[Link] of JDK and compiling a simple Java program.

Installing JDK and Compiling a Simple Java Program

Java Development Kit (JDK) is essential for compiling and running Java programs. Follow
these steps for installation and compilation:

1. Installing JDK

Steps for Windows:

1. Download JDK:

o Visit Oracle JDK or OpenJDK and download the latest version.

2. Install JDK:

o Run the downloaded installer and follow on-screen instructions.

o Install it in the default directory: C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-VERSION.

3. Set Environment Variables (Optional for manual setup):

o Open System Properties > Advanced System Settings > Environment

Variables.

o Under System Variables, find Path and add:

o C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-VERSION\bin

o Set JAVA_HOME:

o C:\Program Files\Java\jdk-VERSION

4. Verify Installation:

o Open Command Prompt and type:

o java -version

o You should see the installed JDK version.

Steps for Linux/macOS:

1. Open Terminal and install OpenJDK using:

2. sudo apt install openjdk-17-jdk # For Ubuntu/Debian

3. sudo yum install java-17-openjdk # For CentOS/Fedora

4. brew install OpenJDK # For macOS

 5. Verify installation:

6. java -version

2. Writing & Compiling a Simple Java Program

Step 1: Create a Java File

1. Open a text editor (Notepad, VS Code, IntelliJ, etc.).

2. Write a simple program and save it as [Link]:

3. public class HelloWorld {

4. public static void main (String [] args) {

5. [Link]("Hello, World!");

6. }

7. }

Step 2: Compile the Java Program

1. Open Command Prompt (Windows) or Terminal (Linux/macOS).

2. Navigate to the file's location using cd command:

3. cd path/to/file

4. Compile the program:

5. javac [Link]

(This creates [Link].)

Step 3: Run the Java Program

1. Execute the compiled program:

2. java HelloWorld

3. Output:

4. Hello, World!
2. Programming exercise on control flow statement,operators
and looping statements in Java.
Java Programming Exercise: Control Flow, Operators & Looping Statements.

Here's an exercise to practice control flow statements, operators, and loops in Java.

Exercise Objective:

Write a Java program that takes user input (a number) and performs the following
operations:

1. Checks if the number is even or odd using an if-else statement.

2. Uses a switch-case to determine if the number is positive, negative, or zero.

3. Performs basic arithmetic operations using operators.

4. Uses a loop (for, while, or do-while) to print a sequence of numbers up to the

entered number.

Java Program Implementation

import [Link];

public class ControlFlowDemo {

public static void main(String[] args) {

Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);

// Taking user input

[Link]("Enter a number: ");

int num = [Link]();

// 1. Check if the number is even or odd

if (num % 2 == 0) {

[Link](num + " is an Even number.");

} else {
 [Link](num + " is an Odd number.");

// 2. Use switch-case to determine positivity

switch ([Link](num)) {

case 1:

[Link](num + " is Positive.");

break;

case -1:

[Link](num + " is Negative.");

break;

case 0:

[Link](num + " is Zero.");

break;

default:

[Link]("Invalid input.");

// 3. Perform basic arithmetic operations

[Link]("Addition: " + (num + 5));

[Link]("Multiplication: " + (num * 2));

[Link]("Division by 2: " + (num / 2));

// 4. Loop to print numbers up to the entered number

[Link]("Numbers from 1 to " + num + ":");

for (int i = 1; i <= num; i++) {

[Link](i + " ");

}
 [Link]();

What This Program Demonstrates

Control Flow: Uses if-else and switch-case to make decisions.

Operators: Uses arithmetic operators (+, *, /).
Loops: Uses a for loop to print numbers.
User Input Handling: Uses Scanner to read input from the user.
[Link] to scan the input using input scanner class.
Here's a simple Java program that demonstrates how to scan user input using the Scanner
class.

Java Program Using Scanner Class

import [Link]; // Import Scanner class

public class InputScannerExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Create a Scanner object

Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]);

// Prompt user for input

[Link]("Enter your name: ");

String name = [Link](); // Read a string input

[Link]("Enter your age: ");

int age = [Link](); // Read an integer input

[Link]("Enter your height (in cm): ");

double height = [Link](); // Read a decimal (double) input

// Display user input

[Link]("\nUser Details:");

[Link]("Name: " + name);

[Link]("Age: " + age);

[Link]("Height: " + height + " cm");

 // Close the scanner

[Link]();

Explanation

Scanner scanner = new Scanner([Link]); – Creates an object to read input from the
keyboard.
[Link](); – Reads a full line of text (for names or sentences).
[Link](); – Reads an integer input (for age).
[Link](); – Reads a floating-point number (for height).
[Link](); – Always close the Scanner to avoid resource leaks.

Example User Input & Output

Enter your name: John

Enter your age: 25

Enter your height (in cm): 175.5

User Details:

Name: John

Age: 25

Height: 175.5 cm
 [Link] exercise on arrays and functions in Java
Java Programming Exercise: Arrays & Functions
Here's a fun exercise to practice arrays and functions in Java.
Exercise Objective:
Create a Java program that:
1. Defines an array of numbers.
2. Uses functions to:
o Find the sum of all elements.
o Find the maximum and minimum values in the array.
o Sort the array in ascending order.

Java Program Implementation

import [Link];

public class ArrayFunctionsExample {

// Function to calculate the sum of array elements

public static int calculateSum(int[] arr) {
int sum = 0;
for (int num : arr) {
sum += num;
}
return sum;
}

// Function to find the maximum value in the array

public static int findMax(int[] arr) {
int max = arr[0];
for (int num : arr) {
if (num > max) {
max = num;
}
}
return max;
}

// Function to find the minimum value in the array

public static int findMin(int[] arr) {
int min = arr[0];
for (int num : arr) {
 if (num < min) {
min = num;
}
}
return min;
}

// Function to sort the array in ascending order

public static void sortArray(int[] arr) {
[Link](arr);
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

// Initialize an array with numbers
int[] numbers = {45, 12, 78, 34, 89, 23};

// Call functions and display results

[Link]("Original Array: " + [Link](numbers));
[Link]("Sum of Elements: " + calculateSum(numbers));
[Link]("Maximum Value: " + findMax(numbers));
[Link]("Minimum Value: " + findMin(numbers));

// Sorting the array

sortArray(numbers);
[Link]("Sorted Array: " + [Link](numbers));
}
}

What This Program Demonstrates

Arrays: Stores multiple elements of the same type.
Functions: Helps organize logic into reusable methods.
Loops & Conditions: Used inside functions for calculations.
Sorting: Uses [Link]() to order elements efficiently.

Example Output
Original Array: [45, 12, 78, 34, 89, 23]
Sum of Elements: 281
Maximum Value: 89
Minimum Value: 12
Sorted Array: [12, 23, 34, 45, 78, 89]
5. Program to demonstrate the concept of classes and
objects using access specifiers.
Java Program: Demonstrating Classes, Objects & Access Specifiers
Access specifiers in Java control the visibility of variables, methods, and classes.
Here's a program to showcase public, private, protected, and default access
specifiers using classes and objects.

Java Code Implementation

// Define a class with different access specifiers
class Person {
// Private variable (Accessible only inside this class)
private String name;

// Protected variable (Accessible within the package & subclasses)

protected int age;

// Default variable (Accessible within the same package)

String city;

// Public variable (Accessible from anywhere)

public String country;

// Constructor to initialize values

public Person(String name, int age, String city, String country) {
[Link] = name;
[Link] = age;
[Link] = city;
[Link] = country;
}

// Public method to display information

public void displayInfo() {
[Link]("Name: " + name); // Accessing private variable within the
class
[Link]("Age: " + age);
[Link]("City: " + city);
[Link]("Country: " + country);
}
}

public class AccessSpecifiersExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
 // Create an object of the Person class
Person person1 = new Person("Alice", 25, "Mumbai", "India");

// Accessing public variable directly

[Link]("Country: " + [Link]);

// Accessing default and protected variables (Allowed within the same package)
[Link]("City: " + [Link]);
[Link]("Age: " + [Link]);

// Private variable cannot be accessed directly -> Uncommenting the line below
will cause an error
// [Link]([Link]); // Not Allowed

// Using a public method to access the private variable

[Link]();
}
}

Key Concepts Demonstrated

Classes & Objects – Person is a class, person1 is an object.
Access Specifiers:
• private → Accessible only within the class.
• protected → Accessible within the package & subclasses.
• default (no specifier) → Accessible within the same package.
• public → Accessible from anywhere.
Encapsulation – Private variables are accessed via public methods.

Example Output
Country: India
City: Mumbai
Age: 25
Name: Alice
Age: 25
City: Mumbai
Country: India
This program follows data encapsulation while controlling access levels via access
specifiers.