that define how data is
transmitted between different devices in the same network. Network protocols are the
reason through which a user can easily communicate with people all over the world and
thus play a critical role in modern digital communications. For Example – TCP, FTP, POP,
etc.

4. MAC Address – MAC address stands for Media Access Control address. It is a bizarre
identifier that is allocated to a NIC (Network Interface Controller/ Card). It contains a 48
bit or 64-bit address, which is combined with the network adapter. MAC address can be in
hexadecimal composition. In simple words, a MAC address is a unique number that is used
to track a device in a network.
5. Socket – A socket is one endpoint of a two-way communication connection between the
two applications running on the network. The socket mechanism presents a method of inter-
process communication (IPC) by setting named contact points between which the
communication occurs. A socket is tied to a port number so that the TCP layer can
recognize the application to which the data is intended to be sent.

6. Connection-oriented and connection-less protocol – In a connection-oriented service,

the user must establish a connection before starting the communication. When the
connection is established, the user can send the message or the information, and after this,
they can release the connection. However, In connectionless protocol, the data is
transported in one route from source to destination without verifying that the destination is
still there or not or if it is ready to receive the message. Authentication is not needed in the
connectionless protocol.
● Example of Connection-oriented Protocol – Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
● Example of Connectionless Protocol – User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Network Protocols

As stated earlier, the [Link] package of the Java programming language includes various
classes and interfaces that provide an easy-to-use means to access network resources. Other
than classes and interfaces, the [Link] package also provides support for the two well-known
network protocols. These are:
1. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – TCP or Transmission Control Protocol allows
secure communication between different applications. TCP is a connection-oriented
protocol which means that once a connection is established, data can be transmitted in two
directions. This protocol is typically used over the Internet Protocol. Therefore, TCP is also
referred to as TCP/IP. TCP has built-in methods to examine for errors and ensure the
delivery of data in the order it was sent, making it a complete protocol for transporting
information like still images, data files, and web pages.

2. User Datagram Protocol (UDP) – UDP or User Datagram Protocol is a connection-less

protocol that allows data packets to be transmitted between different applications. UDP is
a simpler Internet protocol in which error-checking and recovery services are not required.
In UDP, there is no overhead for opening a connection, maintaining a connection, or
terminating a connection. In UDP, the data is continuously sent to the recipient, whether
they receive it or not.

Java Networking classes

The [Link] package of the Java programming language includes various classes that provide
an easy-to-use means to access network resources. The classes covered in the [Link] package
are given as follows –
1. CacheRequest – The CacheRequest class is used in java whenever there is a need to store
resources in ResponseCache. The objects of this class provide an edge for the OutputStream
object to store resource data into the cache.

2. CookieHandler – The CookieHandler class is used in Java to implement a callback

mechanism for securing up an HTTP state management policy implementation inside the
HTTP protocol handler. The HTTP state management mechanism specifies the mechanism
of how to make HTTP requests and responses.

3. CookieManager – The CookieManager class is used to provide a precise implementation

of CookieHandler. This class separates the storage of cookies from the policy surrounding
accepting and rejecting cookies. A CookieManager comprises a CookieStore and a
CookiePolicy.

4. DatagramPacket – The DatagramPacket class is used to provide a facility for the

connectionless transfer of messages from one system to another. This class provides tools
for the production of datagram packets for connectionless transmission applying the
datagram socket class.

5. InetAddress – The InetAddress class is used to provide methods to get the IP address of
any hostname. An IP address is expressed by a 32-bit or 128-bit unsigned number.
InetAddress can handle both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses.

6. Server Socket – The ServerSocket class is used for implementing system-independent

implementation of the server-side of a client/server Socket Connection. The constructor for
ServerSocket class throws an exception if it can’t listen on the specified port. For example
– it will throw an exception if the port is already being used.

7. Socket – The Socket class is used to create socket objects that help the users in
implementing all fundamental socket operations. The users can implement various
networking actions such as sending, reading data, and closing connections. Each Socket
object built using [Link] class has been connected exactly with 1 remote host; for
connecting to another host, a user must create a new socket object.

8. DatagramSocket – The DatagramSocket class is a network socket that provides a

connection-less point for sending and receiving packets. Every packet sent from a datagram
socket is individually routed and delivered. It can further be practiced for transmitting and
accepting broadcast information. Datagram Sockets is Java’s mechanism for providing
network communication via UDP instead of TCP.

9. Proxy – A proxy is a changeless object and a kind of tool or method or program or system,
which serves to preserve the data of its users and computers. It behaves like a wall between
computers and internet users. A Proxy Object represents the Proxy settings to be applied
 with a connection.

10. URL – The URL class in Java is the entry point to any available sources on the internet. A
Class URL describes a Uniform Resource Locator, which is a signal to a “resource” on the
World Wide Web. A source can denote a simple file or directory, or it can indicate a more
difficult object, such as a query to a database or a search engine.

11. URLConnection – The URLConnection class in Java is an abstract class describing a

connection of a resource as defined by a similar URL. The URLConnection class is used
for assisting two distinct yet interrelated purposes. Firstly it provides control on interaction
with a server(especially an HTTP server) than a URL class. Furthermore, with a
URLConnection, a user can verify the header transferred by the server and can react
consequently. A user can also configure header fields used in client requests using
URLConnection.

Java Networking Interfaces

The [Link] package of the Java programming language includes various interfaces also that
provide an easy-to-use means to access network resources. The interfaces included in
the [Link] package are as follows:
1. CookiePolicy – The CookiePolicy interface in the [Link] package provides the classes
for implementing various networking applications. It decides which cookies should be
accepted and which should be rejected. In CookiePolicy, there are three pre-defined policy
implementations, namely ACCEPT_ALL, ACCEPT_NONE, and
ACCEPT_ORIGINAL_SERVER.

2. CookieStore – A CookieStore is an interface that describes a storage space for cookies.

CookieManager combines the cookies to the CookieStore for each HTTP response and
recovers cookies from the CookieStore for each HTTP request.

3. FileNameMap – The FileNameMap interface is an uncomplicated interface that

implements a tool to outline a file name and a MIME type string. FileNameMap charges a
filename map ( known as a mimetable) from a data file.

4. SocketOption – The SocketOption interface helps the users to control the behavior of
sockets. Often, it is essential to develop necessary features in Sockets. SocketOptions
allows the user to set various standard options.

5. SocketImplFactory – The SocketImplFactory interface defines a factory for SocketImpl

instances. It is used by the socket class to create socket implementations that implement
various policies.
6. ProtocolFamily – This interface represents a family of communication protocols. The
ProtocolFamily interface contains a method known as name(), which returns the name of
the protocol family.

[Link] package

The [Link] package can be divided into two sections:

1. A Low-Level API: It deals with the abstractions of addresses i.e. networking

identifiers, Sockets i.e. bidirectional data communication mechanism and Interfaces i.e.
network interfaces.
2. A High Level API: It deals with the abstraction of URIs i.e. Universal Resource
Identifier, URLs i.e. Universal Resource Locator, and Connections i.e. connections to
the resource pointed by URLs.

TCP/IP Client Sockets

TCP/IP sockets are used to implement reliable two-way, persistent, point-to-point streaming
connections between hosts on the Internet. The Java I/O system can use sockets to connect to
other programs on the local system or on other systems on the Internet. It is important to note
that the applet establishes a reverse socket connection to the host on which the applet is loaded.
This restriction exists because it is dangerous for applets loaded through a firewall to access
arbitrary systems. There are two types of TCP sockets in Java.

One for the server and one for the client. The ServerSocket class is designed as a "listener",
waiting for a client to connect before doing anything. So ServerSocket is for servers. The
Socket class is for clients. It is designed to connect to a server socket and initiate a protocol
exchange. This is because client sockets are most commonly used in Java applications. Creating
a Socket object implicitly establishes a connection between the client and server. There is no
method or constructor that explicitly exposes details about setting up this connection.

Here are the two constructors used to create a client socket:

1. Socket(String hostName, int port) throws UnknownHostException,

IOException: Creates a socket connected to the specified host and port.
2. Socket(InetAddress ipAddress, int port) throws IOException: Creates a socket
using a pre-existing InetAddress object and a port.

Socket defines multiple instance methods. For example, a Socket can always check for
associated address and port information using the following methods:

1. InetAddress getInetAddress( ): It returns the InetAddress associated with the Socket

object. It returns null if the socket is not connected.
2. int getPort( ): It returns the remote port to which the invoking Socket object is
connected. It returns 0 if the socket is not connected.
 3. int getLocalPort( ): Returns the local port to which the invoking Socket object is
bound. It returns -1 if the socket is not bound.
4. InputStream getInputStream( ) throws IOException: Returns the InputStream
associated with the invoking socket.
5. OutputStream getOutputStream( ) throws IOException: Returns the OutputStream
associated with the invoking socket.
6. connect( ): Allows you to specify a new connection
7. isConnected( ): Returns true if the socket is connected to a server
8. isBound( ): Returns true if the socket is bound to an address
9. isClosed( ): Returns true if the socket is closed.

The following program provides a simple socket example. Opens a connection to a "whois"
port (port 43) of the InterNIC server, sends command-line argument to the socket, and prints
the returned data. The InterNIC will try find the argument by the registered Internet domain
name, and then send back the IP address and contact information for that site.

Example of Stream Socket

[Link]

1. import [Link].*;
2. import [Link].*;
3. public class WhoisClient {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. // no arguments passed, simply return
6. if ([Link] < 1)
7. return;
8. // initializing domainName with the name passed in the argument
9. String domainName = args[0];
10. // specifying the host name
11. String hostname = "[Link]";
12. int port = 43;
13. try (Socket socket = new Socket(hostname, port)) {
14. // getOutputStream( ) returns the OutputStream
15. // associated with the invoking socket
16. OutputStream output = [Link]();
17. PrintWriter writer = new PrintWriter(output, true);
18. // print the domain name
19. [Link](domainName);
20. // getInputStream( ) returns the InputStream
21. // associated with the invoking socket
22. InputStream input = [Link]();
23. BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(input));
24. String line;
25. while ((line = [Link]()) != null) {
26. [Link](line);
27. }
28. }
29. catch (UnknownHostException ex) {
30. [Link]("Server not found: " + [Link]());
31. }
32. catch (IOException ex) {
33. [Link]("I/O error: " + [Link]());
34. }
35. }
36. }

Output:

Here is how the program works. First, the socket is constructed to compile the host name
"[Link]" and the port number 43, which is an online site that handles the port 43 whois
requests. In addition, both input and output streams are opened on the socket. Then, the string
is constructed that contains the name of the web site we want to get information. The response
is read by inputting from the socket, and the results are displayed.

TCP/IP Client Sockets

TCP/IP sockets are used to implement reliable, bidirectional, persistent, point-to-point,

stream-based connections between hosts on the Internet. A socket can be used to connect
Java’s I/O system to other programs that may reside either on the local machine or on any

other machine on the Internet.

y are examined here.

The creation of a Socket object implicitly establishes a connection between the client
and server. There are no methods or constructors that explicitly expose the details of

establishing that connection. Here are two constructors used to create client sockets:
Socket defines several instance methods. For example, a Socket can be examined at any

time for the address and port information associated with it, by use of the following methods:

You can gain access to the input and output streams associated with a Socket by use of

the getInputStream( ) and getOuptutStream( ) methods, as shown here. Each can throw an

IOException if the socket has been invalidated by a loss of connection. These streams are
used exactly like the I/O streams to send and receive data.

Several other methods are available, including connect( ), which allows you to specify a new

connection; isConnected( ), which returns true if the socket is connected to a server; isBound(
),
which returns true if the socket is bound to an address; and isClosed( ), which returns true
if the socket is closed.

The following program provides a simple Socket example. It opens a connection to a

“whois” port (port 43) on the InterNIC server, sends the command-line argument down the

socket, and then prints the data that is returned. InterNIC will try to look up the argument

as a registered Internet domain name, and then send back the IP address and contact
information for that site.

// Demonstrate Sockets.

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;

class Whois {

public static void main(String args[]) throws Exception {

int c;
// Create a socket connected to [Link], port 43.

Socket s = new Socket("[Link]", 43);

// Obtain input and output streams.

InputStream in = [Link]();

OutputStream out = [Link]();

// Construct a request string.

604 Part II: The Java Library

Chapter 20: Networking 605

String str = ([Link] == 0 ? "[Link]" : args[0]) + "\n";

// Convert to bytes.

byte buf[] = [Link]();

// Send request.

[Link](buf);

// Read and display response.

while ((c = [Link]()) != -1) {

[Link]((char) c);
}

[Link]();

}
}

If, for example, you obtained information about [Link], you’d get something similar

to the following:

Whois Server Version 1.3

Domain names in the .com, .net, and .org domains can now be registered

with many different competing registrars. Go to [Link]

for detailed information.

Domain Name: [Link]

Registrar: NETWORK SOLUTIONS, INC.

Whois Server: [Link]

Referral URL: [Link]

Name Server: [Link]

Name Server: [Link]

.

Here is how the program works. First, a Socket is constructed that specifies the host
name "[Link]" and the port number 43. [Link] is the InterNIC web site that

handles whois requests. Port 43 is the whois port. Next, both input and output streams are
opened on the socket. Then, a string is constructed that contains the name of the web site you

want to obtain information about. In this case, if no web site is specified on the command

line, then "[Link]" is used. The string is converted into a byte array and then sent out of

the socket. The response is read by inputting from the socket, and the results are displayed.