Python Introduction

Python is a general purpose, dynamic, high level, and interpreted

programming language. It supports Object Oriented programming approach to
develop applications. It is simple and easy to learn and provides lots of high-
level data structures.

Python is easy to learn yet powerful and versatile scripting language, which
makes it attractive for Application Development.

Python's syntax and dynamic typing with its interpreted nature make it an ideal
language for scripting and rapid application development.

Python supports multiple programming pattern, including object-oriented,

imperative, and functional or procedural programming styles.

Python is not intended to work in a particular area, such as web programming.

That is why it is known as multipurpose programming language because it can
be used with web, enterprise, 3D CAD, etc.

We don't need to use data types to declare variable because it is dynamically

typed so we can write a=10 to assign an integer value in an integer variable.

Python makes the development and debugging fast because there is no

compilation step included in Python development, and edit-test-debug cycle is
very fast.

Python 2 vs. Python 3

In most of the programming languages, whenever a new version releases, it
supports the features and syntax of the existing version of the language,
therefore, it is easier for the projects to switch in the newer version. However,
in the case of Python, the two versions Python 2 and Python 3 are very much
different from each other.

A list of differences between Python 2 and Python 3 are given below:

1. Python 2 uses print as a statement and used as print "something" to

print some string on the console. On the other hand, Python 3
uses print as a function and used as print("something") to print
something on the console.
2. Python 2 uses the function raw_input() to accept the user's input. It
returns the string representing the value, which is typed by the user. To
convert it into the integer, we need to use the int() function in Python.
On the other hand, Python 3 uses input() function which automatically
interpreted the type of input entered by the user. However, we can cast
this value to any type by using primitive functions (int(), str(), etc.).
3. In Python 2, the implicit string type is ASCII, whereas, in Python 3, the
implicit string type is Unicode.
 4. Python 3 doesn't contain the xrange() function of Python 2. The xrange()
is the variant of range() function which returns a xrange object that
works similar to Java iterator. The range() returns a list for example the
function range(0,3) contains 0, 1, 2.
5. There is also a small change made in Exception handling in Python 3. It
defines a keyword as which is necessary to be used. We will discuss it in
Exception handling section of Python programming tutorial.

Python Features
Python provides lots of features that are listed below.

1) Easy to Learn and Use

Python is easy to learn and use. It is developer-friendly and high level

programming language.

2) Expressive Language

Python language is more expressive means that it is more understandable and

readable.

3) Interpreted Language

Python is an interpreted language i.e. interpreter executes the code line by line
at a time. This makes debugging easy and thus suitable for beginners.

4) Cross-platform Language

Python can run equally on different platforms such as Windows, Linux, Unix and
Macintosh etc. So, we can say that Python is a portable language.

5) Free and Open Source

Python language is freely available at offical web [Link] source-code is

also available. Therefore it is open source.
6) Object-Oriented Language

Python supports object oriented language and concepts of classes and objects
come into existence.

7) Extensible

It implies that other languages such as C/C++ can be used to compile the code
and thus it can be used further in our python code.

8) Large Standard Library

Python has a large and broad library and prvides rich set of module and
functions for rapid application development.

9) GUI Programming Support

Graphical user interfaces can be developed using Python.

10) Integrated

It can be easily integrated with languages like C, C++, JAVA etc.

Python History and Versions

o Python laid its foundation in the late 1980s.
o The implementation of Python was started in the December 1989
by Guido Van Rossum at CWI in Netherland.
o In February 1991, van Rossum published the code (labeled version
0.9.0) to [Link].
o In 1994, Python 1.0 was released with new features like: lambda, map,
filter, and reduce.
o Python 2.0 added new features like: list comprehensions, garbage
collection system.
o On December 3, 2008, Python 3.0 (also called "Py3K") was released. It
was designed to rectify fundamental flaw of the language.
o ABC programming language is said to be the predecessor of Python
language which was capable of Exception Handling and interfacing with
Amoeba Operating System.
 o Python is influenced by following programming languages:
o ABC language.
o Modula-3

Python Version List

Python programming language is being updated regularly with new features
and supports. There are lots of updations in python versions, started from 1994
to current release.

A list of python versions with its released date is given below.

Python Version Released Date

Python 1.0 January 1994

Python 1.5 December 31, 1997

Python 1.6 September 5, 2000

Python 2.0 October 16, 2000

Python 2.1 April 17, 2001

Python 2.2 December 21, 2001

Python 2.3 July 29, 2003

Python 2.4 November 30, 2004

Python 2.5 September 19, 2006

Python 2.6 October 1, 2008

Python 2.7 July 3, 2010

 Python 3.0 December 3, 2008

Python 3.1 June 27, 2009

Python 3.2 February 20, 2011

Python 3.3 September 29, 2012

Python 3.4 March 16, 2014

Python 3.5 September 13, 2015

Python 3.6 December 23, 2016

Python 3.7 June 27, 2018

Python Applications
Python is known for its general purpose nature that makes it applicable in
almost each domain of software development. Python as a whole can be used
in any sphere of development.

Here, we are specifing applications areas where python can be applied.

1) Web Applications

We can use Python to develop web applications. It provides libraries to handle

internet protocols such as HTML and XML, JSON, Email processing, request,
beautifulSoup, Feedparser etc. It also provides Frameworks such as Django,
Pyramid, Flask etc to design and delelop web based applications. Some
important developments are: PythonWikiEngines, Pocoo, PythonBlogSoftware
etc.

2) Desktop GUI Applications

Python provides Tk GUI library to develop user interface in python based

application. Some other useful toolkits wxWidgets, Kivy, pyqt that are useable
on several platforms. The Kivy is popular for writing multitouch applications.

3) Software Development

Python is helpful for software development process. It works as a support

language and can be used for build control and management, testing etc.
4) Scientific and Numeric

Python is popular and widely used in scientific and numeric computing. Some
useful library and package are SciPy, Pandas, IPython etc. SciPy is group of
packages of engineering, science and mathematics.

5) Business Applications

Python is used to build Bussiness applications like ERP and e-commerce

systems. Tryton is a high level application platform.

6) Console Based Application

We can use Python to develop console based applications. For

example: IPython.

7) Audio or Video based Applications

Python is awesome to perform multiple tasks and can be used to develop

multimedia applications. Some of real applications are: TimPlayer, cplay etc.

8) 3D CAD Applications

To create CAD application Fandango is a real application which provides full

features of CAD.

9) Enterprise Applications

Python can be used to create applications which can be used within an

Enterprise or an Organization. Some real time applications are: OpenErp,
Tryton, Picalo etc.

10) Applications for Images

Using Python several application can be developed for image. Applications

developed are: VPython, Gogh, imgSeek etc.

There are several such applications which can be developed using Python

First Python Program

In this Section, we will discuss the basic syntax of python by using which, we
will run a simple program to print hello world on the console.

Python provides us the two ways to run a program:

o Using Interactive interpreter prompt

o Using a script file

Let's discuss each one of them in detail.

Python Variables
Variable is a name which is used to refer memory location. Variable also known
as identifier and used to hold value.

In Python, we don't need to specify the type of variable because Python is a

type infer language and smart enough to get variable type.

Variable names can be a group of both letters and digits, but they have to
begin with a letter or an underscore.

It is recomended to use lowercase letters for variable name. Rahul and rahul
both are two different variables.

Identifier Naming
Variables are the example of identifiers. An Identifier is used to identify the
literals used in the program. The rules to name an identifier are given below.

o The first character of the variable must be an alphabet or underscore ( _

).
o All the characters except the first character may be an alphabet of
lower-case(a-z), upper-case (A-Z), underscore or digit (0-9).
o Identifier name must not contain any white-space, or special character
(!, @, #, %, ^, &, *).
o Identifier name must not be similar to any keyword defined in the
language.
o Identifier names are case sensitive for example my name, and MyName
is not the same.
o Examples of valid identifiers : a123, _n, n_9, etc.
o Examples of invalid identifiers: 1a, n%4, n 9, etc.

Declaring Variable and Assigning Values

Python does not bound us to declare variable before using in the application. It
allows us to create variable at required time.

We don't need to declare explicitly variable in Python. When we assign any

value to the variable that variable is declared automatically.

The equal (=) operator is used to assign value to a variable.

Eg:
 Output:

1. >>>
2. 10
3. ravi
4. 20000.67
5. >>>

Multiple Assignment
Python allows us to assign a value to multiple variables in a single statement
which is also known as multiple assignment.

We can apply multiple assignments in two ways either by assigning a single

value to multiple variables or assigning multiple values to multiple variables.
Lets see given examples.

1. Assigning single value to multiple variables

Eg:

1. x=y=z=50
2. print (x)
3. print (y)
4. print (z)

Output:

1. 50
2. 50
3. 50
 [Link] multiple values to multiple variables:

Eg:

1. a,b,c=5,10,15
2. print a
3. print b
4. print c

Output:

1. >>>
2. 5
3. 10
4. 15
5. >>>

The values will be assigned in the order in which variables appears.

Basic Fundamentals:
This section contains the basic fundamentals of Python like :

i)Tokens and their types.

ii) Comments

a)Tokens:

o Tokens can be defined as a punctuator mark, reserved words and each

individual word in a statement.
o Token is the smallest unit inside the given program.

There are following tokens in Python:

o Keywords.
o Identifiers.
o Literals.
o Operators.

Tuples:
o Tuple is another form of collection where different type of data can be
stored.
o It is similar to list where data is separated by commas. Only the
difference is that list uses square bracket and tuple uses parenthesis.
o Tuples are enclosed in parenthesis and cannot be changed.
 Eg:

1. >>> tuple=('rahul',100,60.4,'deepak')
2. >>> tuple1=('sanjay',10)
3. >>> tuple
4. ('rahul', 100, 60.4, 'deepak')
5. >>> tuple[2:]
6. (60.4, 'deepak')
7. >>> tuple1[0]
8. 'sanjay'
9. >>> tuple+tuple1
10. ('rahul', 100, 60.4, 'deepak', 'sanjay', 10)
11. >>>

Dictionary:
o Dictionary is a collection which works on a key-value pair.
o It works like an associated array where no two keys can be same.
o Dictionaries are enclosed by curly braces ({}) and values can be
retrieved by square bracket([]).

Eg:

di={'name':'charlie','id':100,'dept':'it'}

a=[Link]()
print(a)
OUTPUT:
dict_keys(['name', 'id', 'dept'])

EG:
di={'name':'charlie','id':100,'dept':'it'}

a=[Link]()
print(a)
OUTPUT:
dict_values(['charlie', 100, 'it'])

Python Data Types

Variables can hold values of different data types. Python is a dynamically typed
language hence we need not define the type of the variable while declaring it.
The interpreter implicitly binds the value with its type.

Python enables us to check the type of the variable used in the program.
Python provides us the type() function which returns the type of the variable
passed.

Consider the following example to define the values of different data types and
checking its type.
1. A=10
2. b="Hi Python"
3. c = 10.5
4. print(type(a));
5. print(type(b));
6. print(type(c));

Output:

<type 'int'>
<type 'str'>
<type 'float'>

Standard data types

A variable can hold different types of values. For example, a person's name
must be stored as a string whereas its id must be stored as an integer.

Python provides various standard data types that define the storage method on
each of them. The data types defined in Python are given below.

1. Numbers
2. String
3. List
4. Tuple
5. Dictionary

In this section of the tutorial, we will give a brief introduction of the above data
types. We will discuss each one of them in detail later in this tutorial.

Numbers
Number stores numeric values. Python creates Number objects when a number
is assigned to a variable. For example;

1. a = 3 , b = 5 #a and b are number objects

Python supports 4 types of numeric data.

1. int (signed integers like 10, 2, 29, etc.)

2. long (long integers used for a higher range of values like 908090800L, -
0x1929292L, etc.)
3. float (float is used to store floating point numbers like 1.9, 9.902, 15.2,
etc.)
4. complex (complex numbers like 2.14j, 2.0 + 2.3j, etc.)
 Python allows us to use a lower-case L to be used with long integers. However,
we must always use an upper-case L to avoid confusion.

A complex number contains an ordered pair, i.e., x + iy where x and y denote

the real and imaginary parts respectively).

String
The string can be defined as the sequence of characters represented in the
quotation marks. In python, we can use single, double, or triple quotes to
define a string.

String handling in python is a straightforward task since there are various

inbuilt functions and operators provided.

In the case of string handling, the operator + is used to concatenate two strings
as the operation "hello"+" python" returns "hello python".

The operator * is known as repetition operator as the operation "Python " *2

returns "Python Python ".

The following example illustrates the string handling in python.

1. str1 = 'hello javat' #string str1

2. str2 = ' how are you' #string str2
3. print (str1[0:2]) #printing first two character using slice operator
4. print (str1[4]) #printing 4th character of the string
5. print (str1*2) #printing the string twice
6. print (str1 + str2) #printing the concatenation of str1 and str2

Output:

he
o
hello javathello javat
hello javat how are you

List
Lists are similar to arrays in C. However; the list can contain data of different
types. The items stored in the list are separated with a comma (,) and enclosed
within square brackets [].

We can use slice [:] operators to access the data of the list. The concatenation
operator (+) and repetition operator (*) works with the list in the same way as
they were working with the strings.

Consider the following example.

1. l = [1, "hi", "python", 2]

2. print (l[3:]);
3. print (l[0:2]);
4. print (l);
5. print (l + l);
6. print (l * 3);

Output:

[2]
[1, 'hi']
[1, 'hi', 'python', 2]
[1, 'hi', 'python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'python', 2]
[1, 'hi', 'python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'python', 2, 1, 'hi', 'python', 2]

Tuple
A tuple is similar to the list in many ways. Like lists, tuples also contain the
collection of the items of different data types. The items of the tuple are
separated with a comma (,) and enclosed in parentheses ().

A tuple is a read-only data structure as we can't modify the size and value of
the items of a tuple.

Let's see a simple example of the tuple.

1. t = ("hi", "python", 2)
2. print (t[1:]);
3. print (t[0:1]);
4. print (t);
5. print (t + t);
6. print (t * 3);
7. print (type(t))
8. t[2] = "hi";

Output:

('python', 2)
('hi',)
('hi', 'python', 2)
('hi', 'python', 2, 'hi', 'python', 2)
('hi', 'python', 2, 'hi', 'python', 2, 'hi', 'python', 2)
<type 'tuple'>
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "[Link]", line 8, in <module>
t[2] = "hi";
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
 Dictionary
Dictionary is an ordered set of a key-value pair of items. It is like an associative
array or a hash table where each key stores a specific value. Key can hold any
primitive data type whereas value is an arbitrary Python object.

The items in the dictionary are separated with the comma and enclosed in the
curly braces {}.

Consider the following example.

1. d = {1:'Jimmy', 2:'Alex', 3:'john', 4:'mike'};

2. print("1st name is "+d[1]);
3. print("2nd name is "+ d[4]);
4. print (d);
5. print ([Link]());
6. print ([Link]());

Output:

1st name is Jimmy

2nd name is mike
{1: 'Jimmy', 2: 'Alex', 3: 'john', 4: 'mike'}
[1, 2, 3, 4]
['Jimmy', 'Alex', 'john', 'mike']

Python Keywords
Python Keywords are special reserved words which convey a special meaning
to the compiler/interpreter. Each keyword have a special meaning and a
specific operation. These keywords can't be used as variable. Following is the
List of Python Keywords.

True False None and as

Asset def class continue break

Else finally elif del except

Global for if from import

Raise try or return pass

nonlocal in not is lambda

 Python Literals
Literals can be defined as a data that is given in a variable or constant.

Python support the following literals:

I. String literals:

String literals can be formed by enclosing a text in the quotes. We can use both
single as well as double quotes for a String.

Eg:

"Aman" , '12345'

Types of Strings:

There are two types of Strings supported in Python:

a).Single line String- Strings that are terminated within a single line are known
as Single line Strings.

Eg:

1. >>> text1='hello'

b).Multi line String- A piece of text that is spread along multiple lines is known
as Multiple line String.

There are two ways to create Multiline Strings:

1). Adding black slash at the end of each line.

Eg:

1. >>> text1='hello\
2. user'
3. >>> text1
4. 'hellouser'
5. >>>

2).Using triple quotation marks:-

Eg:

1. >>> str2='''welcome
2. to
3. SSSIT'''
4. >>> print str2
5. welcome
6. to
7. SSSIT
8. >>>

[Link] literals:

Numeric Literals are immutable. Numeric literals can belong to following four
different numerical types.

Int(signed Long(long float(floating Complex(complex)

integers) integers) point)

Numbers( can Integers of Real numbers In the form of a+bj where

be both unlimited size with both a forms the real part and
positive and followed by integer and b forms the imaginary
negative) with lowercase or fractional part part of complex number.
no fractional uppercase L eg: eg: -26.2 eg: 3.14j
[Link]: 100 87032845L

III. Boolean literals:

A Boolean literal can have any of the two values: True or False.

IV. Special literals.

Python contains one special literal i.e., None.

None is used to specify to that field that is not created. It is also used for end of
lists in Python.

Eg:

1. >>> val1=10
2. >>> val2=None
3. >>> val1
4. 10
5. >>> val2
6. >>> print val2
7. None
8. >>>

[Link] Collections.

Collections such as tuples, lists and Dictionary are used in Python.

List:
 o List contain items of different data types. Lists are mutable i.e.,
modifiable.
o The values stored in List are separated by commas(,) and enclosed
within a square brackets([]). We can store different type of data in a
List.
o Value stored in a List can be retrieved using the slice operator([] and
[:]).
o The plus sign (+) is the list concatenation and asterisk(*) is the
repetition operator.

Eg:

1. >>> list=['aman',678,20.4,'saurav']
2. >>> list1=[456,'rahul']
3. >>> list
4. ['aman', 678, 20.4, 'saurav']
5. >>> list[1:3]
6. [678, 20.4]
7. >>> list+list1
8. ['aman', 678, 20.4, 'saurav', 456, 'rahul']
9. >>> list1*2
10. [456, 'rahul', 456, 'rahul']
11. >>>

Python Operators
The operator can be defined as a symbol which is responsible for a particular
operation between two operands. Operators are the pillars of a program on
which the logic is built in a particular programming language. Python provides a
variety of operators described as follows.

o Arithmetic operators
o Comparison operators
o Assignment Operators
o Logical Operators
o Bitwise Operators
o Membership Operators
o Identity Operators

Arithmetic operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations between two
operands. It includes +(addition), - (subtraction), *(multiplication), /(divide), %
(reminder), //(floor division), and exponent (**).

Consider the following table for a detailed explanation of arithmetic operators.

Operator Description

+ (Addition) It is used to add two operands. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 =>

a+b = 30

- (Subtraction) It is used to subtract the second operand from the first operand. If
the first operand is less than the second operand, the value result
negative. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a ? b = 10

/ (divide) It returns the quotient after dividing the first operand by the
second operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a/b = 2

* It is used to multiply one operand with the other. For example, if a

(Multiplication) = 20, b = 10 => a * b = 200

% (reminder) It returns the reminder after dividing the first operand by the
second operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 => a%b = 0

** (Exponent) It is an exponent operator represented as it calculates the first

operand power to second operand.

// (Floor It gives the floor value of the quotient produced by dividing the
division) two operands.

Comparison operator
Comparison operators are used to comparing the value of the two operands
and returns boolean true or false accordingly. The comparison operators are
described in the following table.

Operator Description

== If the value of two operands is equal, then the condition becomes true.

!= If the value of two operands is not equal then the condition becomes true.

<= If the first operand is less than or equal to the second operand, then the
 condition becomes true.

>= If the first operand is greater than or equal to the second operand, then the
condition becomes true.

<> If the value of two operands is not equal, then the condition becomes true.

> If the first operand is greater than the second operand, then the condition
becomes true.

< If the first operand is less than the second operand, then the condition
becomes true.

Python assignment operators

The assignment operators are used to assign the value of the right expression
to the left operand. The assignment operators are described in the following
table.

Operator Description

= It assigns the the value of the right expression to the left operand.

+= It increases the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand
and assign the modified value back to left operand. For example, if a = 10, b
= 20 => a+ = b will be equal to a = a+ b and therefore, a = 30.

-= It decreases the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand
and assign the modified value back to left operand. For example, if a = 20, b
= 10 => a- = b will be equal to a = a- b and therefore, a = 10.

*= It multiplies the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand
and assign the modified value back to left operand. For example, if a = 10, b
= 20 => a* = b will be equal to a = a* b and therefore, a = 200.

%= It divides the value of the left operand by the value of the right operand and
assign the reminder back to left operand. For example, if a = 20, b = 10 =>
a % = b will be equal to a = a % b and therefore, a = 0.

**= a**=b will be equal to a=a**b, for example, if a = 4, b =2, a**=b will assign
4**2 = 16 to a.
 //= A//=b will be equal to a = a// b, for example, if a = 4, b = 3, a//=b will assign
4//3 = 1 to a.

Bitwise operator
The bitwise operators perform bit by bit operation on the values of the two
operands.

For example,

1. if a = 7;
2. b = 6;
3. then, binary (a) = 0111
4. binary (b) = 0011
5.
6. hence, a & b = 0011
7. a | b = 0111
8. a ^ b = 0100
9. ~ a = 1000

Operator Description

& (binary If both the bits at the same place in two operands are 1, then 1 is
and) copied to the result. Otherwise, 0 is copied.

| (binary or) The resulting bit will be 0 if both the bits are zero otherwise the
resulting bit will be 1.

^ (binary The resulting bit will be 1 if both the bits are different otherwise the
xor) resulting bit will be 0.

~ (negation) It calculates the negation of each bit of the operand, i.e., if the bit is 0,
the resulting bit will be 1 and vice versa.

<< (left The left operand value is moved left by the number of bits present in
shift) the right operand.

>> (right The left operand is moved right by the number of bits present in the
shift) right operand.
Logical Operators
The logical operators are used primarily in the expression evaluation to make a
decision. Python supports the following logical operators.

Operator Description

and If both the expression are true, then the condition will be true. If a and b are
the two expressions, a → true, b → true => a and b → true.

or If one of the expressions is true, then the condition will be true. If a and b
are the two expressions, a → true, b → false => a or b → true.

not If an expression a is true then not (a) will be false and vice versa.

Membership Operators
Python membership operators are used to check the membership of value
inside a data structure. If the value is present in the data structure, then the
resulting value is true otherwise it returns false.

Operator Description

in It is evaluated to be true if the first operand is found in the second operand

(list, tuple, or dictionary).

not in It is evaluated to be true if the first operand is not found in the second
operand (list, tuple, or dictionary).

Identity Operators

Operator Description

is It is evaluated to be true if the reference present at both sides point to the

same object.

is not It is evaluated to be true if the reference present at both side do not point to
the same object.
Operator Precedence
The precedence of the operators is important to find out since it enables us to
know which operator should be evaluated first. The precedence table of the
operators in python is given below.

Operator Description

** The exponent operator is given priority

over all the others used in the expression.

~+- The negation, unary plus and minus.

* / % // The multiplication, divide, modules,

reminder, and floor division.

+- Binary plus and minus

>> << Left shift and right shift

& Binary and.

^| Binary xor and or

<= < > >= Comparison operators (less then, less

then equal to, greater then, greater then
equal to).

<> == != Equality operators.

= %= /= //= Assignment operators

-= +=
*= **=

is is not Identity operators

in not in Membership operators

not or and Logical operators

Python Comments
Comments in Python can be used to explain any program code. It can also be
used to hide the code as well.
 Comments are the most helpful stuff of any program. It enables us to
understand the way, a program works. In python, any statement written along
with # symbol is known as a comment. The interpreter does not interpret the
comment.

Comment is not a part of the program, but it enhances the interactivity of the
program and makes the program readable.

Python supports two types of comments:

1) Single Line Comment:

In case user wants to specify a single line comment, then comment must start
with ?#?

Eg:

1. # This is single line comment.

2. print "Hello Python"

Output:

Hello Python

2) Multi Line Comment:

Multi lined comment can be given inside triple quotes.

eg:

1. ''''' This
2. Is
3. Multipline comment'''

eg:

1. #single line comment

2. print "Hello Python"
3. '''''This is
4. multiline comment'''

Output:

Hello Python

Python If-else statements

Decision making is the most important aspect of almost all the programming
languages. As the name implies, decision making allows us to run a particular
block of code for a particular decision. Here, the decisions are made on the
validity of the particular conditions. Condition checking is the backbone of
decision making.
In python, decision making is performed by the following statements.

Statement Description

If Statement The if statement is used to test a specific condition. If the condition is

true, a block of code (if-block) will be executed.

If - else The if-else statement is similar to if statement except the fact that, it
Statement also provides the block of the code for the false case of the condition to
be checked. If the condition provided in the if statement is false, then
the else statement will be executed.

Nested if Nested if statements enable us to use if ? else statement inside an outer

Statement if statement.

Indentation in Python
For the ease of programming and to achieve simplicity, python doesn't allow
the use of parentheses for the block level code. In Python, indentation is used
to declare a block. If two statements are at the same indentation level, then
they are the part of the same block.

Generally, four spaces are given to indent the statements which are a typical
amount of indentation in python.

Indentation is the most used part of the python language since it declares the
block of code. All the statements of one block are intended at the same level
indentation. We will see how the actual indentation takes place in decision
making and other stuff in python.

The if statement
The if statement is used to test a particular condition and if the condition is
true, it executes a block of code known as if-block. The condition of if
statement can be any valid logical expression which can be either evaluated to
true or false.
 The syntax of the if-statement is given below.

1. if expression:
2. statement

Example 1
1. num = int(input("enter the number?"))
2. if num%2 == 0:
3. print("Number is even")

Output:

enter the number?10

Number is even

Example 2 : Program to print the largest of the three

numbers.
1. a = int(input("Enter a? "));
2. b = int(input("Enter b? "));
3. c = int(input("Enter c? "));
4. if a>b and a>c:
5. print("a is largest");
6. if b>a and b>c:
7. print("b is largest");
8. if c>a and c>b:
9. print("c is largest");

Output:

Enter a? 100
Enter b? 120
Enter c? 130
 c is largest

The if-else statement

The if-else statement provides an else block combined with the if statement
which is executed in the false case of the condition.

If the condition is true, then the if-block is executed. Otherwise, the else-block
is executed.

The syntax of the if-else statement is given below.

1. if condition:
2. #block of statements
3. else:
4. #another block of statements (else-block)

Example 1 : Program to check whether a person is

eligible to vote or not.
1. age = int (input("Enter your age? "))
2. if age>=18:
3. print("You are eligible to vote !!");
4. else:
5. print("Sorry! you have to wait !!");

Output:

Enter your age? 90

You are eligible to vote !!

Example 2: Program to check whether a number is even

or not.
1. num = int(input("enter the number?"))
2. if num%2 == 0:
3. print("Number is even...")
4. else:
5. print("Number is odd...")

Output:

enter the number?10

Number is even

The elif statement

The elif statement enables us to check multiple conditions and execute the
specific block of statements depending upon the true condition among them.
We can have any number of elif statements in our program depending upon our
need. However, using elif is optional.

The elif statement works like an if-else-if ladder statement in C. It must be

succeeded by an if statement.

The syntax of the elif statement is given below.

1. if expression 1:
2. # block of statements
3.
4. elif expression 2:
5. # block of statements
6.
7. elif expression 3:
8. # block of statements
9.
10. else:
11. # block of statements
 Example 1
1. number = int(input("Enter the number?"))
2. if number==10:
3. print("number is equals to 10")
4. elif number==50:
5. print("number is equal to 50");
6. elif number==100:
7. print("number is equal to 100");
8. else:
9. print("number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100");

Output:

Enter the number?15

number is not equal to 10, 50 or 100

Example 2
1. marks = int(input("Enter the marks? "))
2. f marks > 85 and marks <= 100:
3. print("Congrats ! you scored grade A ...")
4. lif marks > 60 and marks <= 85:
5. print("You scored grade B + ...")
6. lif marks > 40 and marks <= 60:
7. print("You scored grade B ...")
8. lif (marks > 30 and marks <= 40):
9. print("You scored grade C ...")
10. lse:
11. print("Sorry you are fail ?")

Python Loops
The flow of the programs written in any programming language is sequential by
default. Sometimes we may need to alter the flow of the program. The
execution of a specific code may need to be repeated several numbers of
times.

For this purpose, The programming languages provide various types of loops
which are capable of repeating some specific code several numbers of times.
Consider the following diagram to understand the working of a loop statement.
Why we use loops in python?
The looping simplifies the complex problems into the easy ones. It enables us
to alter the flow of the program so that instead of writing the same code again
and again, we can repeat the same code for a finite number of times. For
example, if we need to print the first 10 natural numbers then, instead of using
the print statement 10 times, we can print inside a loop which runs up to 10
iterations.

Advantages of loops
There are the following advantages of loops in Python.

1. It provides code re-usability.

2. Using loops, we do not need to write the same code again and again.
3. Using loops, we can traverse over the elements of data structures (array
or linked lists).

There are the following loop statements in Python.

Loop Description
Statement

for loop The for loop is used in the case where

we need to execute some part of the
code until the given condition is
satisfied. The for loop is also called as
a per-tested loop. It is better to use
for loop if the number of iteration is
known in advance.

while loop The while loop is to be used in the

scenario where we don't know the
number of iterations in advance. The
 block of statements is executed in the
while loop until the condition specified
in the while loop is satisfied. It is also
called a pre-tested loop.

do-while The do-while loop continues until a

loop given condition satisfies. It is also
called post tested loop. It is used
when it is necessary to execute the
loop at least once (mostly menu
driven programs).

Python for loop

The for loop in Python is used to iterate the statements or a part of the
program several times. It is frequently used to traverse the data structures like
list, tuple, or dictionary.

The syntax of for loop in python is given below.

1. for iterating_var in sequence:

2. statement(s)
1. for iterating_var in sequence:
2. statement(s)

Example
1. i=1
2. n=int(input("Enter the number up to which you want to print the natural numbe
rs?"))
3. for i in range(0,10):
4. print(i,end = ' ')

Output:

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Python for loop example : printing the table of the given

number
1. i=1;
2. num = int(input("Enter a number:"));
3. for i in range(1,11):
4. print("%d X %d = %d"%(num,i,num*i));

Output:

Enter a number:10
10 X 1 = 10
10 X 2 = 20
10 X 3 = 30
10 X 4 = 40
10 X 5 = 50
10 X 6 = 60
10 X 7 = 70
10 X 8 = 80
10 X 9 = 90
10 X 10 = 100

Nested for loop in python

Python allows us to nest any number of for loops inside a for loop. The inner
loop is executed n number of times for every iteration of the outer loop. The
syntax of the nested for loop in python is given below.

1. for iterating_var1 in sequence:

2. for iterating_var2 in sequence:
3. #block of statements
4. #Other statements

Example 1
1. n = int(input("Enter the number of rows you want to print?"))
2. i,j=0,0
3. for i in range(0,n):
4. print()
5. for j in range(0,i+1):
6. print("*",end="")

Output:

Enter the number of rows you want to print?5

*
**
***
****
*****

Using else statement with for loop

Unlike other languages like C, C++, or Java, python allows us to use the else
statement with the for loop which can be executed only when all the iterations
are exhausted. Here, we must notice that if the loop contains any of the break
statement then the else statement will not be executed.

Example 1
1. for i in range(0,5):
2. print(i)
3. else:print("for loop completely exhausted, since there is no break.");

In the above example, for loop is executed completely since there is no break
statement in the loop. The control comes out of the loop and hence the else
block is executed.

Output:

0
1
2
3
4

for loop completely exhausted, since there is no break.

Example 2
1. for i in range(0,5):
2. print(i)
3. break;
4. else:print("for loop is exhausted");
5. print("The loop is broken due to break statement...came out of loop")

In the above example, the loop is broken due to break statement therefore the
else statement will not be executed. The statement present immediate next to
else block will be executed.

Output:
 0

The loop is broken due to break statement...came out of loop

Python while loop

The while loop is also known as a pre-tested loop. In general, a while loop
allows a part of the code to be executed as long as the given condition is true.

It can be viewed as a repeating if statement. The while loop is mostly used in

the case where the number of iterations is not known in advance.

The syntax is given below.

1. while expression:
2. statements

Here, the statements can be a single statement or the group of statements.

The expression should be any valid python expression resulting into true or
false. The true is any non-zero value.

Example 1
1. i=1;
2. while i<=10:
3. print(i);
4. i=i+1;

Output:

1
2
3
4
 5
6
7
8
9
10

Example 2
1. i=1
2. number=0
3. b=9
4. number = int(input("Enter the number?"))
5. while i<=10:
6. print("%d X %d = %d \n"%(number,i,number*i));
7. i = i+1;

Output:

Enter the number?10

10 X 1 = 10

10 X 2 = 20

10 X 3 = 30

10 X 4 = 40

10 X 5 = 50

10 X 6 = 60

10 X 7 = 70

10 X 8 = 80

10 X 9 = 90

10 X 10 = 100

Infinite while loop

If the condition given in the while loop never becomes false then the while loop
will never terminate and result into the infinite while loop.

Any non-zero value in the while loop indicates an always-true condition

whereas 0 indicates the always-false condition. This type of approach is useful
if we want our program to run continuously in the loop without any disturbance.

Example 1
1. while (1):
2. print("Hi! we are inside the infinite while loop");

Output:

Hi! we are inside the infinite while loop

(infinite times)

Example 2
1. var = 1
2. while var != 2:
3. i = int(input("Enter the number?"))
4. print ("Entered value is %d"%(i))

Output:

Enter the number?102

Entered value is 102
Enter the number?102
Entered value is 102
Enter the number?103
Entered value is 103
Enter the number?103
(infinite loop)

Using else with Python while loop

Python enables us to use the while loop with the while loop also. The else block
is executed when the condition given in the while statement becomes false.
Like for loop, if the while loop is broken using break statement, then the else
block will not be executed and the statement present after else block will be
executed.

Consider the following example.

1. i=1;
2. while i<=5:
3. print(i)
4. i=i+1;
5. else:print("The while loop exhausted");

Output:

1
2
3
4
5
The while loop exhausted
 Example 2
1. i=1;
2. while i<=5:
3. print(i)
4. i=i+1;
5. if(i==3):
6. break;
7. else:print("The while loop exhausted");

Output:

1
2

Python Do While Loop

Python doesn't have do-while loop. But we can create a program like this.

The do while loop is used to check condition after executing the statement. It is
like while loop but it is executed at least once.

General Do While Loop Syntax

1. do {
2. //statement
3. } while (condition);

Python Do While Loop Example

1. i = 1
2.
3. while True:
4. print(i)
5. i=i+1
6. if(i > 5):
7. break

Output:

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4
5. 5