Strings in JavaScript
What is a String?
– A String is a data type used for storing text.
– A String consists of characters: alphabets, numbers, symbols, and spaces.
– Strings are enclosed in single (' ') or double (" ") quotes.
– In JavaScript, a String is also an object with its own properties and methods.
– Example:
• var str1 = "Hello";
• var str2 = 'World';
Indexing in JavaScript Strings
Each character in a string is assigned an index number.
There are two types of indexes:
• Positive Index
• Negative Index
Positive Index (Left to Right)
• Indexing starts from 0.
• Moves from left to right.
• Used to access characters from the beginning of the string.
Negative Index (Right to Left)
• Starts from -1 (last character).
• Moves from right to left.
Example:
var str=”HELLO WORLD”
To access the characters:
– [Link](str[0]); // Output: H
– [Link](str[10]); // Output: D
– [Link](str[-3]); // Output: R
String Property
length
– It returns the number of characters in a string (including spaces).
– The length property of an empty string is 0.
Syntax:
[Link]
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Example 1:
var message = "HELLO WORLD";
document. write ([Link]); // Output: 11
Example 2:
var str = " ";
document. write(str. length) // it returns 1.
Example 3: H
<script> E
L
var text = "HELLO WORLD"; L
O
for (var i = 0; i < [Link]; i++)
{ W
O
[Link](text[i] + "<br>"); R
} L
D
</script>
String Methods
toUpperCase( )
– The toUpperCase() method converts a string to uppercase letters.
– It does not change the original string.
Syntax:
[Link]()
Example:
var text = "Hello World!";
var result = [Link]();
[Link](result) // HELLO WORLD!
[Link]("cbse".toUpperCase()) // CBSE
toLowerCase( )
– The toLowerCase( ) method converts a string to lowercase letters.
– The toLowerCase( ) method does not change the original string.
Syntax:
[Link]( )
Example:
text = "Hello World!";
result = [Link]( );
[Link](result) // hello world!
[Link](“CBSE”. toLowerCase( )) // cbse
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concat( )
– It joins two or more strings.
– It does not change the existing strings.
– It returns a new string.
– The concat() method can be used instead of the plus operator.
Syntax:
[Link](string1, string2, ..., stringX)
Example:
var text1 = "Hello"
var text2 = "World"
[Link]([Link]( text2)) // HelloWorld
[Link]([Link]( " ", text2)) // Hello World
[Link](" CBSE ".concat( "EXAM ", "2026")) // CBSE EXAM 2026
replace( )
– Replaces first occurrences of the specified character/word with the new character/word.
Syntax:
[Link](searchValue, newValue)
Example1:
var str="Please visit My website !";
var n = str. replace("website", "JavaScript");
[Link](n) // Please visit My JavaScript !
Example2:
var text = "Mr Blue has a Blue house and a Blue car";
var result = [Link]("Blue", "Red");
[Link](result) // Mr Red has a Blue house and a Blue car
replaceAll( )
– The replaceAll() method returns a new string with all values replaced.
– The replaceAll() method does not change the original string.
Syntax:
[Link](searchValue, newValue)
Example:
var text = "I love Cats. Cats are very easy to love. Cats are very friendly."
var result = [Link]("Cats","Dogs");
[Link](result) // I love Dogs. Dogs are very easy to love. Dogs are very friendly.
charAt( )
– The charAt() method returns the character at a specified index (position) in a string.
– Negative values return an empty string.
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– Out of range: Returns an empty string ("").
Syntax:
[Link](index)
Example:
var text = "HELLO WORLD";
[Link]([Link](0)); // H
at( )
– The at() method the character at the specified index.
– It supports negative indexing: -1 refers to the last character.
– Out of range: Returns undefined.
– Index is optional. Default is 0.
Syntax:
[Link](index)
Example:
var text = "Indian Schools";
var character = [Link](7);
[Link](character) // S
trim( )
– The trim() method removes whitespace from both sides of a string.
– The trim() method does not change the original string.
Syntax:
[Link]()
Example:
text = " Hello World! ";
[Link]([Link]) // 27
result1 = [Link]();
[Link](result1) // Hello World!
[Link]([Link]) // 12
trimStart( )
– The trimStart() method removes whitespace from the beginning of a string.
– The trimStart() method does not change the original string.
– The trimStart() method works like trim(), but removes whitespace only from the start of a string.
Syntax:
[Link]()
Example:
text = " Hello World! ";
result2 = [Link]();
[Link](result2) // Hello World!
[Link]([Link]) // 20
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trimEnd( )
– The trimEnd() method removes whitespace from the end of a string.
– The trimEnd() method does not change the original string.
– The trimEnd() method works like trim(), but removes whitespace only from the end of a string.
Syntax:
[Link]()
Example:
text = " Hello World! ";
result3 = [Link]();
[Link](result3) // Hello World!
[Link]([Link]) // 19
match( )
– It is used to search a string for matches based on a regular expression, and returns the matches as
an array.
– The match() method returns an array with the matches.
– The match() method returns null if no match is found.
– //The search() method returns the position of the first match.
Syntax
[Link](regexp)
Example:
//it will only return the first match of "ain".
var text = "The rain in SPAIN stays mainly in the plain";
result=[Link]("ain");
[Link](result) // ain
//A global search for "ain":
var text = "The rain in SPAIN stays mainly in the plain";
[Link]([Link](/ain/g)) // ain,ain,ain
var matches = [Link](/ain/g);
[Link]("Count: " + [Link]); // Count: 4
//A global, case-insensitive search:
vartext = "The rain in SPAIN stays mainly in the plain";
[Link]([Link](/ain/gi)); // ain,AIN,ain,ain
slice( )
– The slice() method extracts a part of a string.
– The slice() method does not change the original string.
– The start and end parameters specify the part of the string to extract.
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– handles negative values by counting from the end of the string.
– If the start index is greater than the end index, it returns an empty string.
Syntax:
[Link](start)
[Link](start, end)
[Link](-start, -end)
Example:
var text = "Hello world!";
var result = [Link](0, 5);
[Link](result) // Hello
var text = "Hello world!";
var result = [Link](6);
[Link](result) // world!
substring( )
– The substring() method extracts characters from start to end (exclusive) and returns the substring.
– end - End position (up to, but not including).
– The substring() method does not change the original string.
– If start is greater than end, arguments are swapped: (4, 1) = (1, 4).
– Start or end values less than 0, are treated as 0.
– If "start" is less than 0, it will start from index 0
– It does not handle negative values; negative values are treated as 0.
– If the start index is greater than the end index, substring() automatically swaps the two values.
Syntax:
[Link](start)
[Link](start, end)
Example1:
var text = "Hello world!";
var result = [Link](1, 4);
[Link](result) // ell
Example2:
var str ="This is my first script in JavaScript"
sub=[Link](7, 16)
[Link](sub) // returns "my first" as substring
substr()
– The substr() method extracts a part of a string.
– The substr() method begins at a specified position, and returns a specified number of characters.
– The substr() method does not change the original string.
– length - The number of characters to extract. If omitted, it extracts the rest of the string
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– To extract characters from the end of the string, use a negative start position.
Syntax:
[Link](start)
[Link](start, length)
Example:
var text = "Hello world!";
var result = [Link](2);
[Link](result) // llo world!
includes( )
– The includes() method returns true if a string contains a specified string.
– Otherwise it returns false.
– The includes() method is case sensitive.
Syntax:
[Link](searchvalue)
[Link](searchvalue, start)
Example:
var text = "Hello world, welcome to the IT world.";
var result = [Link]("world");
[Link](result) //true
var text = "Hello world, welcome to the IT world.";
var result = [Link]("world", 15);
[Link](result) //true
indexOf( )
– The indexOf() method returns the position of the first occurrence of a value in a string.
– It returns -1 if the value is not found.
– This method is case sensitive.
Syntax:
[Link](searchvalue)
[Link](searchvalue, start)
Example:
[Link]("welcome".indexOf('e')) // 1
[Link]("welcome".indexOf('e',2)) // 6
Str = "Hello world, welcome to the world.";
result = [Link]("World");
[Link](result) // -1
search( )
– It returns the starting location of passing string otherwise returns -1.
– It returns the index (position) of the first match.
– It returns -1 if no match is found.
– The search() method is case sensitive.
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– The search() method cannot take a start position argument.
– The indexOf() method cannot search against a regular expression.
Syntax:
[Link](searchValue)
Example:
var str = "This is my first webpage"
[Link](str. search("first")) // 11
lastIndexOf( )
– The lastIndexOf() method returns the index (position) of the last occurrence of a specified value in a
string.
– It searches the string from the end to the beginning.
– It returns the index from the beginning (position 0).
– It returns -1 if the value is not found.
– It is case sensitive.
Syntax:
[Link](searchvalue)
[Link](searchvalue, start)
Example:
text = "Hello planet earth, you are a great planet.";
result = [Link]("planet");
[Link](result) // 36
[Link]([Link]("Planet")); // -1
[Link]([Link]("planet", 10)); // 6
repeat( )
– The repeat() method returns a string with a number of copies of a string.
– The repeat() method returns a new string.
– The repeat() method does not change the original string.
Syntax:
[Link](count)
Example:
var text = " Hello ISD ";
var result = [Link](3);
[Link](result) // Hello ISD Hello ISD Hello ISD
split( )
– The split() method splits a string into an array of substrings.
– The split() method returns the new array.
– The split() method does not change the original string.
– If (" ") is used as separator, the string is split between words.
– limit are integer that limits the number of splits.
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– If the separator parameter is omitted, an array with the original string is returned
Syntax:
[Link](separator)
[Link](separator, limit)
Example:
text = "How are you doing today?";
myArray = [Link](" ");
[Link](myArray) // How,are,you,doing,today?
charCodeAt( )
– The charCodeAt() method returns the code of the character at a specified index in a string:
Syntax:
[Link](index)
Example:
text = "Apple";
code=[Link](4)
[Link](code); // 101
codePointAt( )
– The codePointAt() method returns the Unicode value at an index (position) in a string.
– The index of the first position is 0, the second is 1, ....
– Index Optional, Default value = 0.
– charCodeAt() is UTF-16, codePointAt() is Unicode.
– Both methods return an integer representing the UTF-16 code of a character, but
only codePointAt() can return the full value of a Unicode value greather 0xFFFF (65535).
Syntax:
[Link](index)
Example:
text = "HELLO WORLD";
code = [Link](0);
[Link](code) // 72
endsWith( )
– The endsWith() method returns true if a string ends with a specified string.
– Otherwise, it returns false.
– The endsWith() method is case sensitive.
– Length is optional, the length of the string to search.
– Default value is the length of the string
Syntax:
[Link](searchvalue)
[Link](searchvalue, length)
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Example:
var text = "Hello world";
var result = [Link]("World");
[Link](result) // false
startsWith( )
– The startsWith() method returns true if a string starts with a specified string.
– Otherwise it returns false.
– The startsWith() method is case sensitive.
Syntax:
[Link](searchValue)
[Link](searchValue, start)
Example:
var text = "Hello world, welcome to the universe.";
result=[Link]("Hello");
[Link](result) //true
padEnd( )
– The padEnd() method pads a string at the end.
– The padEnd() method pads a string with another string (multiple times) until it reaches a given length.
– The padEnd() method is a string method.
– To pad a number, convert the number to a string first.
Syntax:
[Link](length, string)
Example:
text = "5";
padded = [Link](4,"x");
[Link](padded) // 5xxx
padStart( )
– The padStart() method pads a string from the start.
– The padStart() method pads a string with another string (multiple times) until it reaches a given
length.
– Default is space.
Syntax:
[Link](length, string)
Example:
text = "8";
padded = [Link](3,"#");
[Link](padded) // ##8
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Name Description
charAt() Returns the character at a specified index (position)
charCodeAt() Returns the Unicode of the character at a specified index
concat() Returns two or more joined strings
constructor Returns the string's constructor function
endsWith() Returns if a string ends with a specified value
fromCharCode() Returns Unicode values as characters
includes() Returns if a string contains a specified value
indexOf() Returns the index (position) of the first occurrence of a value in a string
lastIndexOf() Returns the index (position) of the last occurrence of a value in a string
length Returns the length of a string
localeCompare() Compares two strings in the current locale
match() Searches a string for a value, or a regular expression, and returns the matches
prototype Allows you to add properties and methods to an object
repeat() Returns a new string with a number of copies of a string
replace() Searches a string for a pattern, and returns a string where the first match is replaced
replaceAll() Searches a string for a pattern and returns a new string where all matches are replaced
search() Searches a string for a value, or regular expression, and returns the index (position) of the
slice() Extracts a part of a string and returns a new string
split() Splits a string into an array of substrings
startsWith() Checks whether a string begins with specified characters
substr() Extracts a number of characters from a string, from a start index (position)
substring() Extracts characters from a string, between two specified indices (positions)
toLocaleLowerCase() Returns a string converted to lowercase letters, using the host's locale
toLocaleUpperCase() Returns a string converted to uppercase letters, using the host's locale
toLowerCase() Returns a string converted to lowercase letters
toString() Returns a string or a string object as a string
toUpperCase() Returns a string converted to uppercase letters
trim() Returns a string with removed whitespaces
trimEnd() Returns a string with removed whitespaces from the end
trimStart() Returns a string with removed whitespaces from the start
valueOf() Returns the primitive value of a string or a string object
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