[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

me/jntuh

UNIT – II
Inheritance, Packages and Interfaces – Hierarchical abstractions, Base class object, subclass, subtype,
substitutability, forms of inheritance specialization, specification, construction, extension, limitation,
combination, benefits of inheritance, costs of inheritance. Member access rules, super uses, using final
with inheritance, polymorphism- method overriding, abstract classes, the Object class. Defining, Creating
and Accessing a Package, Understanding CLASSPATH, importing packages, differences between classes
and interfaces, defining an interface, implementing interface, applying interfaces, variables in interface
and extending interfaces. Exploring [Link].
INHERITANCE IN JAVA
 Inheritance is an important pillar of OOP(Object-Oriented Programming).
 The process of obtaining the data members and methods from one class to another class is known
as inheritance.
Important Terminologies Used in Java Inheritance
Super Class/Parent Class: The class whose features are inherited is known as a superclass(or a base
class or a parent class).
Sub Class/Child Class: The class that inherits the other class is known as a subclass(or a derived class,
extended class, or child class). The subclass can add its own fields and methods in addition to the
superclass fields and methods.
Why Do We Need Java Inheritance?
Code Reusability: The code written in the Superclass is common to all subclasses. Child classes can
directly use the parent class code.
Method Overriding: Method Overriding is achievable only through Inheritance. It is one of the ways by
which Java achieves Run Time Polymorphism.
Abstraction: The concept of abstract where we do not have to provide all details is achieved through
inheritance. Abstraction only shows the functionality to the user.
How to Use Inheritance in Java?
 The extends keyword is used for inheritance in Java.
 Using the extends keyword indicates you are derived from an existing class. In other words, “extends”
refers to increased functionality.
Syntax
class SubclassName extends SuperclassName
{
//methods and ields
}

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TYPES OF INHERITANCE
Based on number of ways inheriting the feature of base class into derived class we have ive types of
inheritance they are:
1. Single inheritance
2. Multilevel inheritance
3. Hierarchical inheritance
4. Multiple inheritance
5. Hybrid inheritance
[Link] inheritance
In single inheritance there exists single base class and single derived class.

Example
class Animal
{
String name;
void show()
{
[Link](“Animal name is:"+name);
}
}
class Dog extends Animal
{
void bark()
{
[Link]("Barking");
}
}
class TestInheritance
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Dog d=new Dog();
[Link]="DOG";
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
2. Multilevel inheritances in Java
 When there is a chain of inheritance, it is known as multilevel inheritance.
 In Multilevel inheritances there exists single base class, single derived class and multiple intermediate
base classes.

isinglet
multiple

Single
Example
In the example, BabyDog class inherits the Dog class which again inherits the Animal class, so there is a
multilevel inheritance.
class Animal
{
String name;
void show()
{
[Link]("Animal Name is"+name);
}
}
class Dog extends Animal
{
void bark()
{
[Link]("Mother Dog Barking...");
}
}
class BabyDog extends Dog
{
void weep()
{
[Link]("Baby Dog weeping");
}
}
class TestInheritance2
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
BabyDog d=new BabyDog();
[Link]="MotherDog";
[Link]();
[Link]();
[Link]();

}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
3. Hierarchical Inheritance
In Hierarchical Inheritance, one class serves as a superclass (base class) for more than one subclass. In
the below image, class A serves as a base class for the derived class B, C and D.

Example
class Animal
{
void eat()
{
[Link]("eating...");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal
{
void bark()
{
[Link]("barking...");
}
}
class Cat extends Animal
{
void meow()
{
[Link]("meowing...");
}
}
class TestInheritance3
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Cat c=new Cat();
[Link]();
[Link]();
//[Link]();//[Link]
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
4. Multiple inheritance
In multiple inheritance there exist multiple classes and single derived class.

The concept of multiple inheritance is not supported in java through concept of classes but it can be
supported through the concept of interface.
5. Hybrid inheritance
It is a mix of two or more of the above types of inheritance. Since Java doesn’t support multiple
inheritances with classes, hybrid inheritance is also not possible with classes. In Java, we can achieve
hybrid inheritance only through Interfaces.

SUBSTITUTABILITY
 The inheritance concept used for the number of purposes in the java programming language. One of
the main purposes is substitutability.

01
 The substitutability means that when a child class acquires properties from its parent class, the object
of the parent class may be substituted with the child class object.
 For example, if B is a child class of A, anywhere we expect an instance of A we can use an instance of
B.
 The substitutability can achieve using inheritance, whether using extends or implements keywords.

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FORMS OF INHERITANCE
The following are the different forms of inheritance in java.
 Specialization
 Specification
 Construction
 Extension
 Limitation

MEME_
 Combination
Specialization
It is the most ideal form of inheritance. The subclass is a special case of the parent class. It holds the
principle of substitutability.
Speci ication
This is another commonly used form of inheritance. In this form of inheritance, the parent class just

c
speci ies which methods should be available to the child class but doesn't implement them. The java
provides concepts like abstract and interfaces to support this form of inheritance. It holds the principle
of substitutability.
Construction
This is another form of inheritance where the child class may change the behavior de ined by the parent
class (overriding). It does not hold the principle of substitutability.
Extension
This is another form of inheritance where the child class may add its new properties. It holds the principle
of substitutability.
Limitation
This is another form of inheritance where the subclass restricts the inherited behavior. It does not hold
the principle of substitutability.
Combination
This is another form of inheritance where the subclass inherits properties from multiple parent classes.
Java does not support multiple inheritance type.

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BENEFITS OF INHERITANCE
 Inheritance helps in code reuse. The child class may use the code de ined in the parent class without
re-writing it.
 Inheritance can save time and effort as the main code need not be written again.
 Inheritance provides a clear model structure which is easy to understand.
 An inheritance leads to less development and maintenance costs.
 With inheritance, we will be able to override the methods of the base class so that the meaningful
implementation of the base class method can be designed in the derived class. An inheritance leads
to less development and maintenance costs.
 In inheritance base class can decide to keep some data private so that it cannot be altered by the
derived class.
THE COSTS OF INHERITANCE
 Inheritance decreases the execution speed due to the increased time and effort it takes, the program
to jump through all the levels of overloaded classes.
 Inheritance makes the two classes (base and inherited class) get tightly coupled. This means one
cannot be used independently of each other.
 The changes made in the parent class will affect the behavior of child class too.
 The overuse of inheritance makes the program more complex.

d
ACCESS CONTROL(MEMBER ACCESS)
In Java, Access modi iers help to restrict the scope of a class, constructor, variable, method, or data
member. It provides security, accessibility, etc to the user depending upon the access modi ier used with
the element.

Festrictthe
Types of Access Modi iers in Java
There are four types of access modi iers available in Java:
class courts
Scope
1. Default – No keyword required
2. Private
of
variable method
3. Protected data member
4. Public
1. Default Access Modi ier

Paresthesia
When no access modi ier is speci ied for a class, method, or data member – It is said to be having
the default access modi ier by default.
 The default modi ier is accessible only within package.
 It cannot be accessed from outside the package.
 It provides more accessibility than private. But, it is more restrictive than protected, and public.

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Example

D
In this example, we have created two packages pack and mypack. We are accessing the A class from
outside its package, since A class is not public, so it cannot be accessed from outside the package.
//save by [Link]
package pack;
class A
{
void msg()
{
[Link]("Hello");
}
}

//save by [Link]
package mypack;
import pack.*;
class B
{

mT
public static void main(String args[])
{
A obj = new A(); //Compile Time Error
[Link](); //Compile Time Error
}
}
In the above example, the scope of class A and its method msg() is default so it cannot be accessed from
outside the package.
2. private
 The private access modi ier is accessible only within the class.
 The private access modi ier is speci ied using the keyword private.
 The methods or data members declared as private are accessible only within the class in which
they are declared.
 Any other class of the same package will not be able to access these members.
 Top-level classes or interfaces can not be declared as private because private means “only visible
within the enclosing class”.

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Example
 In this example, we have created two classes A and Simple.
 A class contains private data member and private method.
 We are accessing these private members from outside the class, so there is a compile-time error.
class A
{
private int data=40;
private void msg()

F
{
[Link]("Hello java");}
}

o public class Simple

[Link]
{
public static void main(String args[])

1 iaI
{
A obj=new A();
[Link]([Link]); //Compile Time Error
[Link](); //Compile Time Error
}
}
3. protected
 The protected access modi ier is accessible within package and outside the package but through
inheritance only.
 The protected access modi ier is speci ied using the keyword protected .
Example
 In β this example, we have created the two packages pack and mypack.
 The A class of pack package is public, so can be accessed from outside the package.
 But msg method of this package is declared as protected, so it can be accessed from outside the class
only through inheritance.
//save by [Link]
package pack;
public class A

iron {
protected void msg()
{
[Link]("Hello");

Yetan
}
}

want //save by [Link]

error
package mypack;
import pack.*;
class B extends A
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
B obj = new B();
[Link]();
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
4. public
 The public access modi ier is accessible everywhere. It has the widest scope among all other
modi iers.
 The public access modifier is speci ied using the keyword public.
Example
//save by [Link]
package pack;
public class A
{
public void msg()
{
[Link]("Hello");
}
}
//save by [Link]
package mypack;
import pack.*;
class B
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A obj = new A();
[Link]();
}
}
Table: class member access
Let's understand the access modi iers in Java by a simple table.

Access within within outside package by outside

Modifier class package subclass only package

Private YES NO NO NO

Default YES YES NO NO

Protected YES YES YES NO

Public YES YES YES YES

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

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SUPER KEYWORD
Super keyword in java is a reference variable that is used to refer parent class features.
Usage of Java super Keyword
1. Super keyword At Variable Level

2. Super keyword At Method Level midastatters

3. Super keyword At Constructor Level
 Whenever the derived class is inherits the base class features, there is a possibility that base class
features are similar to derived class features and JVM gets an ambiguity.
 In order to differentiate between base class features and derived class features must be preceded
by super keyword.
Syntax
[Link] features
1. Super Keyword at Variable Level
 Whenever the derived class inherit base class data members there is a possibility that base class
data member are similar to derived class data member and JVM gets an ambiguity.
 In order to differentiate between the data member of base class and derived class, in the context of

0
derived class the base class data members must be preceded by super keyword.
Syntax
[Link] datamember name
Example
class Animal
{
String color="white";
}
class Dog extends Animal
{
String color="black";
void printColor()

F
{
[Link](color); //prints color of Dog class
[Link]([Link]); //prints color of Animal class
}
}
class TestSuper1
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Dog d=new Dog();
1 [Link]();
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
2. Super Keyword at Method Level
 The super keyword can also be used to invoke or call parent class method.
 It should be use in case of method overriding. In other word super keyword use when base class
method name and derived class method name have same name.
Example
class Animal
{
Tedweetbaseclass name
void eat()
and derivedclass
methodname are
{
1 [Link]("eating...");

same
}
}
class Dog extends Animal
{
void eat()
{
[Link]("eating bread...");
}
void dispay()
{
eat();
[Link]();
}
}
class TestSuper2
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Dog d=new Dog();
[Link]();
}
}
3. Super keyword At Constructor Level
The super keyword can also be used to invoke the parent class constructor.
class Animal
{
Animal()
{
[Link]("animal is created");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal
{
Dog()
{
super();
[Link]("dog is created");
}
}
class TestSuper3
{
public static void main(String args[])

1
{
Dog d=new Dog();
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
FINAL KEWWORD
 It is used to make a variable as a constant, Restrict method overriding, Restrict inheritance.
 Final keyword is used to make a variable as a constant.
 This is similar to const in other language.
In java language final keyword can be used in following ways:
1. Final Keyword at Variable Level
2. Final Keyword at Method Level
3. Final Keyword at Class Level
[Link] at variable level
 A variable declared with the inal keyword cannot be modi ied by the program after initialization.
 This is useful to universal constants, such as "PI".
Example
class Bike
{
inal int speedlimit=90;
void run()
{
speedlimit=400;
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Bike9 obj=new Bike9();
[Link]();
}
}
Output: Compile Time Error

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
[Link] Keyword at method level
 It makes a method inal, meaning that sub classes can not override this method. The compiler checks
and gives an error if you try to override the method.
 When we want to restrict overriding, then make a method as a inal.
Example
class Bike
{
inal void run()
{
[Link]("running");
}
}
class Honda extends Bike
{
void run()
{
[Link]("running safely with 100kmph");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Honda honda= new Honda();
[Link]();
}
}
Output: It gives an error
[Link] Keyword at Class Level
It makes a class inal, meaning that the class cannot be inheriting by other classes. When we want to
restrict inheritance then make class as a inal.
Example
inal class Bike
{
}
class Honda1 extends Bike
{
void run()
{
[Link]("running safely with 100kmph");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
Honda1 honda= new Honda1();
[Link]();
}
}
Output: Compile Time Error

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
POLYMORPHISM
 The polymorphism is the process of de ining same method with different implementation. That
means creating multiple methods with different behaviors.
Types of Java polymorphism
The Java polymorphism is mainly divided into two types:
1. Compile-time Polymorphism(Method Overloading)
2. Runtime Polymorphism(Method Overriding)
Ad Hoc Polymorphism(Method Overloading)
Whenever same method name is exiting multiple times in the same class with different number of
parameter or different order of parameters or different types of parameters is known as method
overloading.
Example
class Addition
{
void sum(int a, int b)
{
[Link](a+b);
}
void sum(int a, int b, int c)
{
[Link](a+b+c);
}
void sum(float a, float b)
{
[Link](a+b);
}
}
class Methodload
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Addition obj=new Addition();
[Link](10, 20);
[Link](10, 20, 30);
[Link](10.05f, 15.20f);
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
Pure Polymorphism(Method Overriding)
 Whenever same method name is existing in both base class and derived class with same types of
parameters or same order of parameters is known as method Overriding.
 In a java programming language, pure polymorphism carried out with a method overriding concept.
Note: Without Inheritance method overriding is not possible.
Example
class Walking
{
void walk()
{
[Link]("Man walking fastly");
}
}
class Man extends Walking
{
void walk()
{
[Link]("Man walking slowly");
[Link]();
}
}
class OverridingDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Man obj = new Man();
[Link]();
}
}
Note:
 Whenever we are calling overridden method using derived class object reference the highest
priority is given to current class (derived class). We can see in the above example high priority is
derived class.
 super. (super dot) can be used to call base class overridden method in the derived class.

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
ABSTRACT CLASS
 A class which is declared with the abstract keyword is known as an abstract class in Java. It can have
abstract and non-abstract methods (method with the body).
 An abstract class must be declared with an abstract keyword.
 It cannot be instantiated. It can have constructors and static methods also.
 It can have inal methods which will force the subclass not to change the body of the method.
Abstraction is a process of hiding the implementation details and showing only functionality to the user.
There are two ways to achieve abstraction in java.
1. Abstract class (0 to 100%)
2. Interface (100%)
Syntax
abstract class className
{
......
}
ABSTRACT METHOD
 An abstract method contains only declaration or prototype but it never contains body or de inition.
 In order to make any unde ined method as abstract whose declaration is must be prede ined by
abstract keyword.
Syntax
abstract returntype methodName(List of formal parameter);
Example
abstract class Shape
{
abstract void draw();
}
class Rectangle extends Shape
{
void draw()

1
{
[Link]("drawing rectangle");
}
}
class Circle1 extends Shape
{
void draw()
{
[Link]("drawing circle");
}
}
class TestAbstraction1
{
static void main(String args[])
{
Shape s=new Circle1();
[Link]();
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
Example2
import [Link].*;
abstract class Shape
{
int length, breadth, radius;
Scanner input = new Scanner([Link]);
abstract void printArea();
}
class Rectangle extends Shape
{
void printArea()
{
[Link]("*** Finding the Area of Rectangle ***");
[Link]("Enter length and breadth: ");
length = [Link]();
breadth = [Link]();
[Link]("The area of Rectangle is: " + length * breadth);
}
}
class Triangle extends Shape
{
void printArea()
{
[Link]("\n*** Finding the Area of Triangle ***");
[Link]("Enter Base And Height: ");
length = [Link]();
breadth = [Link]();
[Link]("The area of Triangle is: " + (length * breadth) / 2);
}
}
class Cricle extends Shape
{
void printArea()
{
[Link]("\n*** Finding the Area of Cricle ***");
[Link]("Enter Radius: ");
radius = [Link]();
[Link]("The area of Cricle is: " + 3.14f * radius * radius);
}
}
public class AbstractClassExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Rectangle rec = new Rectangle();
[Link]();
Triangle tri = new Triangle();
[Link]();
Cricle cri = new Cricle();
[Link]();
}
}

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[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
OBJECT CLASS
 In java, the Object class is the super most class of any class hierarchy. The Object class in the java
programming language is present inside the [Link] package.
 Every class in the java programming language is a subclass of Object class by default.
 The Object class is useful when you want to refer to any object whose type you don't know. Because
it is the superclass of all other classes in java, it can refer to any type of object.

Return
Method Description
Value

getClass() Returns Class class object object

hashCode() returns the hashcode number for object being used. int

equals(Object obj) compares the argument object to calling object. boolean

clone() Compares two strings, ignoring case int

concat(String) Creates copy of invoking object object

E
toString() returns the string representation of invoking object. String

notify() wakes up a thread, waiting on invoking object's monitor. void

notifyAll() wakes up all the threads, waiting on invoking object's monitor. void

wait() causes the current thread to wait, until another thread notifies. void

wait(long,int) causes the current thread to wait for the specified milliseconds void
and nanoseconds, until another thread notifies.

finalize() It is invoked by the garbage collector before an object is being void

garbage collected.

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
PACKAGES IN JAVA
A package is a collection of similar types of classes, interfaces and sub-packages.
Types of packages
Package are classi ied into two type which are given below.
1. Predefined or built-in package
2. User defined package
1. Prede ined or built-in package
These are the packages which are already designed by the Sun Microsystem and supply as a part of java
API, every prede ined package is collection of prede ined classes, interfaces and sub-package.
Following are the list of predefined packages in java
 [Link] − This package provides the language basics.
 [Link] − This packages provides classes and interfaces (API’s) related to collection frame work,
events, data structure and other utility classes such as date.
 [Link] − This packages provides classes and interfaces for file operations, and other input and output
operations.
 [Link] − This packages provides classes and interfaces to create GUI components in Java.
 [Link] − The main API for dates, times, instants, and durations.
2. User de ined package
 If any package is design by the user is known as user de ined package.
 User de ined package are those which are developed by java programmer and supply as a part of their
project to deal with common requirement.
DEFINING A PACKAGE
Rules to create user de ined package
 Package statement should be the irst statement of any package program.
 Choose an appropriate class name or interface name and whose modi ier must be public.
 Any package program can contain only one public class or only one public interface but it can contain
any number of normal classes.
 Package program should not contain any main() method.
 Modi ier of constructor of the class which is present in the package must be public. (This is not
applicable in case of interface because interface have no constructor.)
 The modi ier of method of class or interface which is present in the package must be public (This rule
is optional in case of interface because interface methods by default public)
 Every package program should be save either with public class name or public Interface name

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[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

 If you omit the package statement, the class names are put into the default package, which has no
name.
Syntax
package packagename;
Example
package mypack;
Compile package programs
For compilation of package program irst we save program with public [Link] and it compile
using below syntax:
Syntax
[Link]
javac -d . [Link] javas d class
Explanation
 In above syntax "-d" is a speci ic tool which tells to java compiler create a separate folder for the given
package in given path.
 When we give speci ic path then it create a new folder at that location and when we use . (dot) then it
crate a folder at current working directory.
Note: Any package program can be compile but can not be execute or run. These program can be
executed through user de ined program which are importing package program.
Example of Package Program
Package program which is save with [Link] and compile by javac -d . [Link].
package mypack;
public class A
{
public void show()
{
[Link]("Sum method");
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
IMPORTING PACKAGES
 To import the java package into a class, we need to use the java import keyword which is used to access the
package and its classes into the java program.
 Use import to access built-in and user-de ined packages into your java source ile to refer to a class in
another package by directly using its name.
syntax:
import [Link]; // To import a certain class only
import [Link].* // To import the whole package
Example:
import [Link]; // imports only Date class
import [Link].*; // imports everything inside [Link] package
Example
import mypack.A;
public class Hello
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a=new A();
[Link]();
[Link]("show() class A");
}
}
CLASSPATH
CLASSPATH can be set by any of the following ways:
 CLASSPATH can be set permanently in the environment:
 In Windows, choose control panel
 System
 Advanced
 Environment Variables
 choose “System Variables” (for all the users) or “User Variables” (only the currently login user)
 choose “Edit” (if CLASSPATH already exists) or “New”
 Enter “CLASSPATH” as the variable name
 Enter the required directories and JAR files (separated by semicolons) as the value (e.g.,
“.;c:\javaproject\classes;d:\tomcat\lib\[Link]”).
 Take note that you need to include the current working directory (denoted by ‘.’) in the CLASSPATH.
To check the current setting of the CLASSPATH, issue the following command:
 > SET CLASSPATH
 CLASSPATH can be set temporarily for that particular CMD shell session by issuing the following
command:
 > SET CLASSPATH=.;c:\javaproject\classes;d:\tomcat\lib\[Link]
 Instead of using the CLASSPATH environment variable, you can also use the command-line option -
classpath or -cp of the javac and java commands, for example,
> java –classpath c:\javaproject\classes [Link].project1.subproject2.MyClass3

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
INTERFACES
 Interface is similar to class which is collection of public static inal variables (constants) and
abstract methods.
 The interface is a mechanism to achieve fully abstraction in java. There can be only abstract methods
in the interface. It is used to achieve fully abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.
Why do we use an Interface?
 It is used to achieve total abstraction.
 Since java does not support multiple inheritances in the case of class, by using an interface it can
achieve multiple inheritances.
 Any class can extend only 1 class but can any class implement in inite number of interface.
 Interfaces are used to implement abstraction. So the question arises why use interfaces when we
have abstract classes?
 The reason is, abstract classes may contain n on- inal variables, whereas variables in the interface
are inal, public and static.
ÉÉÉ
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CLASS AND INTERFACE
Class Interface
The keyword used to create a class is The keyword used to create an interface is
“class” “interface”
A class can be instantiated i.e., objects of a An Interface cannot be instantiated i.e. objects
class can be created. cannot be created.
Classes do not support multiple
The interface supports multiple inheritance.
inheritance.
It can be inherited from another class. It cannot inherit a class.
It can be inherited by a class by using the keyword
It can be inherited by another class using
‘implements’ and it can be inherited by an interface
the keyword ‘extends’.
using the keyword ‘extends’.
It can contain constructors. It cannot contain constructors.
It cannot contain abstract methods. It contains abstract methods only.
Variables and methods in a class can be
All variables and methods in an interface are
declared using any access speci ier(public,
declared as public.
private, default, protected).
Variables in a class can be static, inal, or
All variables are static and inal.
neither.

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
DEFINING INTERFACES
The interface keyword is used to declare an interface.
Syntax
interface interface_name
{
declare constant ields
declare methods that abstract
}
Example
interface A
{
public static final int a = 10;
void display();
}
IMPLEMENTING INTERFACES
A class uses the implements keyword to implement an interface.
Example
interface A
{
public static final int a = 10;
void display();
}
class B implements A
{
public void display()
{
[Link]("Hello");
}
}
class InterfaceDemo
{
public static void main (String[] args)
{
B obj= new B();
[Link]();
[Link](a);
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
APPLYING INTERFACES
To understand the power of interfaces, let’s look at a more practical example.
Example: interface IntStack
{
void push(int item);
int pop();
}
class FixedStack implements IntStack
{
private int stck[];
private int top;
FixedStack(int size)
{
stck = new int[size];
top = -1;
}
public void push(int item)
{
if(top==[Link]-1)
[Link]("Stack is full.");
else
stck[++top] = item;
}
public int pop()
{
if(top ==-1)
{
[Link]("Stack under low.");
return 0;
}
else
return stck[top--];
}
}
class InterfaceTest
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
FixedStack mystack1 = new FixedStack(5);
FixedStack mystack2 = new FixedStack(8);
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
[Link](i);
for(int i=0; i<8; i++)
[Link](i);
for(int i=0; i<5; i++)
[Link]([Link]());
for(int i=0; i<8; i++)
[Link]([Link]());
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
VARIABLES IN INTERFACE
 Variables can be declared inside of interface declarations. They are implicitly inal and static, meaning
they cannot be changed by the implementing class.
 You can use interfaces to import shared constants into multiple classes by simply declaring an
interface that contains variables that are initialized to the desired values.
Example
interface SharedConstants
{
int NO = 0;
int YES = 1;
int MAYBE = 2;
int LATER = 3;
int NEVER = 4;
}
class Question implements SharedConstants
{
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamreader([Link]));
int ask()
{
[Link](“would u like to have a cup of coffee?)
String ans=[Link]();
if (ans= =”no”)
return NO;
else if (ans==”yes”)
return YES;
else if (ans==”notnow”)
return LATER;
else
return NEVER;
}
}
class AskMe
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
Question q = new Question();
[Link]([Link]());
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
EXTENDING INTERFACES
 One interface can inherit another by use of the keyword extends.
itoi e
 When a class implements an interface that inherits another interface, it must provide
implementations for all methods de ined within the interface inheritance chain.
Example
cto i im
interface A
{
void meth1();
void meth2();
}
interface B extends A
{
void meth3();
}
class MyClass implements B
{
public void meth1()
{
[Link]("Implement meth1().");
}
public void meth2()
{
[Link]("Implement meth2().");
}
public void meth3()
{
[Link]("Implement meth3().");
}
}
class InterfaceDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
MyClass ob = new MyClass();
ob.meth1();
ob.meth2();
ob.meth3();
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
MULTIPLE INHERITANCE IN JAVA BY INTERFACE
If a class implements multiple interfaces, or an interface extends multiple interfaces, it is known as
multiple inheritance.

Example
interface Printable
{
void print();
}
interface Showable
{
void show();
}
class A implements Printable,Showable
{
public void print()
{
[Link]("Hello");
}
public void show()
{
[Link]("Welcome");
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
A obj = new A();
[Link]();
[Link]();
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
STREAM BASED I/O ([Link])
 Java I/O (Input and Output) is used to process the input and produce the output.
 Java uses the concept of a stream to make I/O operation fast. The [Link] package contains all the
classes required for input and output operations.
 We can perform ile handling in Java by Java I/O API.
STREAM

o
In Java, streams are the sequence of data that are read from the source and written to the destination.
In Java, 3 streams are created for us automatically. All these streams are attached with the
console.
1. [Link]: This is the standard input stream that is used to read characters from the keyboard or
any other standard input device.
2. [Link]: This is the standard output stream that is used to produce the result of a program on
an output device like the computer screen.

e
3. [Link]: This is the standard error stream that is used to output all the error data that a
program might throw, on a computer screen or any standard output device.
TYPES OF STREAMS
Depending on the type of operations, streams can be divided into two primary classes:
 InPutStream − The InputStream is used to read data from a source.

 OutPutStream − The OutputStream is used for writing data to a destination.

Depending upon the data a stream can be classified into:

1. Byte Stream
2. Character Stream

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
1. BYTE STREAM

In
Java byte streams are used to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes.
Byte Stream Classes
All byte stream classes are derived from base abstract classes called InputStream and OutputStream.
InputStream Class
InputStream class is an abstract class. It is the superclass of all classes representing an input stream of
bytes.
Subclasses of InputStream
In order to use the functionality of InputStream, we can use its subclasses. Some of them are:
Stream class Description

BufferedInputStream Used for Buffered Input Stream.

DataInputStream Contains method for reading java standard datatype

FileInputStream Input stream that reads from a file

Methods of InputStream
The InputStream class provides different methods that are implemented by its subclasses. Here
are some of the commonly used methods:
 read() - reads one byte of data from the input stream
 read(byte[] array) - reads bytes from the stream and stores in the specified array
 available() - returns the number of bytes available in the input stream
 mark() - marks the position in the input stream up to which data has been read
 reset() - returns the control to the point in the stream where the mark was set
 close() - closes the input stream
OutputStream class
OutputStream class is an abstract class. It is the superclass of all classes representing an output stream
of bytes.
Subclasses of OutputStream
In order to use the functionality of OutputStream, we can use its subclasses. Some of them are:
Stream class Description

BufferedOutputStream Used for Buffered Output Stream.

An output stream that contain method for writing java standard data
DataOutputStream
type
FileOutputStream Output stream that write to a file.
PrintStream Output Stream that contain print() and println() method
Methods of OutputStream
The OutputStream class provides different methods that are implemented by its subclasses. Here are
some of the methods:
 write() - writes the specified byte to the output stream
 write(byte[] array) - writes the bytes from the specified array to the output stream
 flush() - forces to write all data present in output stream to the destination
 close() - closes the output stream

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
2. CHARACTER STREAM
Character stream is used to read and write a single character of data.

F
Character Stream Classes
All the character stream classes are derived from base abstract classes Reader and Writer.
Reader Class
The Reader class of the [Link] package is an abstract super class that represents a stream of characters.
Sub classes of Reader Class
In order to use the functionality of Reader, we can use its subclasses. Some of them are:
Stream class Description
BufferedReader Handles buffered input stream.
FileReader Input stream that reads from file.
InputStreamReader Input stream that translate byte to character
Methods of Reader
The Reader class provides different methods that are implemented by its subclasses. Here are
some of the commonly used methods:
 ready() - checks if the reader is ready to be read

 read(char[] array) - reads the characters from the stream and stores in the speci ied array
 read(char[] array, int start, int length) - reads the number of characters equal to length from the
stream and stores in the speci ied array starting from the start
 mark() - marks the position in the stream up to which data has been read
 reset() - returns the control to the point in the stream where the mark is set
 skip() - discards the speci ied number of characters from the stream

E
Writer Class
 The Writer class of the [Link] package is an abstract super class that represents a stream of
characters.
 Since Writer is an abstract class, it is not useful by itself. However, its subclasses can be used to write
data.
Subclasses of Writer
Stream class Description
BufferedWriter Handles buffered output stream.
FileWriter Output stream that writes to ile.
PrintWriter Output Stream that contain print() and println() method.
Methods of Writer
The Writer class provides different methods that are implemented by its subclasses. Here are
some of the methods:
 write(char[] array) - writes the characters from the speci ied array to the output stream
 write(String data) - writes the speci ied string to the writer
 append(char c) - inserts the speci ied character to the current writer
 lush() - forces to write all the data present in the writer to the corresponding destination
 close() - closes the writer

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
READING CONSOLE INPUT
There are times when it is important for you to get input from users for execution of programs. To do this
you need Java Reading Console Input Methods.
Java Reading Console Input Methods
1. Using BufferedReader Class
2. Using Scanner Class
3. Using Console Class
1. Using BufferedReader Class
 Reading input data using the BufferedReader class is the traditional technique. This way of the
reading method is used by wrapping the [Link] (standard input stream) in
an InputStreamReader which is wrapped in a BufferedReader, we can read input from the console.
 The BufferedReader class has de ined in the [Link] package.
 We can use read() method in BufferedReader to read a character.
int read() throws IOException
Reading Console Input Characters Example:
import [Link].*;
class ReadingConsoleInputTest
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
char ch;
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader([Link]));
[Link]("Enter characters, char 'x' to exit.");
do
{
ch = (char) [Link]();
[Link](ch);
} while(ch != 'x');
}
}
How to read a string input in java?
readLine() method is used to read the string in the BufferedReader.
Program to take String input from Keyboard in Java
import [Link].*;
class MyInput
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
String text;
InputStreamReader isr = new InputStreamReader([Link]);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(isr);
text = [Link](); //Reading String
[Link](text);
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
2. Using the Scanner Class
Scanner is one of the predefined class which is used for reading the data dynamically from the keyboard.
Import Scanner Class in Java
[Link]
Constructor of Scanner Class
Scanner(InputStream)
This constructor create an object of Scanner class by talking an object of InputStream class. An object of
InputStream class is called in which is created as a static data member in the System class.
Syntax of Scanner Class in Java
Scanner sc=new Scanner([Link]);
Here the object 'in' is use the control of keyboard

Instance methods of Scanner Class

I
[Link] Method Description

1 public byte nextByte() Used for read byte value

2 public short nextShort() Used for read short value

3 public int nextInt() Used for read integer value

4 public long nextLong() Used for read numeric value

5 public float nextLong() Used for read numeric value

6 public double nextDouble() Used for read double value

7 public char nextChar() Used for read character

8 public boolean nextBoolean() Used for read boolean value

Used for reading any kind of data in the

9 public String nextLine()
form of String data.

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
Example of Scanner Class in Java
import [Link]
public class ScannerDemo
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
mi SinentInt
Scanner s=new Scanner([Link]);
[Link]("Enter first no= ");
int num1=[Link]();
[Link]("Enter second no= ");
int num2=[Link]();
[Link]("Sum of no is= "+(num1+num2));
}
}
3. Using the Console Class
 This is another way of reading user input from the console in Java.
 The Java Console class is be used to get input from console. It provides methods to read texts and
passwords.
 If you read password using Console class, it will not be displayed to the user.
 The Console class is de ined in the [Link] class which needs to be imported before using the console
class.
Example
import [Link].*;
class consoleEg
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
String name;
[Link] ("Enter your name: ");
Console c = [Link]();
name = [Link]();
[Link] ("Your name is: " + name);
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]
WRITING CONSOLE OUTPUT
 print and println methods in [Link] are mostly used for console output.
 These methods are de ined by the class PrintStream which is the type of object referenced by
[Link].
 [Link] is the byte stream.
 PrintStream is the output derived from OutputStream. write method is also de ined in PrintStream
for console output.
void write(int byteval)
//Java code to Write a character in Console Output
import [Link].*;
class WriteCharacterTest
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
int byteval;
byteval = 'J';
[Link](byteval);
[Link]('\n');
}
}

[Link] | [Link] | [Link]