JAVA PROGRAMMING

Lecture Notes
[Link]
(III YEAR – I
SEM) (2022-23)
Prepared by:
Mrs. [Link], Assistant Professor

Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering

MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

(Autonomous Institution – UGC, Govt. of India)
Recognized under 2(f) and 12 (B) of UGC ACT 1956
(AffiliatedtoJNTUH,Hyderabad,ApprovedbyAICTE-AccreditedbyNBA&NAAC–‘A’Grade-
ISO9001:2015Certified)
Maisammaguda,Dhulapally([Link]),Secunderabad–
500100,TelanganaState,India
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
[Link]-I Sem L/T/P/C
3/-/-/3
(R20A0552) JAVA PROGRAMMING

COURSE OBJECTIVES:
1) To create Java programs that leverage the object-oriented features of the Java language, such
as encapsulation, inheritance and polymorphism;
2) Use data types, arrays and strings;
3) Implement error-handling techniques using exception handling,
4) To know about Applets and Event Handling
5) Create and event-driven GUI using AWT components.
UNIT I:
Java Programming-OOP Concepts, History of Java, Java buzzwords, Data types, Variables,
Constants, Scope and Life time of variables, Operators, Type conversion and casting, Control
Flow Statements, simple java programs, concepts of classes, objects, arrays, strings,
constructors, methods, access control, this keyword, overloading methods and constructors,
garbage collection, recursion.
UNIT II:
Inheritance – Types of Inheritance, super keyword, and preventing inheritance: final classes
and methods.
Polymorphism – Dynamic binding, method overriding, abstract classes and methods.
Interfaces-Interfaces Vs Abstract classes, defining an interface, implement interfaces,
extending interface.
Packages- Defining, creating and accessing a package, importing packages.
UNIT III:
Exception handling - Benefits of exception handling, exception hierarchy, Classification of
exceptions - checked exceptions and unchecked exceptions, usage of try, catch, throw, throws
and finally, built in exceptions.
Multi-threading- Differences between multi-threading and multitasking, thread life cycle,
creating threads, synchronizing threads.
UNIT IV
Applets – Concepts of Applets, differences between applets and applications, life cycle of an
applet, types of applets, creating applets, passing parameters to applets.
Event Handling: Events, Handling mouse and keyboard events.
Files- Streams, Byte streams, Character streams, Text
input/output UNIT V
GUI Programming with Java – AWT class hierarchy, AWT controls - Labels, button, text
field, check box, and graphics. Layout Manager – Layout manager types: border, grid and flow.
Swing – Introduction, limitations of AWT, Swing vs AWT.
TEXT BOOKS:
1) Java- The Complete Reference, 7th edition, Herbert schildt,TMH.
2) Understanding OOP with Java, updated edition, T. Budd, Pearsoneducation.
3) Core Java an integrated approach, dreamtech publication, Dr. [Link].
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1) Java for Programmers, [Link] and [Link], PEA (or) Java: How to
Program,[Link] and [Link], PHI
2) Object Oriented Programming through Java, P. Radha Krishna, Universities Press.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
1) An understanding of the principles and practice of object-oriented programming anddesign
in the construction of robust, maintainable programs which satisfy theirrequirements;
2) A competence to design, write, compile, test and execute straightforward programsusinga
high-level language;
3) An awareness of the need for a professional approach to design and the importance of good
documentation to the finished programs.
4) Be able to make use of members of classes found in the Java API.
5) Demonstrate the ability to employ various types of constructs and a hierarchy of Javaclasses
to provide solution to a given set of requirements.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ECE

INDEX

S. No Unit Topic Page no

1 OOP Concepts:- Data abstraction, encapsulation inheritance 1

I

2 Benefits of Inheritance 2
I

3 I Polymorphism, classes and objects 2

4 I Procedural and object oriented programming paradigms 3

5 I Java Programming- History of Java 4

6 I Comments, Data types, Variables, Constants 5-9

7 I Scope and Lifetime of variables 10

8 I Operators, Operator Hierarchy, Expressions 11-12

9 I Type conversion and casting 12-13

Control flow- block scope, conditional statements, loops, break

10 I 13-14
and continue statements

11 I Simple java stand alone programs, arrays 14-18

12 I Console input and output, formatting output 18-19

13 I Constructors, methods, parameter passing 19-20

14 I Static fields and methods, access control, this reference, 21-30

Overloading methods and constructors, recursion, garbage

15 I 30-34
collection,
Building strings, exploring string class.
16 I 34-36
S. No Unit Topic Page no
Inheritance – Inheritance hierarchies super and sub classes,
17 II 37-40
Member access rules
super keyword, preventing inheritance: final classes
18 II 40-41
and methods, the Object class and its methods.

19 II Polymorphism – dynamic binding, method overriding, 41-42

20 II abstract classes and methods. 43

Interfaces- Interfaces Vs Abstract classes, defining

21 II 43-44
an interface, implement interfaces
Accessing implementations through interface references,
22 II 45
extendinginterface.

23 II Inner classes- Uses of inner classes, local inner classes 45-46

24 II Anonymous inner classes, static inner classes, examples. 46

25 II Packages- Defining, creating and accessing a package, 46-47

26 II Understanding CLASSPATH, importing packages. 47

Exception handling- Dealing with errors, benefits of

27 III 48
exception handling
The classification of exceptions- exception hierarchy, checked
28 III 48-50
exceptions and unchecked exceptions

29 III Usage of try, catch, throw, throws and finally, 50-54

30 III Built in exceptions, creating own exception sub classes. 54

Multithreading – Differences between multiple processes and

31 III
multiple threads, thread states 55-56

Creating threads, interrupting threads, thread

32 III
priorities, synchronizing threads
56-59
S. No Unit Topic Page no

33 IV Applets – Inheritance hierarchy for applets 61

Differences between applets and applications, Life cycle of 62-64

34 IV
an applet

35 IV Passing parameters to applets, applet security issues. 65-66

Event Handling- Events, Event sources, Event classes, Event

36 IV 66-67
Listeners,
Relationship between Event sources and Listeners,
37 IV 68-70
Delegation event model,
Handling a button click, Handling Mouse events.
38 IV 71-74

Files- Streams- Byte streams, Character streams,

39 IV Text input/output, Binary input/output 75-79

GUI Programming with Java- The AWT class

40 V hierarchy, AWT classes 80-81

41 V Layout management – Layout manager types – border, grid and 82-87

flow
42 V Overview of some AWT Controls – Button, Label, TextField, 88-103
TextArea, Checkbox and graphics
Swing – Introduction, limitations of AWT, Swing vs 104-108
43 V
AWT.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Unit-1
OOPs Concepts
Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such as
inheritance, data binding, polymorphism etc.

Simula is considered as the first object-oriented programming language. The programming paradigm
where everything is represented as an object is known as truly object-oriented programming language.

Smalltalk is considered as the first truly object-oriented programming language.

OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System)

Object means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc. Object-Oriented Programming is a
methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies the software
development and maintenance by providing someconcepts:

o Object
o Class
o Inheritance
o Polymorphism
o Abstraction
o Encapsulation

Object

Any entity that has state and behavior is known as an object. For example: chair, pen, table,
keyboard, bike etc. It can be physical and logical.

Class

Collection of objects is called class. It is a logical entity.

Inheritance
When one object acquires all the properties and behaviours of parent object i.e. known as
inheritance. It provides code reusability. It is used to achieve runtime polymorphism.

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 Polymorphism
When one task is performed by different ways i.e. known as polymorphism. For example: to
convince the customer differently, to draw something e.g. shape or rectangle etc.
In java, we use method overloading and method overriding to achieve [Link] example
can be to speak something e.g. cat speaks meaw, dog barks woof etc.

Abstraction
Hiding internal details and showing functionality is known as abstraction. For example: phone
call, we don't know the internal processing.
In java, we use abstract class and interface to achieve abstraction.

Encapsulation
Binding (or wrapping) code and data together into a single unit is known as encapsulation. For
example: capsule, it is wrapped with different medicines.
A java class is the example of encapsulation. Java bean is the fully encapsulated class because allthe data
members are private here.

Benefits of Inheritance

 One of the key benefits of inheritance is to minimize the amount of duplicate code in an
application by sharing common code amongst several subclasses. Where equivalent code
exists in two related classes, the hierarchy can usually be refactored to move the common
code up to a mutual superclass. This also tends to result in a better organization of code and
smaller, simpler compilationunits.
 Inheritance can also make application code more flexible to change because
classesthat inherit from a common superclass can be used interchangeably. If the
return type of a method issuperclass
 Reusability - facility to use public methods of base class without rewriting thesame.
 Extensibility - extending the base class logic as per business logic of the derivedclass.

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 Data hiding - base class can decide to keep some data private so that it cannot be altered by the
derived class
Procedural and object oriented programming paradigms

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 Java Programming- History of Java
The history of java starts from Green Team. Java team members (also known as
Green Team), initiated a revolutionary task to develop a language for digital devices
such as set-top boxes, televisionsetc.

For the green team members, it was an advance concept at that time. But, it was
suited for internet programming. Later, Java technology as incorporated by
Netscape.

Currently, Java is used in internet programming, mobile devices, games, e-business

solutions etc. There are given the major points that describes the history of java.

1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java
language project in June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green
Team.

2) Originally designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-
topboxes.

3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling and file extension [Link].

4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green
project.

Java Version History

There are many java versions that has been released. Current stable release of Java
is Java SE 8.

1. JDK Alpha and Beta (1995)

2. JDK 1.0 (23rd Jan, 1996) 3.
JDK 1.1 (19th Feb, 1997) 4.
J2SE 1.2 (8th Dec, 1998) 5.
J2SE 1.3 (8th May, 2000) 6.
J2SE 1.4 (6th Feb, 2002) 7.
J2SE 5.0 (30th Sep,2004)
8. Java SE 6 (11th Dec,2006)
9. Java SE 7 (28th July, 2011)
[Link] SE 8 (18th March,2014)

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 Features of Java
There is given many features of java. They are also known as java buzzwords. The Java Featuresgiven below are simple
and easy to understand.
1. Simple
2. Object-Oriented
3. Portable
4. Platformindependent
5. Secured
6. Robust
7. Architectureneutral
8. Dynamic
9. Interpreted
10. HighPerformance
11. Multithreaded
12. Distributed

Java Comments
The java comments are statements that are not executed by the compiler and interpreter. The
comments can be used to provide information or explanation about the variable, method, class or
any statement. It can also be used to hide program code for specific time.

Types of Java Comments

There are 3 types of comments in java.

1. Single LineComment
2. Multi LineComment
3. DocumentationComment

Java Single Line Comment

The single line comment is used to comment only one line.

Syntax:

1. //This is single line comment

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 Example:

public class CommentExample1 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int i=10;//Here, i is a variable
[Link](i);
}
}

Output:

10
Java Multi Line Comment
The multi line comment is used to comment multiple lines of code.

Syntax:

/* Thisis
multi linecomment
*/

Example:

public class CommentExample2 {

public static void main(String[] args) {
/* Let's declare and print variable in java.*/
inti=10; [Link](i);
}}

Output:

10

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Java Documentation Comment
The documentation comment is used to create documentation API. To create documentation API, you
need to use javadoc tool.

Syntax:

/**
This
is
documentation
comment
*/

Example:

/** The Calculator class provides methods to get addition and subtraction of given 2 numbers.*/
public class Calculator {
/** The add() method returns addition of given numbers.*/
public static int add(int a, int b){return a+b;}
/** The sub() method returns subtraction of given numbers.*/
public static int sub(int a, int b){return a-b;}
}

Compile it by javac tool:

Create Documentation API by javadoc tool:

javac [Link]

Now, there
javadoc will be HTML files created for your Calculator class in the current directory. Open the HTML
[Link]
files and see the explanation of Calculator class provided through documentation comment.

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 Data Types
Data types represent the different values to be stored in the variable. In java, there are two types of data types:

o Primitive datatypes
o Non-primitive datatypes

DataType DefaultValue Default size

boolean False 1 bit

char '\u0000' 2 byte

byte 0 1 byte

short 0 2 byte

int 0 4 byte

long 0L 8 byte

float 0.0f 4 byte

double 0.0d 8 byte

Java Variable Example: Add Two Numbers

class Simple{
public static void main(String[] args){
int a=10;
int b=10;
int c=a+b;
[Link](c);
}}

Output:20

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 Variables and Data Types in Java
Variable is a name of memory location. There are three types of variables in java: local, instanceand static.

There are two types of data types in java: primitive and non-primitive.

Types of Variable
There are three types of variables in java:

o localvariable
o instancevariable
o staticvariable

1) LocalVariable

A variable which is declared inside the method is called local variable.

2) Instance Variable

A variable which is declared inside the class but outside the method, is called instance variable. Itis not
declared as static.

3) Staticvariable

A variable that is declared as static is called static variable. It cannot be [Link] will have detailed
learning of these variables in next chapters.
Example to understand the types of variables in java

class A{
int data=50;//instance variable
static int m=100;//static
variable void method(){
int n=90;//local variable
}
}//end of class

Constants in Java
A constant is a variable which cannot have its value changed after declaration. It uses the 'final'
keyword.
Syntax
modifierfinal dataType variableName = value; //global constant

modifierstatic final dataType variableName = value; //constant within a c

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Scope and Life Time of Variables
The scope of a variable defines the section of the code in which the variable is visible. As a
general rule, variables that are defined within a block are not accessible outside that block.
The lifetime of a variable refers to how long the variable exists before it isdestroyed.
Destroying variables refers to deallocating the memory that was allotted to the variables when
declaring it. We have written a few classes till now. You might have observed that not all
variables are the same. The ones declared in the body of a method were different from those
that were declared in the class itself. There are three types of variables: instance variables,
formal parameters or local variables and localvariables.

Instance variables

Instance variables are those that are defined within a class itself and not in any method or
constructor of the class. They are known as instance variables because every instance of the
class (object) contains a copy of these variables. The scope of instance variables is determined
by the access specifier that is applied to these variables. We have already seen about it earlier.
The lifetime of these variables is the same as the lifetime of the object to which it belongs.
Object once created do not exist for ever. They are destroyed by the garbage collector of Java
when there are no more reference to that object. We shall see about Java's automatic garbage
collector later on.

Argument variables

These are the variables that are defined in the header oaf constructor or a method. The scope
of these variables is the method or constructor in which they are defined. The lifetime is
limited to the time for which the method keeps executing. Once the method finishes
execution, these variables aredestroyed.

Local variables

A local variable is the one that is declared within a method or a constructor (not in the
header). The scope and lifetime are limited to the methoditself.

One important distinction between these three types of variables is that access specifiers can
be applied to instance variables only and not to argument or local variables.

In addition to the local variables defined in a method, we also have variables that are defined
in bocks life an if block and an else block. The scope and is the same as that of the block
itself.

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 Operators in java
Operator in java is a symbol that is used to perform operations. For example: +, -, *, / [Link] are
many types of operators in java which are given below:
o UnaryOperator,

o ArithmeticOperator,
o shiftOperator,
o RelationalOperator,
o BitwiseOperator,
o LogicalOperator,
o Ternary Operatorand
o AssignmentOperator.

Operators Hierarchy

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 Expressions
Expressions are essential building blocks of any Java program, usually created to produce a newvalue,
although sometimes an expression simply assigns a value to a variable. Expressions are built using values,
variables, operators and method calls.

Types of Expressions

While an expression frequently produces a result, it doesn't always. There are three types ofexpressions in
Java:

 Those that produce a value, i.e. the result of (1 + 1)

 Those that assign a variable, for example (v =10)
 Those that have no result but might have a "side effect" because an expression can include
a wide range of elements such as method invocations or increment operators that modify
the state (i.e. memory) of aprogram.

Java Type casting and Type conversion

Widening or Automatic Type Conversion
Widening conversion takes place when two data types are automatically converted. This happenswhen:
 The two data types arecompatible.
 When we assign value of a smaller data type to a bigger datatype.

For Example, in java the numeric data types are compatible with each other but no automatic
conversion is supported from numeric type to char or boolean. Also, char and boolean are
not compatible with each other.

Narrowing or Explicit Conversion

If we want to assign a value of larger data type to a smaller data type we perform explicit type
casting or narrowing.
 This is useful for incompatible data types where automatic conversion cannot bedone.
 Here, target-type specifies the desired type to convert the specified valueto.

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 Control Flow Statements
The control flow statements in Java allow you to run or skip blocks of code when specialconditions are
met.
The “if” Statement
The “if” statement in Java works exactly like in most programming languages. With the help of“if” you
can choose to execute a specific block of code when a predefined condition is met. Thestructure of the
“if” statement in Java looks like this:

if(condition) {
// execute this code
}

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 The condition is Boolean. Boolean means it may be true or false. For example you may put
amathematical equation as condition. Look at this full example:

Creating a Stand-Alone Java Application

1. Write a main method that runs your program. You can write this method anywhere. In this
example, I'll write my main method in a class called Main that has no other methods. For
example:
2. public class Main
3. {
4. public static void main(String[] args)5. {
6. [Link]();
7. }}
8. Make sure your code is compiled, and that you have tested it thoroughly.
9. If you're using Windows, you will need to set your path to include Java, if you haven't
done so already. This is a delicate operation. Open Explorer, and look inside C:\
ProgramFiles\Java, and you should see some version of the JDK. Open this folder, and
then open the bin folder. Select the complete path from the top of the Explorer window,
and press Ctrl-C to copyit.

Next, find the "My Computer" icon (on your Start menu or desktop), right-click it, and selectproperties.
Click on the Advanced tab, and then click on the Environment variables button. Look at the variables
listed for all users, and click on the Path variable. Do not delete the contents of this variable! Instead, edit
the contents by moving the cursor to the right end, entering a semicolon (;), and pressing Ctrl-V to paste
the path you copied earlier. Then go ahead and save your changes. (If you have any Cmd windows open,
you will need to close them.)

10. If you're using Windows, go to the Start menu and type "cmd" to run a program
that brings up a command prompt window. If you're using a Mac or Linux machine,
run the Terminal program to bring up a commandprompt.
11. In Windows, type dir at the command prompt to list the contents of the current
directory. On a Mac or Linux machine, type ls to dothis.

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 12. Now we want to change to the directory/folder that contains your compiled code. Look
at the listing of sub-directories within this directory, and identify which one contains your
code. Type cd followed by the name of that directory, to change to that directory. For
example, to change to a directory called Desktop, you would type:

cd Desktop

To change to the parent directory, type:

cd ..

Every time you change to a new directory, list the contents of that directory to see where to gonext.
Continue listing and changing directories until you reach the directory that contains your .class files.

13. If you compiled your program using Java 1.6, but plan to run it on a Mac, you'll needto
recompile your code from the command line, bytyping:

javac -target 1.5 *.java

14. Now we'll create a single JAR file containing all of the files needed to run yourprogram.

Arrays
Java provides a data structure, the array, which stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the
same type. An array is used to store a collection of data, but it is often more useful to think of an array as
a collection of variables of the same type.

Instead of declaring individual variables, such as number0, number1, ..., and number99, you declare one
array variable such as numbers and use numbers[0], numbers[1], and ..., numbers[99] to represent
individual variables.

This tutorial introduces how to declare array variables, create arrays, and process arrays using indexed
variables.

Declaring Array Variables:

To use an array in a program, you must declare a variable to reference the array, and you must specify
the type of array the variable can reference. Here is the syntax for declaring an array variable:
Note: The styledataType[] arrayRefVar is preferred. The style dataType arrayRefVar[]
dataType[]
comes from thearrayRefVar; // preferred
C/C++ language and [Link]
adopted in Java to accommodate C/C++programmers.
dataType arrayRefVar[]; // works but not preferred way.
Example:

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 The following code snippets are examples of this syntax:

double[] List; // preferred way.

or
double List[]; // works but not preferred way.

Creating
Arrays:
You can create an array by using the new operator with the following syntax:

The above statement does two things:

arrayRefVar= new dataType[arraySize];
 It creates an array using newdataType[arraySize];

 It assigns the reference of the newly created array to the variablearrayRefVar.

Declaring an array variable, creating an array, and assigning the reference of the array to thevariable can be
combined in one statement, as shown below:

Alternatively you can create arrays as follows:

dataType[] arrayRefVar = new dataType[arraySize];

The array elements are accessed through the index. Array indices are 0-based; that is, they startfrom 0 to
dataType[] arrayRefVar = {value0, value1, ..., valuek};
[Link]-1.

Example:
Following statement declares an array variable, myList, creates an array of 10 elements ofdouble type
and assigns its reference tomyList:

Following picture represents array myList. Here, myList holds ten double values and the indicesare from
double[] myList = new double[10];
0 to 9.

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Processing Arrays:
When processing array elements, we often use either for loop or for each loop because all of theelements in
an array are of the same type and the size of the array is known.

Example:
Here is a complete example of showing how to create, initialize and process arrays:

public class TestArray

{
public static void main(String[] args) { double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
// Print all the array elements for (int i = 0; i <[Link]; i++){
[Link](myList[i] + " ");
}
// Summing all elementsdouble total = 0;
for(int i = 0; i <[Link]; i++) {total += myList[i];
}
[Link]("Total is " + total);
// Finding the largest elementdouble max = myList[0];
for(int i = 1; i <[Link]; i++) { if(myList[i] >max) max = myList[i];
}
[Link]("Max is " + max);
}
}

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This would produce the following result:

1.9
2.9
3.4
3.5
Total is 11.7
Max is 3.5
public class TestArray {
public static void main(String[] args) { double[] myList = {1.9, 2.9, 3.4, 3.5};
// Print all the array elements for(double element: myList) {
[Link](element);
}}}

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 Constructors
Constructor in java is a special type of method that is used to initialize the object.

Java constructor is invoked at the time of object creation. It constructs the values i.e. provides data
for the object that is why it is known as constructor.

There are basically two rules defined for the constructor.

1. Constructor name must be same as its classname

2. Constructor must have no explicit returntype

Types of java constructors

There are two types of constructors:

1. Default constructor (no-argconstructor)

2. Parameterizedconstructor

Java Default Constructor

A constructor that have no parameter is known as default constructor.

Syntax of default constructor:

1. <class_name>(){}

Example of default constructor

In this example, we are creating the no-arg constructor in the Bike class. It will be invoked atthe time of object
creation.
classBike1{
Bike1(){[Link]("Bike is created");}
public static void main(String args[])
{ Bike1 b=new Bike1();
}}
Output:Bike is created

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Example of parameterized constructor
In this example, we have created the constructor of Student class that have two parameters. Wecan have any
number of parameters in the constructor.
classStudent4{
int id;
Stringname;

Student4(int i,String n){

id = i;
name = n;
}
void display(){[Link](id+" "+name);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student4 s1 = new
Student4(111,"Karan");
Student4 s2 = new Student4(222,"Aryan");[Link]();
[Link]();
}}

Output:

111Karan222Aryan
Constructor Overloading in Java

Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number of constructors that
differ in parameter [Link] compiler differentiates these constructors bytaking into account the number of
parameters in the list and their type.

Example of Constructor Overloading

classStudent5{
intid; String
name;
intage;
Student5(int i,String n){id = i;
name = n;
}
Student5(int i,String n,int a){
id = i;
name = n;age=a;
}
voiddisplay(){[Link](id+" "+name+" "+age);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student5 s1 = new Student5(111,"Karan");
Student5 s2 = new Student5(222,"Aryan",25);
[Link]();

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 20

[Link]();
}}

Output:

Java
111 CopyConstructor
Karan 0
222 Aryan 25
There is no copy constructor in java. But, we can copy the values of one object to another likecopy
constructor inC++.

There are many ways to copy the values of one object into another in java. They are:

oBy constructor
oBy assigning the values of one object into another
oBy clone() method of Object class

In this example, we are going to copy the values of one object into another using javaconstructor.
classStudent6{intid; Stringname;
Student6(int i,String n){id = i;
name = n;
}

Student6(Student6 s){id = [Link];

name =[Link];
}
voiddisplay(){[Link](id+" "+name);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student6 s1 = new Student6(111,"Karan");
Student6 s2 = new Student6(s1);
[Link]();
[Link]();
}}

Output:

111Karan 111Karan

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 21

 Java -Methods
A Java method is a collection of statements that are grouped together to perform an operation. When you
call the [Link]() method, for example, the system actually executes several statements in order
to display a message on the console.
Now you will learn how to create your own methods with or without return values, invoke amethod with or
without parameters, and apply method abstraction in the program design.
Creating Method
Considering the following example to explain the syntax of a method −

Syntax
Here,
public static int methodName(int a, int b) {
// body
 public static −modifier
}
 int − returntype

 methodName − name of the method

 a, b − formalparameters

 int a, int b − list ofparameters

Method definition consists of a method header and a method body. The same is shown in thefollowing syntax −
Syntax
The syntax shown above includes −
modifier returnType nameOfMethod (Parameter List) {
// method body
 modifier− It defines the access type of the method and it is optional touse.
}
 returnType− Method may return avalue.

 nameOfMethod− This is the method name. The method signature consists of

themethod name and the parameter list.
 Parameter List − The list of parameters, it is the type, order, and number of
parameters of a method. These are optional, method may contain zeroparameters.

 method body − The method body defines what the method does with thestatements.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 22

 Static Fields and Methods
The static keyword in java is used for memory management mainly. We can apply java static keyword with
variables, methods, blocks and nested class. The static keyword belongs to the classthan instance of the class.

The static can be:

1. variable (also known as classvariable)

2. method (also known as classmethod)
3. block
4. nestedclass

Java static variable

If you declare any variable as static, it is known static variable.

o The static variable can be used to refer the common property of all objects (that is not unique
for each object) e.g. company name of employees,college name of studentsetc.

o The static variable gets memory only once in class area at the time of classloading.

Advantage of static variable

It makes your program memory efficient (i.e it saves memory).

Understanding problem without static variable

1. classStudent{
2. introllno;
3. Stringname;
4. String college="ITS";
5.}

Example of static variable

//Program of static variable
classStudent8{
introllno;

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 23

 String name;
staticString college ="ITS";
Student8(int r,String n){
rollno =r;
name =n;
}voiddisplay (){[Link](rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
public static void main(String args[]){
Student8 s1 = new
Student8(111,"Karan"); Student8 s2 =
new Student8(222,"Aryan");

[Link]();
[Link]();
}}
Output:111 KaranITS
222 AryanITS

Java static method

If you apply static keyword with any method, it is known as static method.

o A static method belongs to the class rather than object of aclass.

o A static method can be invoked without the need for creating an instance of aclass.
o static method can access static data member and can change the value ofit.

Example of static method

//Program of changing the common property of all objects(static field).

classStudent9{ i
nt rollno;
String name;
staticString college = "ITS";
static void change(){
college = "BBDIT";
}
Student9(int r, String n){rollno =r;
name =n;

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 24

}
voiddisplay (){[Link](rollno+" "+name+" "+college);}
public static void main(String args[])
{ [Link]();
Student9 s1 = new Student9 (111,"Karan");
Student9 s2 = new Student9 (222,"Aryan");
Student9 s3 = new Student9
(333,"Sonoo"); [Link]();
[Link]();
[Link]();
}}

Output:111 Karan BBDIT222 Aryan

Java static block
BBDIT 333 Sonoo BBDIT

o Is used to initialize the static datamember.

o It is executed before main method at the time of classloading.

Example of static block

class A2{
static{
[Link]("static block is invoked");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
[Link]("Hello main");
}}
Output: static block is invokedHello main
Access Control

Access Modifiers in java

There are two types of modifiers in java: access modifiers and non-access modifiers.

The access modifiers in java specifies accessibility (scope) of a data member, method, constructoror class.
There are 4 types of java access modifiers:

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 25

 1. private
2. default
3. protected
4. public

private access modifier

The private access modifier is accessible only within class.

Simple example of private access modifier

In this example, we have created two classes A and Simple. A class contains private data member and
private method. We are accessing these private members from outside the class, so there is compile time
error.
classA{
private int data=40;
private void msg(){[Link]("Hello java");}}
public class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){A obj=new A();
[Link]([Link]);//Compile Time [Link]();//Compile Time Error
}}

2) default accessmodifier
If you don't use any modifier, it is treated as default bydefault. The default modifier isaccessible only
withinpackage.
Example of default accessmodifier
In this example, we have created two packages pack and mypack. We are accessing the A class from
outside its package, since A class is not public, so it cannot be accessed from outside thepackage.
//save by [Link]
package pack;
class A{
voidmsg(){[Link]("Hello");}
}

//save by [Link]
package mypack;
import pack.*;

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 26

 classB{
public static void main(String args[]){
A obj = new A();//Compile Time Error
[Link]();//Compile Time Error }}

In the above example, the scope of class A and its method msg() is default so it cannot beaccessed from
outside thepackage.

3) protected accessmodifier

The protected access modifier is accessible within package and outside the package but through
inheritance only.

The protected access modifier can be applied on the data member, method and constructor. It can'tbe
applied on the class.
Example of protected access modifier

In this example, we have created the two packages pack and mypack. The A class of pack package is
public, so can be accessed from outside the package. But msg method of this package is declared as
protected, so it can be accessed from outside the class only throughinheritance.

//save by [Link]
package pack;
public class A{
protected void msg(){[Link]("Hello");} }
//save by [Link]
package mypack;
import pack.*;
class B extends A{
public static void main(String args[]){
B obj = new B();
[Link]();
}}
Output:Hello

4) public accessmodifier
The public access modifier is accessible everywhere. It has the widest scope among all other
modifiers.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 27

Example of public access modifier
//save by [Link]
package pack;
public class A{
public void msg(){[Link]("Hello");}}
//save by [Link]
package mypack;
import pack.*;
class B{
public static void main(String args[]){
A obj = new A();
[Link]();
}}
Output:Hello

Understanding all java access modifiers

Let's understand the access modifiers by a simple table.

Access within within outsidepackageby outside

Modifier class package subclassonly package

Private Y N N N

Default Y Y N N

Protected Y Y Y N

Public Y Y Y Y

this keyword in java

Usage of java this keyword

Here is given the 6 usage of java this keyword.

1. this can be used to refer current class instancevariable.

2. this can be used to invoke current class method(implicitly)
3. this() can be used to invoke current classconstructor.

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 28

 4. this can be passed as an argument in the method call.
5. this can be passed as argument in the constructorcall.
6. this can be used to return the current class instance from themethod.

class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
float fee;
Student(int rollno,String name,float fee){
[Link]=rollno;
[Link]=name;
[Link]=fee;
}
void display(){[Link](rollno+" "+name+" "+fee);}
}
class TestThis2{
public static void main(String args[]){
Student s1=new Student(111,"ankit",5000f);
Student s2=newStudent(112,"sumit",6000f);
[Link]();
[Link]();
}}

Output:
111 ankit 5000
112 sumit 6000

Difference between constructor and method in java

There are many differences between constructors and methods. They are given below:

Java Constructor Java Method

Constructor is used to initialize the state of Method is used to expose

an object.
behaviourof anobject.

Constructor must not have return type. Method must have return type.

Constructor is invoked implicitly. Method is invoked explicitly.

The java compiler provides a default Method is not provided by compiler inany case.
constructor if youdon't have any
constructor.

Constructor name must be same as the Method name may or may not be
class name.
JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 30
 same as class name.

Constructor Overloading in Java

Constructor overloading is a technique in Java in which a class can have any number of
constructors that differ in parameter [Link] compiler differentiates these constructors by
taking into account the number of parameters in the list and their type.

Example of Constructor Overloading

class Student5{
int id; String
name;
intage;
Student5(int i,String n)
{ id = i;
name = n;
}
Student5(int i,String n,int a){
id = i;
name = n;
age=a;
}
void display(){[Link](id+" "+name+" "+age);}

public static void main(String args[]){

Student5 s1 = new Student5(111,"Karan");
Student5 s2 = newStudent5(222,"Aryan",25);
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

Output:

JAVAPROGRAMMING Page31
 111 Karan 0
222 Aryan 25

Method Overloading in java

If a class has multiple methods having same name but different in parameters, it is knownas
MethodOverloading.

If we have to perform only one operation, having same name of the methods increases thereadability of the
program.

Method Overloading: changing no. of arguments

In this example, we have created two methods, first add() method performs addition of twonumbers and
second add method performs addition of three numbers.

In this example, we are creating static methods so that we don't need to create instance for callingmethods.

classAdder{
static int add(int a,int b){return a+b;}
static int add(int a,int b,int c){return a+b+c;}
}
classTestOverloading1{
public static void main(String[] args){ [Link]([Link](11,11));
[Link]([Link](11,11,11));
}}

Output:

22
Method Overloading: changing data type of arguments
33
In this example, we have created two methods that differs in data type. The first add methodreceives two
integer arguments and second add method receives two double arguments.

JAVA Page
 Recursion in Java
Recursion in java is a process in which a method calls itself continuously. A method in java thatcalls itself is called
recursive method.

Java Recursion Example 1: Factorial Number

public class RecursionExample3 {

static int factorial(int n){
if(n == 1)
return 1;
else
return(n * factorial(n-1));
}}
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Factorial of 5 is: "+factorial(5));
}}

Output:

Java Garbage
Factorial Collection
of 5 is: 120

In java, garbage means unreferenced objects.

Garbage Collection is process of reclaiming the runtime unused memory automatically. In otherwords, it
is a way to destroy the unused objects.

To do so, we were using free() function in C language and delete() in C++. But, in java it
isperformed automatically. So, java provides better memory management.

Advantage of Garbage Collection

o It makes java memory efficient because garbage collector removes the
unreferenced objects from heapmemory.
o It is automatically done by the garbage collector(a part of JVM) so we don't need to make
extraefforts.

gc() method

JAVA Page
 The gc() method is used to invoke the garbage collector to perform cleanup processing. Thegc() is found in
System and Runtime classes.

public static void gc(){}

Simple Example of garbage collection in java

public class TestGarbage1{

public void finalize(){
[Link]("object is garbage
collected");
}
public static void main(String args[]){

TestGarbage1 s1=new TestGarbage1();

TestGarbage1 s2=new TestGarbage1();

s1=null;
s2=null; [Link]();
}}
Java String
object is garbage collectedobject is garbage collected
string is basically an object that represents sequence of char values. An array of characters workssame as
java string. For example:

1. char[] ch={'j','a','v','a','t','p','o','i','n','t'};
2. String s=new String(ch);ssame as:
1. Strings="javatpoint";
2. Java String class provides a lot of methods to perform operations on string such as compare(),
concat(), equals(), split(), length(), replace(), compareTo(), intern(), substring()etc.
3. The [Link] class implements Serializable, Comparable and
CharSequenceinterfaces.

CharSequence Interface

JAVA Page
 The CharSequence interface is used to represent sequence of characters. It is implemented by String,
StringBuffer and StringBuilder classes. It means, we can create string in java by using these 3 classes.

The java String is immutable i.e. it cannot be changed. Whenever we change any string, a new instance is
created. For mutable string, you can use StringBuffer and StringBuilderclasses.
There are two ways to create String object:
1. By stringliteral
2. By newkeyword

String Literal
Java String literal is created by using double quotes. For Example:

1. String s="welcome";

Each time you create a string literal, the JVM checks the string constant pool first. If the string already
exists in the pool, a reference to the pooled instance is returned. If string doesn't exist in the pool, a new
string instance is created and placed in the pool. For example:

1. Strings1="Welcome";
2. String s2="Welcome";//will not create newinstance
By new keyword
1. String s=new String("Welcome");//creates two objects and one reference variable

In such case, JVM will create a new string object in normal (non pool) heap memory and the literal
"Welcome" will be placed in the string constant pool. The variable s will refer to the object in heap (non
pool).

Java String Example

public class StringExample{
public static void main(String args[]){
String s1="java";//creating string by java string literal
charch[]={'s','t','r','i','n','g','s'};
String s2=new String(ch);//converting char array to string
String s3=new String("example");//creating java string by new [Link](s1);
[Link](s2);[Link](s3);
}}
OUTPUT:

JAVA Page
 java strings example
Immutable String in Java

In java, string objects are immutable. Immutable simply means unmodifiable or

[Link] string object is created its data or state can't be changed but a new string object is
created. Let's try to understand the immutability concept by the example given below:
classTestimmutablestring{
public static void main(String args[]){String s="Sachin";
[Link](" Tendulkar");//concat() method appends the string at the end [Link](s);//will print
Sachin because strings are immutable objects
}}
Output:Sachin
classTestimmutablestring1{
public static void main(String args[]){String s="Sachin";
s=[Link](" Tendulkar");[Link](s);
} }Output:Sachin Tendulkar

JAVA Page
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ECE
Unit-2
Inheritance in
Java
Inheritance in java is a mechanism in which one object acquires all the properties and behaviors
of parent object. Inheritance represents the IS-A relationship, also known as parent-
childrelationship.

Why use inheritance in java

o For Method Overriding (so runtime polymorphism can beachieved).
o For CodeReusability.

Syntax of Java Inheritance

1. classSubclass-name extends Superclass-name
2. {
3. //methods andfields
4. }

The extends keyword indicates that you are making a new class that derives from an existingclass.
The meaning of "extends" is to increase the functionality.

classEmployee{ flo
at salary=40000;
}
classProgrammer extends Employee{
int bonus=10000;
public static void main(String args[]){
Programmer p=new Programmer();
[Link]("Programmer salary is:"+[Link]);
[Link]("Bonus of Programmer is:"+[Link]);
}}
Programmer salary is:40000.0
JAVA Page
 Bonus of programmeris:10000

Types of inheritance in java

Single Inheritance Example

File: [Link]

classAnimal{ voideat(){[Link]("eating...");}
}
classDog extends Animal{
voidbark(){[Link]("barking...");}
}
classTestInheritance{
public static void main(String args[]){
Dog d=new Dog();
[Link]();
[Link]();
}}
Output: barking...eating...

Multilevel Inheritance Example

File: [Link]

classAnimal{
voideat(){
[Link]("eating...");
}
}
classDog extends Animal{
voidbark(){
[Link]("barking...");
}
}
classBabyDog extends Dog{
voidweep(){
[Link]("weeping...");
}
}
classTestInheritance2{

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 38

 public static void main(String args[])
{ BabyDog d=new BabyDog();
[Link]();
[Link]();
[Link]();
}}

Output:

weeping...barking... eating...
Hierarchical Inheritance Example
File: [Link]

classAnimal{
voideat(){
[Link]("eating...");
}
}
classDog extends Animal{
voidbark(){
[Link]("barking...");
}
}
classCat extends Animal{
voidmeow(){
[Link]("meowing...");
}
}
classTestInheritance3{
public static void main(String args[])
{ Cat c=new Cat();
[Link]();
[Link]();
//[Link]();//[Link]
}}

Output:

meowing...eating...

JAVA Page
 Member access and Inheritance
A subclass includes all of the members of its super class but it cannot access those members ofthe
super class that have been declared as private. Attempt to access a private variable would cause
compilation error as it causes access violation. The variables declared as private, is onlyaccessible by
other members of its own class. Subclass have no access to it.

super keyword in java

The super keyword in java is a reference variable which is used to refer immediate parent classobject.

Whenever you create the instance of subclass, an instance of parent class is created implicitlywhich
is referred by super reference variable.

Usage of java super Keyword

1. super can be used to refer immediate parent class instancevariable.

2. super can be used to invoke immediate parent classmethod.

3. super() can be used to invoke immediate parent classconstructor.

super is used to refer immediate parent class instance variable.

classAnimal{ Stringcolor="white";
}
classDog extends Animal{Stringcolor="black";
voidprintColor(){ [Link](color);//printscolor of Dogclass
[Link]([Link]);//prints color of Animal class
}
}
classTestSuper1{
public static void main(String args[]){Dog d=new Dog();

JAVA Page
 [Link]();
}}

Output:

Final Keyword
bla
in Java
The finalckkeyword in java is used to restrict the user. The java final keyword can be used in many
context. Final can be:

1. variable

2. method

3. class

The final keyword can be applied with the variables, a final variable that have no value it is called blank
final variable or uninitialized final variable. It can be initialized in the constructor only. The blank final
variable can be static also which will be initialized in the static block only.

Object class in Java

The Object class is the parent class of all the classes in java by default. In other words, it is thetopmost
class of java.

The Object class is beneficial if you want to refer any object whose type you don't know. Noticethat parent
class reference variable can refer the child class object, know as upcasting.

Let's take an example, there is getObject() method that returns an object but it can be of any typelike
Employee,Student etc, we can use Object class reference to refer that object. For example:

1. Object obj=getObject();//we don't know what object will be returned from thismethod

The Object class provides some common behaviors to all the objects such as object can becompared, object
can be cloned, object can be notified etc.

Method Overriding in Java

If subclass (child class) has the same method as declared in the parent class, it is knownas method
overriding in java.

JAVA Page
 Usage of Java Method Overriding
o Method overriding is used to provide specific implementation of a method that is
already provided by its superclass.
o Method overriding is used for runtimepolymorphism

Rules for Java Method Overriding

1. method must have same name as in the parentclass
2. method must have same parameter as in the parentclass.
3. must be IS-A relationship(inheritance).

Example of method
overriding Class Vehicle{
voidrun(){[Link]("Vehicle is running");}
}
classBike2 extends Vehicle{ voidrun()
{[Link]("Bike is running safely");} public
static void main(String args[]){
Bike2 obj = new Bike2();[Link]();
}

Output:Bike is running safely

1. classBank{
intgetRateOfInterest(){return 0;}
}
classSBI extends Bank{
intgetRateOfInterest(){return 8;}
}
classICICI extends Bank{
intgetRateOfInterest(){return 7;}
}
classAXIS extends Bank{
intgetRateOfInterest(){return 9;}
}
classTest2{
public static void main(String args[])
{ SBI s=new SBI();
ICICI i=new ICICI();
AXIS a=new
AXIS();
[Link]("SBI Rate of Interest: "+[Link]());
[Link]("ICICI Rate of Interest: "+[Link]());
[Link]("AXIS Rate of Interest:
"+[Link]());
}}

Output:
SBI Rate of Interest: 8

JAVA Page
 ICICI Rate of Interest: 7AXIS Rate of Interest: 9

Abstract class in Java

A class that is declared with abstract keyword is known as abstract class in java. It can have abstract and non-
abstract methods (method with body). It needs to be extended and its method implemented. It cannot be
instantiated.

Example abstract class

1. abstract classA{}

abstractmethod
1. abstract void printStatus();//no bodyand abstract

Example of abstract class that has abstract method

abstract class Bike{
abstract void run();
}
classHonda4 extends Bike{ voidrun()
{[Link]("running safely..");} public
static void main(String args[]){
Bike obj = new Honda4();[Link]();
}
1. }

runningsafely..
Interface in Java
An interface in java is a blueprint of a class. It has static constants and abstract methods.

The interface in java is a mechanism to achieve abstraction. There can be only abstract methodsin the
java interface not method body. It is used to achieve abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.

Java Interface also represents IS-A [Link] cannot be instantiated just like abstract class.

There are mainly three reasons to use interface. They are given below.
o It is used to achieveabstraction.
o By interface, we can support the functionality of multipleinheritance.
o It can be used to achieve loosecoupling.

JAVA Page
 Internal addition by compiler

Understanding relationship between classes and interfaces

//Interface declaration: by first user

interfaceDrawable{
voiddraw();
}
//Implementation: by second user
classRectangle implements Drawable{
public void draw(){[Link]("drawing rectangle");}
}
classCircle implements Drawable{
public void draw(){[Link]("drawing circle");}
}
//Using interface: by third user
classTestInterface1{
public static void main(String args[]){
Drawable d=new Circle();//In real scenario, object is provided by method e.g. getDrawable()[Link]();
}}
Output:drawing circle

Multiple inheritance in Java by interface

interfacePrintable{

JAVA Page
 voidprint();
}
interfaceShowable{ voi
dshow();
}
classA7 implements Printable,Showable{
public void print(){[Link]("Hello");}
public void show(){[Link]("Welcome");}
public static void main(String args[]){
A7 obj = new A7();[Link]();
[Link]();
}}

Output:Hello
Welcome
Abstract class Interface
1) Abstract class can have abstract Interface can have only abstract methods. Since
and non-abstractmethods. Java 8, it can have default and static
methodsalso.
2) Abstract class doesn't support Interface supports multiple inheritance.
multipleinheritance.
3) Abstract class can have final, non- Interface has only static and final variables.
final, static and non-static variables.
4) Abstract class can provide the Interface can't provide the implementation of
implementation ofinterface. abstract class.
5) The abstract keyword is used to Theinterface keyword is used to declare
declare abstract class. interface.
6) Example: Example:
public abstract class Shape{ public interface Drawable{
public abstract void draw(); void draw();
} }

Java Inner Classes

Java inner class or nested class is a class which is declared inside the class or interface.

We use inner classes to logically group classes and interfaces in one place so that it can be morereadable and
maintainable.

Syntax of Inner class

1. classJava_Outer_class{
2. //code
3. classJava_Inner_class{
4. //code
5. }}

JAVA Page
 Advantage of java inner classes

There are basically three advantages of inner classes in java. They are as follows:

1) Nested classes represent a special type of relationship that is it can access all the
members (data members and methods) of outer class includingprivate.

2) Nested classes are used to develop more readable and maintainable code because
it logically group classes and interfaces in one placeonly.

3) Code Optimization: It requires less code to write.

Difference between nested class and inner class in Java

Inner class is a part of nested class. Non-static nested classes are known as inner classes.

Types of Nested classes

There are two types of nested classes non-static and static nested [Link] non-static nestedclasses are also
known as inner classes.

o Non-static nested class (innerclass)

1. Member inner class
2. Anonymous innerclass
3. Local inner class
o Static nestedclass

Java Package
A java package is a group of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages. Package in java can
be categorized in two form, built-in package and user-defined [Link] are many built-in packages
such as java, lang, awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql [Link] of JavaPackage
1) Java package is used to categorize the classes and interfaces so that they can be
easily maintained.

2) Java package provides accessprotection.

3) Java package removes namingcollision.

packagemypack;
public class
Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
[Link]("Welcome to
package");
}}

JAVA Page
How to compile java package
If you are not using any IDE, you need to follow the syntax given below:javac -d directory
javafilename
How to run java package program

To Compile: javac -d . [Link]

To Run: java [Link]

Using fully qualified name

Example of package by import fully qualified name

//save by [Link] pack; public class A{

public void msg(){[Link]("Hello");} }
//save by [Link] package mypack;class B{
public static void main(String args[]){
pack.A obj = new pack.A();//using fully qualified [Link]();
}
}
Output:Hello

JAVA Page
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ECE

UNIT-3

Exception Handling
The exception handling in java is one of the powerful mechanism to handle the runtime
errors so that normal flow of the application can bemaintained.

What is exception
In java, exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of the program. It is an object which isthrown at
runtime.

Advantage of Exception Handling

The core advantage of exception handling is to maintain the normal flow of the application.
Exception normally disrupts the normal flow of the application that is why we use exception handling.

Types of Exception
There are mainly two types of exceptions: checked and unchecked where error is considered asunchecked
exception. The sun microsystem says there are three types of exceptions:
1. CheckedException
2. UncheckedException
3. Error

Difference between checked and unchecked exceptions

1) Checked Exception: The classes that extend Throwable class except RuntimeException and
Error are known as checked exceptions [Link], SQLException etc. Checked exceptions are
checked atcompile-time.

2) Unchecked Exception: The classes that extend RuntimeException are known as unchecked
exceptions e.g. ArithmeticException, NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException etc.
Unchecked exceptions are not checked at compile-time rather they are checkedatruntime.

3) Error: Error is irrecoverable e.g. OutOfMemoryError, VirtualMachineError, AssertionErroretc.

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Hierarchy of Java Exception classes

Checked and UnChecked Exceptions

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 Java try block

Java try block is used to enclose the code that might throw an exception. It must be used within the
method.

Java try block must be followed by either catch or finally block.

Syntax of java try-catch

1. try{
2. //code that may throwexception
3. }catch(Exception_class_Nameref){}Syntax of try-finallyblock
1. try{
2. //code that may throwexception
3. }finally{}

Java catch block

Java catch block is used to handle the Exception. It must be used after the try block only. You can use
multiple catch block with a single try.
Problem without exception handling

Let's try to understand the problem if we don't use try-catch block.

public class Testtrycatch1{

public static void main(String args[]){ int data=50/0;//may throw exception [Link]("rest of
thecode...");
}}
Output:
Exception in thread main [Link]:/ byzero

As displayed in the above example, rest of the code is not executed (in such case, rest of the code...
statement is not printed).

There can be 100 lines of code after exception. So all the code after exception will not beexecuted.

Solution by exception handling

Let's see the solution of above problem by java try-catch block.

public class Testtrycatch2{

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 public static void main(String args[]){
try{ intdata=
50/0;
}catch(ArithmeticException e){[Link](e);}[Link]("rest of the code...");
}}
1. Output:
Now, as displayed
Exception in the
in thread above
main example, rest of the code is by
[Link]:/ executed
zeroresti.e.
of rest of the code... statement is
the code...
printed.

Java Multi catch block

If you have to perform different tasks at the occurrence of different Exceptions, use java multicatch block.

Let's see a simple example of java multi-catch block.

public classTestMultipleCatchBlock{
public static void main(Stringargs[])
{ try{
inta[]=new
int[5]; a[5]=30/0;
}
catch(ArithmeticException e){[Link]("task1 iscompleted");}
catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e){[Link]("task 2 completed"); }
catch(Exception e){[Link]("common taskcompleted");
}
[Link]("rest of the code...");13. } }

Output:task1 completedrest of the code...

Java nested try example

Let's see a simple example of java nested try block.

class Excep6{
public static void main(String args[]){
try{try{
[Link]("going to divide");
intb =39/0;
}catch(ArithmeticException e){[Link](e);}

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 try{
int a[]=new
int[5];
a[5]=4;
}catch(ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e)
{ [Link](e);
}
[Link]("other statement);
}catch(Exception e){
[Link]("handeled");
}
[Link]("normal flow..");
} }
Java finally block

Java finally block is a block that is used to execute important code such as closing connection,
stream etc.

Java finally block is always executed whether exception is handled or [Link] finally block follows try or
catch block.

Usage of Java finally

Case 1
Let's see the java finally example where exception doesn't [Link] TestFinallyBlock{
public static void main(String args[])
{ try{ intdata=25/5;
[Link](data);
}
catch(NullPointerException e){[Link](e);} finally{[Link]("finally block is always
executed");}[Link]("rest of the code...");
}
}
Output:5
Javafinally
throwblock
keyword
is always executedrest of the code...

The Java throw keyword is used to explicitly throw an exception.

We can throw either checked or uncheked exception in java by throw keyword. The throw keyword is
mainly used to throw custom exception. We will see custom exceptions later.

The syntax of java throw keyword is given below.

1. throwexception;

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 Java throw keyword example

In this example, we have created the validate method that takes integer value as a parameter. Ifthe age is
less than 18, we are throwing the ArithmeticException otherwise print a message welcome to vote.

public class TestThrow1{

static void validate(int age){
if(age<18)
throw new ArithmeticException("not valid");
else
[Link]("welcome to vote");
}
public static void main(String args[]){validate(13);
[Link]("rest of the code...");
}}

Output:

Exception in thread main [Link]:notvalid

Java throws keyword

The Java throws keyword is used to declare an exception. It gives an information to the programmer that
there may occur an exception so it is better for the programmer to provide the exception handling code so
that normal flow can be maintained.

Exception Handling is mainly used to handle the checked exceptions. If there occurs any unchecked
exception such as NullPointerException, it is programmers fault that he is not performing check up before
the code being used.

Syntax of java throws

1. return_type method_name() throwsexception_class_name{
2. //methodcode3. }
4.

Java throws example

Let's see the example of java throws clause which describes that checked exceptions can be propagated by
throws keyword.

import [Link];
class Testthrows1{
void m() throwsIOException{
throw new IOException("device error");//checked exception

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}
Void n() throws
IOException{m();
}
voidp(){
try{ n()
;
}catch(Exception e){[Link]("exception handled");}
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ Testthrows1 obj=new
Testthrows1(); obj.p();
[Link]("normal flow..."); } }Output:

Java Custom
exception Exception flow...
handlednormal
If you are creating your own Exception that is known as custom exception or user-defined exception. Java
custom exceptions are used to customize the exception according to user need.

By the help of custom exception, you can have your own exception and [Link]'s see a simple example
of java custom exception.
class InvalidAgeException extends Exception{InvalidAgeException(String s){super(s);
}}
class TestCustomException1{
static void validate(int age)throws InvalidAgeException{
if(age<18)
throw new InvalidAgeException("not valid");
else
[Link]("welcome to vote");
}
public static void main(String args[]){
try{ validate(13);
}catch(Exception m){[Link]("Exception occured: "+m);}

[Link]("rest of the code...");

}}

Output:Exception occured: InvalidAgeException:not valid rest of the code...

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 Multithreading
Multithreading in java is a process of executing multiple threads simultaneously.

Thread is basically a lightweight sub-process, a smallest unit of processing. Multiprocessing and

multithreading, both are used to achieve multitasking.

But we use multithreading than multiprocessing because threads share a common memory area. They don't
allocate separate memory area so saves memory, and context-switching between the threads takes less time
than process.

Java Multithreading is mostly used in games, animation etc.

Advantages of Java Multithreading

1) It doesn't block the user because threads are independent and you can performmultiple
operations at sametime.

2) You can perform many operations together so it savestime.

3) Threads are independent so it doesn't affect other threads if exception occur in a singlethread.

Life cycle of a Thread (Thread States)

A thread can be in one of the five states. According to sun, there is only 4 states in thread lifecycle in java
new, runnable, non-runnable and terminated. There is no running state.

But for better understanding the threads, we are explaining it in the 5

states.

The life cycle of the thread in java is controlled by JVM. The java thread states are as follows:
1. New
2. Runnable
3. Running
4. Non-Runnable(Blocked)
5. Terminated

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 How to create thread
There are two ways to create a thread:

1. By extending Threadclass
2. By implementing Runnableinterface.

Thread class:

Thread class provide constructors and methods to create and perform operations on a thread.
Thread class extends Object class and implements Runnable interface.

Commonly used Constructors of Thread class:

oThread() oThread(String name)oThread(Runnable r)

oThread(Runnable r,String name)

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 Commonly used methods of Thread class:

1. public void run(): is used to perform action for athread.

2. public void start(): starts the execution of the [Link] calls the run() method onthethread.
3. public void sleep(long miliseconds): Causes the currently executing thread to sleep
(temporarily cease execution) for the specified number ofmilliseconds.
4. public void join(): waits for a thread todie.
5. public void join(long miliseconds): waits for a thread to die for the specifiedmiliseconds.
6. public int getPriority(): returns the priority of thethread.
7. public int setPriority(int priority): changes the priority of thethread.
8. public String getName(): returns the name of thethread.
9. public void setName(String name): changes the name of the thread.
10. public Thread currentThread(): returns the reference of currently executingthread.
11. public int getId(): returns the id of thethread.
12. public [Link] getState(): returns the state of thethread.
13. public boolean isAlive(): tests if the thread isalive.
14. public void yield(): causes the currently executing thread object to temporarily pause and
allow other threads toexecute.
15. public void suspend(): is used to suspend thethread(depricated).
16. public void resume(): is used to resume the suspendedthread(depricated).
17. public void stop(): is used to stop thethread(depricated).
18. public boolean isDaemon(): tests if the thread is a daemonthread.
19. public void setDaemon(boolean b): marks the thread as daemon or userthread.
20. public void interrupt(): interrupts thethread.
21. public boolean isInterrupted(): tests if the thread has beeninterrupted.
22. public static boolean interrupted(): tests if the current thread has beeninterrupted.

Runnable interface:

The Runnable interface should be implemented by any class whose instances are intended to beexecuted by a
thread. Runnable interface have only one method named run().
1. public void run(): is used to perform action for athread.

Starting a thread:

start() method of Thread class is used to start a newly created thread. It performs followingtasks:
oA new thread starts(with new callstack).
oThe thread moves from New state to the Runnable state.
oWhen the thread gets a chance to execute, its target run() method will run.

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 Java Thread Example by extending Thread class

class Multi extends Thread{

public void run(){ [Link]("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ Multi t1=new Multi();
[Link]();
}}
Output:thread isrunning...
Java Thread Example by implementing Runnable

interface class Multi3 implements Runnable{

public void run(){
[Link]("thread is running...");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ Multi3 m1=new Multi3();
Thread t1 =new Thread(m1);[Link]();
}}
Output:thread isrunning... Priority of a Thread (Thread Priority):
Each thread have a priority. Priorities are represented by a number between 1 and 10. In mostcases, thread
schedular schedules the threads according to their priority (known as preemptivescheduling). But it is not
guaranteed because it depends on JVM specification that which scheduling it chooses.

3 constants defined in Thread class:

1. public static intMIN_PRIORITY

2. public static intNORM_PRIORITY
3. public static intMAX_PRIORITY

Default priority of a thread is 5 (NORM_PRIORITY). The value of MIN_PRIORITY is 1 andthe value of

MAX_PRIORITY is 10.

Example of priority of a
Thread: class TestMultiPriority1
extends Thread{public void run(){
[Link]("running thread name is:"+[Link]().getName());
[Link]("running thread priority is:"+[Link]().getPriority());
}
public static void main(String args[]){

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TestMultiPriority1 m1=new TestMultiPriority1();
TestMultiPriority1 m2=new TestMultiPriority1();
[Link](Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
[Link](Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
[Link]();
[Link]();
}}
Output:running thread name is:Thread-0running thread priority is:10
running thread name is:Thread-1running thread iority is:1
pr

chronized method
Java syn
If you declare any method as synchronized, it is known as synchronized [Link] method is used
to lock an object for any shared resource.
When a thread invokes a synchronized method, it automatically acquires the lock for that objectand releases it
when the thread completes its task.
 MALLA REDDY COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF ECE

UNIT 4

APPLETS:
An applet is a program that comes from server into a client and gets executed at client side anddisplaysthe
result.
An applet represents byte code embedded in a html page. (Applet = bytecode + html) and runwith thehelp
of Java enabled browsers such as Internet Explorer.
An applet is a Java program that runs in a browser. Unlike Java applications applets do not havea main()
method.
To create applet we can use [Link] or [Link] class. All applets inherit the super
class ‘Applet’. An Applet class contains several methods that help to control the execution of an applet.
Advantages:
1. Applets provide dynamic nature for a webpage.
2. Applets are used in developing games and animations.
3. Writing and displaying (browser) graphics and animations is easier thanapplications.
4. In GUI development, constructor, size of frame, window closing code etc. are notrequired

Restrictions of Applets of Applets Vs Applications

 Applets are required separate compilation before opening in a browser.
 In realtime environment, the bytecode of applet is to be downloaded from the server to
theclient machine.
 Applets are treated as untrusted (as they were developed by unknown people and placed
onunknown servers whose trustworthiness is not guaranteed).
 Extra Code is required to communicate between applets using AppletContext.
DIFFERENCES BETWEEN APPLETS AND APPLICATIONS
FEATURE APPLICATION APPLET
main() method main() method Present main() method Not present
Execution Can be executed on standalone Used to run a program on
computer system. (JDK & client Browser like Chrome.
JRE)
Nature Called as stand-alone Requires some third party tool
application as application help like a browser to execute
can
be executed from command
prompt
Restrictions Can access any data or Cannot access anything on the
software available on the system except browser‟s
system services
Security Does not require any security Requires highest security for
the system as they are untrusted
Programming larger programs small programs
Platform platform independent platform independent
Accessibility The java applications are Applets are designed just for
designed to work with handling the client site
the

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 client as well as server. problems.
Working Applications are created by Applets are created by
writing public static void extending the
main(String[] s) method [Link]
class
Client side / The applications don't Applets are designed for the
Server side have such type of client site programming purpose
criteria
Methods Application has a single Applet application has 5
start point which is main methods which will be
method automatically invoked.
Example public class MyClass import [Link].*;
{ public static void import [Link].*;
main(String args[]){} public class Myclass
} extends Applet{
public void init(){}
public void start(){}
public void stop(){}
public void destroy()
{}
public void paint(Graphics g) {}
}

LIFE CYCLE OF AN APPLET

Let the Applet class extends Applet or JApplet class.

Initialization:

public void init(): This method is used for initializing variables, parameters to create components. This
method is executed only once at the time of applet loaded into memory.
public void init(){
//initialization
}
Runnning:

public void start (): After init() method is executed, the start method is executed automatically. Start
method is executed as long as applet gains focus. In this method code related to opening files and

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connecting to database and retrieving the data and processingthe data is written.

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Idle / Runnable:

public void stop (): This method is executed when the applet loses focus. Code related to closing the files
and database, stopping threads and performing clean up operations are written in this stop method.
Dead/Destroyed:
public void destroy (): This method is executed only once when the applet is terminatedfrom the memory.
Executing above methods in that sequence is c alled applet life cycle. We can also use public void paint
(Graphics g) in applets.
//An Applet skeleton.
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="AppletSkel" width=300 height=100>
</applet>
*/
public class AppletSkel extends Applet {
public voidinit() {
//initialization
}
/* Called second, after init(). Also called whenever the applet is restarted. */
public void start() {
//start or resume execution
}
/* Called when the applet is stopped. */
public void stop() {
//suspends execution
}
/* Called when applet is terminated. This is the last method executed. */
public void destroy() {
//perform shutdown activities
}
//Called when an applet's window must berestored.
public void paint(Graphics g) {
//redisplay contents of window
}
}
After writing an applet, an applet is compiled in the same way as Java application but running ofan applet is
different.
There are two ways to run an applet.
 Executing an applet within a Java compatible web browser.
Executing an applet using ‘appletviewer’. This executes the applet in a window.
To execute an applet using web browser, we must write a small HTML file which contains the appropriate
„APPLET‟ tag. <APPLET> tag is useful to embed an applet into an HTML page. It has the following form:

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 63

 <APPLET CODE=”name of the applet class file” HEIGHT = maximum height of applet in
pixels WIDTH = maximum width of applet in pixels ALIGN = alignment (LEFT, RIGHT,
MIDDLE, TOP, BOTTOM)>
<PARAM NAME = parameter name VALUE = its
value> </APPLET>
Execution: appletviewer [Link] or appletviewer [Link]
The <PARAM> tag useful to define a variable (parameter) and its value inside the HTML page which can be
passed to the applet. The applet can access the parameter value using getParameter () method, as: String
value = getParameter (“pname”);
Example Program:
Following is a simple applet named [Link] –
HelloWorld
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
public class HelloWorldApplet extends Applet {
public void paint (Graphics g) {
[Link] ("Hello World", 25, 50);
}}
Invoking an Applet - [Link]
<html>
<title>The Hello, World Applet</title>
<applet code = "[Link]" width = "320" height = "120">
</applet>
</html>
OUTPUT: javac HelloWorldApplet. java appletviewer [Link]
//[Link]
import [Link];
import [Link];
/*
<applet code="[Link]" width="300" height="300">
</applet>
*/
public class First extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g){ [Link]("welcome to applet",150,150);
}
}
OUTPUT: javac [Link]
appletviewer [Link]

TYPES OF APPLETS
Applets are of two types:
// Local Applets
// Remote Applets
JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 64
Local Applets: An applet developed locally and stored in a local system is called local applets.
So, local system does not require internet. We can write our own applets and embed them into
the web pages.
Remote Applets: The applet that is downloaded from a remote computer system and embed
applet into a web page. The internet should be present in the system to download the applet and
run it. To download the applet we must know the applet address on web known as Uniform
Resource Locator(URL) and must be specified in the applets HTML document as the value of
CODEBASE.

PASSING PARAMETERS TO AN APPLE

Java applet has the feature of retrieving the parameter values passed from the html page. So,
youto the applet embedded in your page. The param can pass the parameters from your html
page.
 tag(<parma name="" value=""></param>) is used to pass the parameters to an applet. Theapplet
has to call the getParameter() method supplied by the [Link] parent class.

Ex1: Write a program to pass employ name and id number to an applet.

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/* <applet code="[Link]" width = 600 height= 450>
<param name = "t1" value="Hari Prasad"> <param name
= "t2" value ="101">
</applet> */

public class MyApplet2 extends Applet

{
String n;
String id;
public void init()
{
n = getParameter("t1");
id = getParameter("t2");
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
rawString("Name is : "
+ n, 100,100);
[Link]("Id is :
"+ id, 100,150);
}
}
Ex2: Write a program to pass two numbers and pass result to an applet.
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*<APPLET code="Pp" width="300"
height="250"> <PARAM name="a"
value="5">
<PARAM name="b" value="5">
</APPLET>*/
public class Pp extends Applet
{
JAVA PROGRAMMING

Page 65
 String str;
int a,b,result;
public void init()
{
str=getParameter("a");
a=[Link](str);
str=getParameter("b");

b=[Link](str);
result=a+b;
str=[Link](result);
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
[Link](" Result of Addition is : "+str,0,15);
}
}

Ex3: [Link]
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*<Applet code="hai" height="250" 0">
width="25
<PARAM name="Message" value="Hai friend how are you ..?"></APPLET>
*/
class hai extends Applet
{
private String defaultMessage = &quot;Hello!&quot;;
public void paint(Graphics g) {

String inputFromPage = [Link](&quot;Message&quot;); if

(inputFromPage == null) inputFromPage = defaultMessage;
[Link](inputFromPage, 50, 55);
}
}
Output:

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 66

 EVENT HANDLING
Event handling is at the core of successful applet programming. Most events to which the applet will respond
are generated by the user. The most commonly handled events are those generated by the mouse, the keyboard,
and various controls, such as a push button.
Events are supported by the [Link] package.

The Delegation Event Model


The modern approach to handling events is based on the delegation event model, whichdefines standard
and consistent mechanisms to generate and process events.

Its concept is quite simple: a source generates an event and sends it to one or morelisteners. In this scheme, the
listener simply waits until it receives an event. Once received, the listener processes the event and then returns.

The advantage of this design is that the application logic that processes events is cleanly separated from the user
interface logic that generates those events. A user interface element is able to "delegate" the processing of an
event to a separate piece of code.

In the delegation event model, listeners must register with a source in order to receive an event notification. This
provides an important benefit: notifications are sent only to listeners that want to receive them.

EVENTS
In the delegation model, an event is an object that describes a state change in a source. It can be generated as a
consequence of a person interacting with the elements in a graphical user interface. Some of the activities that
cause events to be generated are pressing a button, enteringa character via the keyboard, selecting an item in a
list, and clicking the mouse.
Events may also occur that are not directly caused by interactions with a user interface.
For example, an event may be generated when a timer expires, a counter exceeds a value, software or hardware
failure occurs, or an operation is completed.
EVENT SOURCES
A source is an object that generates an event. This occurs when the internal state of that object changes in some
way. Sources may generate more than one type of event. A source must register listeners in order for the
listeners to receive notifications about a specific type of event. Each type of event has its own registration
method.
Here is the general form:
public void add Type Listener( Type Listener el )
EVENT LISTENERS
A listener is an object that is notified when an event occurs. It has two major requirements. First,it must have
been registered with one or more sources to receive notifications about specific types of events. Second, it must
implement methods to receive and process these notifications. The methods that receive and process events are
defined in a set of interfaces found in [Link].
For example, the MouseMotionListener interface defines two methods to receive notifications when the mouse
is dragged or moved.

EVENT CLASSES
The classes that represent events are at the core of Java's event handling mechanism. At the root of the Java
event class hierarchy is EventObject, which is in [Link]. It is the superclass for all events.
It’s one constructor is shown here:
EventObject(Object src )
EventObject contains two methods: getSource( ) and toString( ) .
The getSource( ) method returns the source of the event. Ex: Object getSource( )
toString( ) returns the string equivalent of the event.
The package [Link] defines several types of events that are generated by various userinterface elements.
Event Class Description
ActionEvent Generated when a button is pressed, a list item is double-clicked, or a menu
item is selected.
AdjustmentEvent Generated when a scroll bar is manipulated.
ComponentEvent Generated when a component is hidden, moved, resized or becomes visible.
ContainerEvent Generated when a component is added to or removed from a container.
FocusEvent Generated when a component gains or loses keyboard focus.
InputEvent Abstract super class for all component input event classes.
ItemEvent Generated when a check box or list item is clicked; so occurs when a choice
selection is made or a checkable menu item is selected or deselected.
KeyEvent Generated when input is received from the keyboard.
MouseEvent Generated when the mouse is dragged, moved, clicked, pressed, or released;
also generated when the mouse enters or exits a component.
MouseWheelEvent Generated when the mouse wheel is moved. (Added by Java 2, version 1.4)
TextEvent Generated when the value of a text area or text field is changed.
WindowEvent Generated when a window is activated, closed, deactivated, deiconified,
iconified, opened, or quit.

The ActionEvent Class

An ActionEvent is generated when a button is pressed, a list item is double-clicked, or a menuitem is selected.
The ActionEvent class defines four integer constants that can be used to identify any modifiers associated with
an action event: ALT_MASK , CTRL_MASK , META_MASK , and SHIFT_MASK .

ActionEvent has these three constructors: ActionEvent(Object src , int type , String cmd )
ActionEvent(Object src , int type , String cmd , int modifiers )
ActionEvent(Object src , int type, String cmd, long when , int modifiers )
 The ComponentEvent Class
// ComponentEvent is generated when the size, position, or visibility of a component is changed. There are four
types of component events. The constants and their meanings areshown here:
COMPONENT_HIDDEN The component was hidden. COMPONENT_MOVED The component was moved.
COMPONENT_RESIZED The component was resized. COMPONENT_SHOWN The component became
visible.
The ContainerEvent Class
//ContainerEvent is generated when a component is added to or removed from a container.
There are two types of container events.

COMPONENT_ADDED and
COMPONENT_REMOVED The KeyEvent Class
//KeyEvent is generated when keyboard input occurs. There are three types of key events, which are identified
by these integer constants: KEY_PRESSED, KEY_RELEASED, and KEY_TYPED .
The first two events are generated when any key is pressed or released. The last event occurs only when a
character is generated.
The MouseEvent Class
There are eight types of mouse events. The MouseEvent class defines the following integer
constants that can be used to identify them:
MOUSE_CLICKED The user clicked the mouse.
MOUSE_DRAGGED The user dragged the mouse.
MOUSE_ENTERED The mouse entered a component.
MOUSE_EXITED The mouse exited from a
component. MOUSE_MOVED The mouse moved.
MOUSE_PRESSED The mouse was pressed.
MOUSE_RELEASED The mouse was released.
MOUSE_WHEEL The mouse wheel was moved (Java 2,
v1.4).
The WindowEvent Class
There are ten types of window events. The WindowEvent class defines integer constants thatcan be used to
identify them. The constants and their meanings are shown here:
WINDOW_ACTIVATED The window was activated.
WINDOW_CLOSED The window has been closed.
WINDOW_CLOSING The user requested that the window be
closed. WINDOW_DEACTIVATED The window was deactivated.
WINDOW_DEICONIFIED The window was deiconified.
WINDOW_GAINED_FOCUS The window gained input focus.
WINDOW_ICONIFIED The window was iconified.
WINDOW_LOST_FOCUS The window lost input
focus. WINDOW_OPENED The window was opened.
WINDOW_STATE_CHANGED The state of the window changed.
 EVENT LISTENER INTERFACES
When an event occurs, the event source invokes the appropriate method defined by the listenerand provides an
event object as its argument
Interface Description
ActionListener Defines one method to receive action events.
AdjustmentListener Defines one method to receive adjustment events.
ComponentListener Defines four methods to recognize when a component is hidden,
moved, resized, or shown.
ContainerListener Defines two methods to recognize when a component is added to or
removed from a container.
FocusListener Defines two methods to recognize when a component gains or losses
keyboard focus.
ItemListener Defines one method to recognize when the state of an item changes.
KeyListener Defines three methods to recognize when a key is pressed, released,
or typed.
MouseListener Defines five methods to recognize when the mouse is clicked, enters a
component, exits a component, is pressed, or is released.
MouseMotionListener Defines two methods to recognize when the mouse is dragged or
moved.
MouseWheelListener Defines one method to recognize when the mouse wheel is moved.
TextListener Defines one method to recognize when a text value changes.
WindowListener Defines seven methods to recognize when a window is
activated, closed, deactivated, deiconified, iconified, opened, or
quit.
The delegation event model has two parts: sources and listeners. Listeners are created by
implementing one or more of the interfaces defined by the [Link] package.
The ActionListener Interface
This interface defines the actionPerformed( ) method that is invoked when an action eventoccurs.
Its general form is shown here: void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae )
The ItemListener Interface
This interface defines the itemStateChanged( ) method that is invoked when the state of an itemchanges.
Its general form is shown here: void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie )
The KeyListener Interface
This interface defines three methods. The keyPressed( ) and keyReleased( ) methods are invokedwhen a key
is pressed and released, respectively. The keyTyped( ) method is invoked when a character has been entered. For
example, if a user presses and releases the key, three events are generated in A sequence: key pressed, typed, and released.
The general forms of these methods are shown here:
void keyPressed(KeyEvent ke )
void keyReleased(KeyEvent ke )
void keyTyped(KeyEvent ke )
 The MouseListener Interface
This interface defines five methods. If the mouse is pressed and released at the same point, mouseClicked( ) is
invoked. When the mouse enters a component, the mouseEntered( ) method is called. When it leaves,
mouseExited( ) is called. The mousePressed( ) and mouseReleased( ) methods are invoked when the mouse is
pressed and released, respectively.
The general forms of these methods are shown here:
void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me )
void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me )
void mouseExited(MouseEvent me )
void mousePressed(MouseEvent me )
void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me
)

The MouseMotionListener Interface

This interface defines two methods.
The mouseDragged( ) method is called multiple times as themouse is dragged.
The mouseMoved( ) method is called multiple times as the mouse is moved.

Their general forms are shown here:

void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me
) void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me )
The TextListener Interface
This interface defines the textChanged( ) method that is invoked when a change occurs in a textarea or text field.
Its general form is shown here: void textChanged(TextEvent te )

Handling Mouse Events

To handle mouse events, we must implement the MouseListener and the MouseMotion Listenerinterfaces.
EX: // Demonstrate the mouse event
handlers. import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="MouseEvents" width=300 height=100>
</applet>
*/
public class MouseEvents extends Applet implements MouseListener, MouseMotionListener
{
String msg = "";
int mouseX = 0, mouseY = 0; // coordinates of
mouse public void init() {
addMouseListener(this);
addMouseMotionListener(this);
}
// Handle mouse clicked.
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent me)
{ mouseX = 0; // save coordinates
mouseY = 10;
msg = "Mouse
clicked."; repaint();
}
// Handle mouse entered.
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent me) {
// save
coordinates
mouseX = 0;
mouseY = 10;
msg = "Mouse entered.";
repaint();
}

// Handle mouse exited.

public void mouseExited(MouseEvent me) {
// save
coordinate
s mouseX
= 0;
mouseY =
10;
msg = "Mouse
exited."; repaint();
}
// Handle button pressed.
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent me) {
// save coordinates
mouseX =
[Link]();
mouseY =
[Link](); msg =
"Down"; repaint();
}
// Handle button released.
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent me) {
1. save
coordinates
mouseX =
[Link]();
mouseY =
[Link](); msg
= "Up";
repaint();
}
 Handle mouse dragged.
public void mouseDragged(MouseEvent me) {
//save coordinates
mouseX = [Link]();
mouseY = [Link]();msg = "*";
showStatus("Dragging mouse at " + mouseX + ", " + mouseY);repaint();
}
// Handle mouse moved.
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me) {
// show status
showStatus("Moving mouse at " + [Link]() + ", " + [Link]());
}
// Display msg in applet window at current X,Y [Link] void paint(Graphics g) {
[Link](msg, mouseX, mouseY);
}
}
Handling Keyboard Events
When a key is pressed, a KEY_PRESSED event is generated. This results in a call to the keyPressed( ) event
handler. When the key is released, a KEY_RELEASED event is generated and the keyReleased( ) handler is
executed. If a character is generated by the keystroke, then a KEY_TYPED event is sent and the keyTyped( )
handler is invoked.
Thus, each time the user presses a key, at least two and often three events are generated. If all you care about
are actual characters, then you can ignore the information passed by the key pressand release events.
EX: // Demonstrate the key event
handlers. import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/* <applet code="SimpleKey" width=300height=100> </applet> */
public class SimpleKey extends Applet implements KeyListener
{
String msg = "";
int X = 10, Y = 20; // output
coordinates public void init() {
addKeyListener(this);
requestFocus(); // request input focus
}
public void keyPressed(KeyEvent ke)

JAVA PROGRAMMING Page 73

{
showStatus("Key Down");
}
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent ke) {showStatus("Key Up");

public void keyTyped(KeyEvent ke) {msg += [Link]();

repaint();
}
// Display keystrokes.
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
[Link](msg, X, Y);
}
}
 FILES AND STREAMS
Stream
A stream can be defined as a sequence of data. There are two kinds of Streams −
 InPutStream − The InputStream is used to read data from a source.
 OutPutStream − The OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination.

Java provides strong but flexible support for I/O related to files and networks.
Byte Streams
Java byte streams are used to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes. Though there are many
classes related to byte streams but the most frequently used classes are, FileInputStream and
FileOutputStream.
Example
import [Link].*;
public class CopyFile {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{ FileInputStream in = null;
FileOutputStream out =
null; try {
in = new FileInputStream("[Link]");
out = new FileOutputStream("[Link]");
int c;
while ((c = [Link]()) != -1) {
[Link](c);
}
}finally {
if (in != null) {
[Link]();
}
if (out != null)
{ [Link]();
}
}
}}
Now let's have a file [Link] with the following content:
This is test for copy file.
$javac [Link]
$java CopyFile
Character Streams
Java Byte streams are used to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes, whereas
Java Character streams are used to perform input and output for 16-bit unicode. Though
there are many classes related to character streams but the most frequently used classes
are, FileReader and FileWriter.
Though internally FileReader uses FileInputStream and FileWriter uses FileOutputStream but here the major
difference is that FileReader reads two bytes at a time and FileWriter writes two bytes at a time.
Example
import [Link].*;
public class CopyFile {
public static void main(String args[]) throws IOException
{ FileReader in = null;
FileWriter out =
null; try {
in = new FileReader("[Link]");
out = new
FileWriter("[Link]"); int c;
while ((c = [Link]()) != -1) {
[Link](c);
}
}finally {
if (in != null) {
[Link]();
}
if (out != null)
{ [Link]();
}
}
}
}

Reading and Writing Files Text input/output,

As described earlier, a stream can be defined as a sequence of data. The InputStream is used toread data
from a source and the OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination. Here is a hierarchy of classes to
deal with Input and Output streams.
 The two important streams are FileInputStream and FileOutputStream (File Handling)
In Java, FileInputStream and FileOutputStream classes are used to read and write data in file. Inanother words,
they are used for file handling in java.
Java FileOutputStream class
Java FileOutputStream is an output stream for writing data to a file. It is a class belongs to bytestreams.
It can be used to create text files.

First we should read data from the keyword. It uses DataInputStream class for reading data from the
keyboard is as:
DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream([Link]);

FileOutputStream used to send data to the file and attaching the file to FileOutputStream. i.e.,
FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream(“File_name”);

The next step is to read data from DataInputStream and write it into FileOutputStream. It means read data
from dis object and write it into fout object. i.e.,
ch=(char)[Link](); //read one character into
ch [Link](ch); //write ch into file.

Finally closing the file using: [Link]();
Creating a Text file:

Example: Write a program to read data from the keyboard and write it to [Link] file.
import [Link].*;
class Test{
public static void main(String args[])
{
DataInputStream dis=new DataInputStream([Link]);
FileOutputstream fout=new
FileOutputStream("[Link]");
[Link]("Entertext @ at the end:”);
char ch; while((ch=(char)[Link]())!
=‟@‟) [Link](ch);[Link]();
}
}
Output: javac [Link]
Java Test
 Java FileInputStream class
It is useful to read data from a file in the form of sequence of bytes. It is possible to read datafrom a
text file using FileInputStream. i.e.,
FileInputStream fin= new FileInputStream(“[Link]”);
To read data fromthe file is,
ch=[Link]();
When there is no more data available to read then it returns -1.

The Output Stream is used to send data to the monitor. i.e., PrintStream, for displaying the data we can
use [Link].
[Link](ch);

Reading data from a text file using FileInputStream:

Java FileInputStream class obtains input bytes from a file. It is used for reading streams of raw bytes
such as image data. It should be used to read byte-oriented data for example to read image, audio, video etc.

Example: Write a program to read data from [Link] using FileInputStream and
display it on monitor.
import [Link].*;
class ReadFile
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("[Link]");
[Link](“File Contents:”);
int ch;
while((ch=[Link]())!=-1)
{
[Link]((char)ch);
}
[Link]();
}
}
Output: javac [Link]
java ReadFile
 UNIT V:
GUI Programming with Java – AWT class hierarchy, component, container,panel,window, frame,
graphics.
AWT controls: Labels, button, text field, check box, check box groups, choices, lists,scrollbars, and graphics.
Layout Manager – Layout manager types: border, grid and flow.
Swing – Introduction, limitations of AWT, Swing vs AWT.

GUI PROGRAMMING WITH JAVA

ABSTRACT WINDOW TOOLKIT (AWT)
Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is an API to develop GUI or window-based application in java. Java
AWT components are platform-dependent i.e. components are displayed according to the view of operating
system. AWT is heavyweight i.e. its components uses the resources of system. The Abstract Window
Toolkit(AWT) support for applets. The AWT contains numerous classes and methods that allow you to create
and manage windows.
The [Link] package provides classes for AWT api such as TextField, Label, TextArea,
RadioButton, CheckBox, Choice, List etc.
AWT Classes
The AWT classes are contained in the [Link] package. It is one of Java's largest packages.
Class Description
AWTEvent Encapsulates AWT events.
AWTEventMulticaster Dispatches events to multiple listeners.
BorderLayout Border layouts use five components:
North, South, East, West, and Center.
CardLayout Card layouts emulate index [Link] the one on top is
showing. Checkbox Creates a check box control.
CheckboxGroup Creates a group of check box
controls. CheckboxMenuItemCreates an on/off menu item.
Choice Creates a pop-up list.
Color Manages colors in a portable, platform-independent
fashion. Component An abstract superclass for various AWT components.
Container A subclass of Component that can hold other components.
Cursor Encapsulates a bitmapped cursor.
Dialog Creates a dialog window.
Dimension Specifies the dimensions of an object. The width is stored
in width , and the height is stored in height .
Event Encapsulates events.
FlowLayout The flow layout manager. Flow layout positions components
left to right, top to bottom.
Frame Creates a standard window that has a title bar, resize corners, anda menu bar.
Graphics Encapsulates the graphics context.
 Control Fundamentals
The AWT supports the following types of controls:
3. Labels
4. Push buttons
5. Check boxes
6. Choice lists
7. Lists
8. Scroll bars
9. Text editing

User interaction with the program is of two types:

CUI (Character User Interface): In CUI user interacts with the application by typing characters or
commands. In CUI user should remember the commands. It isnot user friendly.
2. GUI (Graphical User Interface): In GUI user interacts with the application through graphics.
GUI is user friendly. GUI makes application attractive. It is possible to simulate real object in
GUI programs. In java to write GUI programs we can use awt (Abstract Window Toolkit)
package.

Java AWT Class Hierarchy

The hierarchy of Java AWT classes is given below.

Container
The Container is a component in AWT that can contain other components like buttons, textfields,labels etc.
The classes that extend Container class are known as container such as Frame, Dialogand Panel.
 Window
The window is the container that has no borders and menu bars. You must use frame, dialog or
another window for creating a window.
Panel
The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title bar and menu bars. It can have other
components like button, textfield etc.
Frame
The Frame is the container that contain title bar and can have menu bars. It can have other
components like button, textfield etc.
Useful Methods of Component class
Method Description
public void add(Component c) inserts a component on this component.
public void setSize(int width,int height) sets the size(width and height) of the component.
public void setLayout(LayoutManager m) defines the layout manager for the component.
public void setVisible(boolean status) changes the visibility of the component, by
default false.

Listeners and Listener Methods:

Listeners are available for components. A Listener is an interface that listens to an event from a component.
Listeners are available in [Link] package. The methods in the listener interface are to be implemented,
when using that listener.
Layout Managers

A layout manager arranges the child components of a container. It positions and sets the size of components
within the container's display area according to a particular layout scheme.
The layout manager's job is to fit the components into the available area, while maintaining the proper spatial
relationships between the components. AWT comes with a few standard layout managers that will collectively
handle most situations; you can make your own layout managers if you have special requirements.
LayoutManager at work

Every container has a default layout manager; therefore, when you make a new container, it comes with
a LayoutManager object of the appropriate type. You can install a new layout manager at any time with
the setLayout() method. Below, we set the layout manager of a container to a BorderLayout:
setLayout ( new BorderLayout( ) );
Every component determines three important pieces of information used by the layout manager in placing
and sizing it: a minimum size, a maximum size, and a preferred size.
These are reported by the getMinimumSize(), getMaximumSize(), and getPreferredSize(), methods of
Component, respectively.
When a layout manager is called to arrange its components, it is working within a fixed area. It usually
begins by looking at its container's dimensions, and the preferred or minimum sizes of the child
components.
Layout manager
types Flow Layout
FlowLayout is a simple layout manager that tries to arrange components with their preferred sizes,
from left to right and top to bottom in the display. A FlowLayout can have a specified justification of
LEFT, CENTER, or RIGHT, and a fixed horizontal and vertical padding.
By default, a flow layout uses CENTER justification, meaning that all components are centered within the
area allotted to them. FlowLayout is the default for Panel components like Applet.
The following applet adds five buttons to the default FlowLayout.
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="Flow" width="500" height="500">
</applet>
*/
public class Flow extends [Link]
{
public void init()
{
//Default for Applet is
FlowLayout add( new
Button("One") );
add( new Button("Two") );
add( new Button("Three") );
add( new Button("Four") );
add( new Button("Five") );
}
}
If the applet is small enough, some of the buttons spill over to a second or third row.
Grid Layout
GridLayout arranges components into regularly spaced rows and columns. The components are
arbitrarily resized to fit in the resulting areas; their minimum and preferred sizes are consequently ignored.

GridLayout is most useful for arranging very regular, identically sized objects and for allocating space
for Panels to hold other layouts in each region of the container.

GridLayout takes the number of rows and columns in its constructor. If you subsequently give it too
many objects to manage, it adds extra columns to make the objects fit. You can also set the number of
rows or columns to zero, which means that you don't care how many elements the layout manager packs
in that dimension.
For example, GridLayout(2,0) requests a layout with two rows and an unlimited number of
columns; if you put ten components into this layout, you'll get two rows of five columns each. The
following applet sets a GridLayout with three rows and two columns as its layout manager;
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="Grid" width="500"height="500"> </applet>
*/
public class Grid extends [Link]
{
public void init()
{
setLayout( new GridLayout( 3, 2 ));
add( new Button("One") );
add( new Button("Two") ); add( new Button("Three") );add( new Button("Four") );
add( new Button("Five") );
}
}

The five buttons are laid out, in order, from left to right, top to bottom, with one empty spot.

Border Layout
BorderLayout is a little more interesting. It tries to arrange objects in one of five geographical locations:
"North," "South," "East," "West," and "Center," possibly with some padding between.
BorderLayout is the default layout for Window and Frame objects. Because each component is
associated with a direction, BorderLayout can manage at most five components; it squashes or stretches
those components to fit its constraints.
When we add a component to a border layout, we need to specify both the component and the position at
which to add it. To do so, we use an overloaded version of the add() method that takes an additional
argument as a constraint.
The following applet sets a BorderLayout layout and adds our five buttons again, named for their locations;

import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="Border" width="500" height="500">
</applet>
*/
public class Border extends [Link]
{
public void init()
{
setLayout( new [Link]()
); add( new Button("North"), "North" );
add(
new Button("East"), "East" );
add( new Button("South"), "South" );
add( new Button("West"), "West" ); add( new Button("Center"), "Center" );
}
}

Compile: javac [Link]

Run : appletviewer [Link]
 Java AWT Example
To create simple awt example, you need a frame. There are two ways to create a frame in AWT.
1. By extending Frame class (inheritance)
2. By creating the object of Frame class (association)
Simple example of AWT by
inheritance import [Link].*;
class First extends Frame{
First(){
Button b=new Button("click me");
[Link](30,100,80,30); // setting button
position add(b); //adding button into frame
setSize(300,300); //frame size 300 width and 300 height
setLayout(null); //no layout manager
setVisible(true); //now frame will be visible
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ First f=new First();
}
}

Simple example of AWT by

association import [Link].*;
class First2{
First2(){
Frame f=new Frame();
Button b=new Button("click
me"); [Link](30,50,80,30);
[Link](b);
[Link](300,300);
[Link](null);
[Link](true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{ First2 f=new First2();
}
}
 AWT controls
Labels:
The easiest control to use is a label. A label is an object of type Label, and it contains a string,which it displays.
Labels are passive controls that do not support any interaction with the user.
// Demonstrate Labels import [Link].*; [Link].*; /*
<applet code="LabelDemo" width=300 height=200>
</applet> */
public class LabelDemo extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
Label Label("One");
Label two = new Label("Two");
Label three = new Label("Three");
add labels to applet
windowadd(one); add(two);
add(three);
}
}
Buttons:
The most widely used control is the push button. A push button is a component that contains a
label and that generates an event when it is pressed. Push buttons are objects of type Button.
Button class is useful to create push buttons. A push button triggers a series of events.
To create push button: Button b1 =new
Button("label"); To get the label of the button: String l
= [Link](); To set the label of the button:
[Link]("label");
To get the label of the button clicked: String str = [Link]();

Demonstrate Buttons
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/* <applet code="ButtonDemo" width=250 height=150>
</applet> */

public class ButtonDemo extends Applet implements ActionListener

{
String msg = "";
Button yes, no,
maybe;
public void init()
{
yes = new Button("Yes");no = new Button("No");
maybe = new Button("Undecided");add(yes);
add(no); add(maybe);
[Link](this); [Link](this); [Link](this);
}

public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)

{
String str =
[Link]();
if([Link]("Yes"))
{
msg = "You pressed Yes.";
}
else if([Link]("No"))
{
msg = "You pressed No.";
}
else
{
msg = "You pressed Undecided.";
}
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
[Link](msg, 6, 100);
}
}

Check Boxes:
A check box is a control that is used to turn an option on or off. It consists of a small box that can either
contain a check mark or not. There is a label associated with each check box that describes what option the
box represents. You change the state of a check box by clicking on it. Check boxes can be used individually or
as part of a group.

Demonstrate check boxes

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="CheckboxDemo" width=250 height=200>
</applet>
*/
public class CheckboxDemo extends Applet implements ItemListener
{
String msg = "";
checkbox Win98, winNT, solaris, mac;

public void init()

{
win98 = new Checkbox("Windows 98/XP", null,
true); winNT = new Checkbox("Windows NT/2000");
solaris = new Checkbox("Solaris");
mac = new Checkbox("MacOS");
add(Win98);
add(winNT);
add(solaris);
add(mac);
[Link](this);
[Link](this);[Link](this);
[Link](this);
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie)
{
repaint();
}
// Display current state of the check boxes.

public void paint(Graphics g)

{
msg = "Current state: "; [Link](msg, 6, 80);
msg = " Windows 98/XP: " + [Link]();[Link](msg, 6, 100);
msg = " Windows NT/2000: " + [Link]();[Link](msg, 6, 120);
msg = " Solaris: " + [Link]();[Link](msg, 6, 140);
msg = " MacOS: " + [Link]();[Link](msg, 6, 160);
 TextField:
The TextField class implements a single-line text-entry area, usually called an edit control. Text fields allow
the user to enter strings and to edit the text using the arrow keys, cut and paste keys, and mouse selections.
// Demonstrate text [Link] [Link].*; import [Link].*; import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="TextFieldDemo" width=380 height=150>
</applet>
*/
public class TextFieldDemo extends Applet implements ActionListener
{
TextField name, pass;

public void init()

{
Label namep = new Label("Name: ", [Link]);
Label passp = new Label("Password: ", [Link]);
name = new TextField(12);
pass = new TextField(8);
[Link]('?');
add(namep);
add(name);
add(passp);
add(pass);
// register to receive action events
[Link](this);
[Link](this);
}
// User pressed Enter.
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
repaint();
}
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
[Link]("Name: " + [Link](), 6, 60);
[Link]("Selected text in name: " + [Link](), 6,
80); [Link]("Password: " + [Link](), 6, 100);

}
}
 TextArea:
Sometimes a single line of text input is not enough for a given task. To handle thesesituations,
the AWT includes a simple multiline editor called TextArea .

DemonstrateT extArea
import [Link].*;
[Link].*;
/*
<applet code="TextAreaDemo" width=300height=250> </applet>
*/
public class TextAreaDemo extends Applet
{
public void init()
{
String val = "There are two ways of constructing " + "a software design.\n" + "One way is to make it so simple\
n" + "that there are obviously no deficiencies.\n" + "And the other way is to make it so complicated\n"
+ "that there are no obvious deficiencies.\n\n" + " -C.A.R. Hoare\n\n"
+ "There's an old story about the person who wished\n" + "his computer were as easy to use as his
telephone.\n" + "That wish has come true,\n" + "since I no longer know how to use my telephone.\n\n" + " -
Bjarne Stroustrup, AT&T, (inventor of C++)";
TextArea text = new TextArea(val, 10,
30); add(text);
}
}

CheckboxGroup
It is possible to create a set of mutually exclusive check boxes in which one and only one check box in the
group can be checked at any one time. These check boxes are often called radio buttons. A Radio button
represents a round shaped button such that only one can be selected from a panel. Radio button can be created
using CheckboxGroup class and Checkbox classes.
 · To create a radio button:

CheckboxGroup cbg = new CheckboxGroup ();

Checkbox cb = new Checkbox ("label", cbg, true);
· To know the selected checkbox:
Checkbox cb = [Link] ();
· To know the selected checkbox label:
· String label = [Link]().getLabel ();

Demonstrate check box group.

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="CBGroup" width=250 height=200>
</applet>
*/
public class CBGroup extends Applet implements ItemListener
{
String msg = "";
Checkbox Win98, winNT, solaris,
mac; CheckboxGroup cbg;
public void init() {
cbg = new CheckboxGroup();
Win98 = new Checkbox("Windows 98/XP", cbg, true);
winNT = new Checkbox("Windows NT/2000", cbg, false);
solaris = new Checkbox("Solaris", cbg, false);
mac = new Checkbox("MacOS", cbg, false);
add(Win98);
add(winNT);
add(solaris);
add(mac);
[Link](this);
[Link](this);
[Link](this);
[Link](this);
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) {
repaint();
}
// Display current state of the check boxes.
public void paint(Graphics g) {
msg = "Current selection: ";
msg += [Link]().getLabel();
[Link](msg, 6, 100);
}
}
 Choice Controls
The Choice class is used to create a pop-up list of items from which the user may [Link],
a Choice control is a form of menu. Choice menu is a popdown list of items. Only one item can be selected.
· To create a choice menu:
Choice ch = new Choice();
· To add items to the choice menu:
[Link] ("text");
· To know the name of the item selected from the choice menu:
String s = [Link] ();
· To know the index of the currently selected item:
int i = [Link]();
This method returns -1, if nothing is selected.
//Demonstrate Choice lists.
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="ChoiceDemo" width=300height=180> </applet>
*/
public class ChoiceDemo extends Applet implements ItemListener
{
Choice os, browser;
String msg = "";
public void init() {
os = new Choice();
browser = newChoice();
//add items to os list
[Link]("Windows 98/XP");
[Link]("Windows NT/2000");
[Link]("Solaris");
[Link]("MacOS");
// add items to browser list
[Link]("Netscape 3.x");
[Link]("Netscape 4.x");
[Link]("Netscape 5.x");
[Link]("Netscape 6.x");
[Link]("Internet Explorer4.0");
[Link]("InternetExplorer 5.0");
[Link]("Internet Explorer6.0");
[Link]("Lynx 2.4");
[Link]("Netscape 4.x");
// add choice lists towindow
add(os); add(browser);
// register to receive item events
[Link](this);
[Link](this);
}
 public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent ie) {
repaint();
}
// Display current selections.
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
msg = "Current OS: ";
msg += [Link]();
[Link](msg, 6, 120);
msg = "Current Browser: ";
msg += [Link]();
[Link](msg, 6, 140);
}
}

Lists
The List class provides a compact, multiple-choice, scrolling selection list. Unlike the Choiceobject, which
shows only the single selected item in the menu, a List object can be constructed to show any number of
choices in the visible window. It can also be created to allow multiple selections.
List provides these constructors:
List( )
List(int numRows )
List(int numRows , boolean multipleSelect )
A List box is similar to a choice box, it allows the user to select multiple items.
· To create a list
box: List lst = new List();
(or)
List lst = new List (3, true);
This list box initially displays 3 items. The next parameter true represents that the user can select more than
one item from the available items. If it is false, then the user can select onlyone item.
= To add items to the list box: [Link]("text");
= To get the selected items: String x[] = [Link]();
= To get the selected indexes: int x[] = [Link] ();
//Demonstrate Lists.
import [Link].*;
[Link].*;
import [Link].*; /*
<applet code="ListDemo" width=300 height=180>
</applet>
*/
public class ListDemo extends Applet implements ActionListener
{
List os, browser; String msg = "";
public void init() {
os = new List(4, true);
browser = new List(4, false);
//add items to os list
[Link]("Windows 98/XP");
[Link]("Windows
NT/2000");
[Link]("Solaris");
[Link]("MacOS");
// add items to browser list
[Link]("Netscape 3.x");
[Link]("Netscape 4.x");
[Link]("Netscape 5.x");
[Link]("Netscape 6.x");
[Link]("Internet Explorer4.0");
[Link]("InternetExplorer 5.0");
[Link]("Internet Explorer6.0");
[Link]("Lynx 2.4");
[Link](1);
// add lists to
window add(os);
add(browser);
//register to receive action events
[Link](this);
[Link](this);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
repaint();
}
//Display current selections
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
int idx[];
msg = "Current OS: ";
idx = [Link]();
for(int i=0; i<[Link]; i++)
msg += [Link](idx[i]) + "
"; [Link](msg, 6, 120);
msg = "Current Browser: ";
msg += [Link]();
[Link](msg, 6, 140);
}
}
Scroll Bars
Scroll bars are used to select continuous values between a specified minimum and [Link] bars may
be oriented horizontally or vertically. Scrollbar class is useful to create scrollbars that can be attached to a frame
or text area. Scrollbars can be arranged vertically or horizontally.
To create a scrollbar :
Scrollbar sb = new Scrollbar (alignment, start, step, min, max);
alignment: [Link], [Link]
start: starting value (e.g. 0)
step: step value (e.g. 30) // represents scrollbar lengthmin: minimum value (e.g. 0)
max: maximum value (e.g. 300)
· To know the location of a scrollbar: int n = [Link] ();
· To update scrollbar position to a new position: [Link] (int position);
· To get the maximum value of the scrollbar: int x = [Link] ();
· To get the minimum value of the scrollbar: int x = [Link] ();
· To get the alignment ofthe scrollbar: int x = getOrientation ();
This method return 0 if the scrollbar is aligned HORIZONTAL, 1 if aligned VERTICAL.
// Demonstrate scroll bars.
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="SBDemo" width=300 height=200>
</applet>
*/
public class SBDemo extends Applet implements AdjustmentListener, MouseMotionListener
{
String msg = ""; Scrollbar vertSB, horzSB;
public void init() {
int width = [Link](getParameter("width"));
intheight = [Link](getParameter("height"));
vertSB = new Scrollbar([Link], 0, 1, 0, height);
horzSB = new Scrollbar([Link], 0, 1, 0,
width); add(vertSB);
add(horzSB);
// register to receive adjustment events
[Link](this);
[Link](this);
addMouseMotionListener(this);
}
public void adjustmentValueChanged(AdjustmentEvent ae)
{ repaint();
}
// Update scroll bars to reflect mouse
dragging. public void
mouseDragged(MouseEvent me) {
int x = [Link]();
int y = [Link]();
[Link](y);
[Link](x);
 repaint();
}
//Necessary for MouseMotionListener
public void mouseMoved(MouseEvent me)
{
}
//Display current value of scroll
bars. public void paint(Graphics g)
{
msg = "Vertical: " + [Link]();
msg += ", Horizontal: " + [Link]();
[Link](msg, 6, 160);
// show current mouse drag position
[Link]("*", [Link](),[Link]());
}
}
Graphics
The AWT supports a rich assortment of graphics methods. All graphics are drawn relative toa window.
Graphics class and is obtained in two ways:
It is passed to an applet when one of its various methods, such as paint( ) or update( ),is called.
It is returned by the getGraphics( ) method of Component.

Drawing Lines
Lines are drawn by means of the drawLine( ) method, shown here:
void drawLine(int startX, int startY, int endX, int endY)
drawLine( ) displays a line in the current drawing color that begins at startX,startY and endsat endX,endY.
The following applet draws several lines:
//Draw lines
[Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="Lines" width=300height=200> </applet>
*/
public class Lines extends Applet
{ public void paint(Graphics g) {[Link](0, 0, 100, 100);
[Link](0, 100, 100, 0);
[Link](40, 25, 250, 180);
[Link](75, 90, 400, 400);
[Link](20, 150, 400, 40);
[Link](5, 290, 80, 19);

}
}
 Drawing Rectangles
The drawRect( ) and fillRect( ) methods display an outlined and filled rectangle, [Link] are shown
here:
void drawRect(int top, int left, int width, int
height) void fillRect(int top, int left, int width, int
height)
The upper-left corner of the rectangle is at top, left. The dimensions of the rectangleare specified by width and
height.
To draw a rounded rectangle, use drawRoundRect( ) or fillRoundRect( ), both shown here:
void drawRoundRect(int top, int left, int width, int height,int xDiam, int yDiam)
void fillRoundRect(int top, int left, int width, int height, int xDiam, int yDiam)
// Draw rectangles
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="Rectangles" width=300height=200> </applet>
*/
public class Rectangles extends Applet
{ public void paint(Graphics g) {
[Link](10, 10, 60, 50);
[Link](100,10, 60, 50);
[Link](190, 10,60, 50, 15, 15);
[Link](70, 90,140, 100, 30, 40);
}}

Drawing Ellipses and Circles

To draw an ellipse, use drawOval( ). To fill an ellipse, use fillOval( ).
These method sare shown here:
void drawOval(int top, int left, int width, int
height) void fillOval(int top, int left, int width, int
height)
// Draw Ellipses
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="Ellipses" width=300height=200> </applet>
*/
public class Ellipses extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{ [Link](10, 10, 50, 50);
[Link](100, 10, 75, 50);
[Link](190, 10, 90, 30);
[Link](70, 90, 140, 100);
}
}
 Drawing Arcs
Arcs can be drawn with drawArc( ) and fillArc( ), shown here:
void drawArc(int top, int left, int width, int height, int startAngle,int
sweepAngle) void fillArc(int top, int left, int width, int height, int startAngle,int
sweepAngle)
 The arc is bounded by the rectangle whose upper-left corner is specified by top, left and whosewidth and
height are specified by width and height.
 The arc is drawn from startAngle through the angular distance specified by sweepAngle. Angles are specified
in degrees.
 The arc is drawn counterclockwise if sweepAngle is positive, and clockwise if sweepAngle is negative.
Therefore, to draw an arc from twelve o’clock to six o’clock, the start angle would be 90 and the sweep
angle 180.
The following applet draws several arcs:
//Draw Arcs
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="Arcs" width=300 height=200>
</applet>
*/
public class Arcs extends Applet
{ public void paint(Graphics g) {
[Link](10, 40, 70, 70, 0, 75);
[Link](100, 40, 70, 70, 0, 75);
[Link](10, 100, 70, 80, 0, 175);
[Link](100, 100, 70, 90, 0, 270);
[Link](200, 80, 80, 80, 0, 180);
}}

Drawing Polygons
It is possible to draw arbitrarily shaped figures using drawPolygon( ) and fillPolygon(), shown here:
void drawPolygon(int x[ ], int y[ ], int numPoints)
void fillPolygon(int x[ ], int y[ ], int numPoints)
 The polygons endpoints are specified by the coordinate pairs contained within the x and y arrays.
 The number of points defined by x and y is specified by numPoints.
 There are alternative forms of these methods in which the polygon is specified by a Polygon object.
The following applet draws an hour glass shape:
// Draw Polygon
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="HourGlass"width=230 height=210>
</applet>
*/
public class HourGlass extends Applet
{ public void paint(Graphics g) {
int xpoints[] = {30, 200, 30, 200, 30};
int ypoints[] = {30, 30, 200, 200, 30};
int num = 5;
 [Link](xpoints, ypoints, num);
}}
SWINGS
 Swing is a set of classes that provides more powerful and flexible components than are possible with the
AWT. Swing is a GUI widget toolkit for Java. It is part of Oracle's Java Foundation Classes (JFC) that is
used to create window-based applications. It is built on the top of AWT (Abstract Windowing Toolkit)
API and entirely written in java.

 In addition to the familiar components, such as buttons, check boxes, and labels, Swing supplies several
exciting additions, including tabbed panes, scroll panes, trees, and tables. Even familiar components such
as buttons have more capabilities in Swing. For example, a button may have both an image and a text
string associated with it. Also, the image can be changed as the state of the button changes.

 Unlike AWT components, Swing components are not implemented by platform specific code. Instead,
they are written entirely in Java and, therefore, are platform-independent. The term lightweight is used to
describe such elements.
 The [Link] package provides classes for java swing API such as JButton, JTextField, JTextArea,
JRadioButton, JCheckbox, JMenu, JColorChooser etc.

Differences between AWT and Swing

AWT Swing

AWT components are called Swings are called light weight component
Heavyweight component. because swing components sits on the top
of AWT components and do the work.

AWT components are platform dependent. Swing components are made in purely java
and they are platform independent.

AWT components require [Link] package. Swing components require [Link]

package.

AWT is a thin layer of code on top of the OS. Swing is much larger. Swing also has
very much richer functionality.

AWT stands for Abstract windows toolkit. Swing is also called as JFC’s (Java
Foundation classes).

This feature is not supported in AWT. We can have different look and feel in Swing.

Using AWT, you have to implement a lot of Swing has them built in.
things yourself.
 This feature is not available in AWT. Swing has many advanced features like JTabel, Jtabbed pane

The Swing component classes are:

Class Description
AbstractButton Abstract superclass for Swing buttons.
ButtonGroup Encapsulates a mutually exclusive set
ofbuttons. ImageIcon Encapsulates an icon.
JApplet The Swing version of Applet.
JButton The Swing push button class.
JCheckBox The Swing check box class.
JComboBox Encapsulates a combo box (combination of a drop-down list & text
field). JLabel The Swing version of a label.
JRadioButton The Swing version of a radio
button. JScrollPane Encapsulates a scrollable window.
JTabbedPane Encapsulates a tabbed window.
JTable Encapsulates a table-based
control.
JTextField The Swing version of a text field.
JTree Encapsulates a tree-based control.
Hierarchy for Swing components:
 BUTTONS
Swing buttons provide features that are not found in the Button class defined by the AWT.
For example, you can associate an icon with a Swing button. Swing buttons are subclasses of the
AbstractButton class, which extends JComponent. AbstractButton contains many methods that allow you
to control the behavior of buttons, check boxes, and radio buttons.
The JButton Class
The JButton class provides the functionality of a push button. JButton allows an icon, a string, orboth to be
associated with the push button. Some of its constructors are shown here:
· To create a JButton with text: JButton b = new JButton (“OK”);
· To create a JButton with image: JButton b = new JButton (ImageIcon ii);
· To create a JButton with text & image: JButton b = new JButton (“OK”, ImageIcon ii);
It is possible to create components in swing with images on it. The image is specified byImageIcon class
object.

import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
import [Link].*;
/*
<applet code="JButtonDemo" width=250 height=300>
</applet>
*/
public class JButtonDemo extends JApplet implements ActionListener {
JTextField jtf;
public void init() {
// Get content pane
Container contentPane = getContentPane();
[Link](new FlowLayout());
// Add buttons to content pane

ImageIcon france = new

ImageIcon("[Link]"); JButton jb = new
JButton(france);
[Link]("France");
[Link](this);
[Link](jb);

ImageIcon germany = new ImageIcon("[Link]")

;jb = new JButton(germany);
[Link]("Germany");
[Link](this);
[Link](jb);
ImageIcon italy = new
ImageIcon("[Link]"); jb = new
JButton(italy);
[Link]("Italy");
[Link](this);
[Link](jb);
ImageIcon japan = new
ImageIcon("[Link]"); jb = new
JButton(japan);
[Link]("Japan");
[Link](this);
[Link](jb);
// Add text field to content pane
jtf = newJTextField(15);
[Link](jtf);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent ae)
{
[Link]([Link]());
}
}

Limitations of AWT:
 The AWT defines a basic set of controls, windows, and dialog boxes that support a usable,
but limited graphical interface.
 One reason for the limited nature of the AWT is that it translates its various visual
components into their corresponding, platform-specific equivalents or peers. This means
that the look and feel of a component is defined by the platform, not by java.
 Because the AWT components use native code resources, they are referred to as heavy
weight.
The use of native peers led to several problems.
 First, because of variations between operating systems, a component might look, or even
act, differently on different platforms. This variability threatened java’s philosophy: write
once, run anywhere.
 Second, the look and feel of each component was fixed and could not be changed.
 Third, the use of heavyweight components caused some frustrating restrictions.
Due to these limitations Swing came and was integrated to java. Swing is built on the AWT. Two key
Swing features are: Swing components are light weight, Swing supports a pluggable look and feel.
JAVA PROGRAMMING Page