10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

[Link] Stars 6.3k

JavaScript
A JavaScript cheat sheet with the most important concepts, functions, methods, and more. A
complete quick reference for beginners.

# Getting Started
Introduction

JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language.

JSON cheatsheet ([Link])

Regex in JavaScript ([Link])

Console

// => Hello world!

[Link]('Hello world!');

// => Hello [Link]

[Link]('hello %s', '[Link]');

// Prints error message to stderr

[Link](new Error('Oops!'));

Numbers

let amount = 6;
let price = 4.99;

[Link] 1/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

Variables

let x = null;
let name = "Tammy";
const found = false;

// => Tammy, false, null

[Link](name, found, x);

var a;
[Link](a); // => undefined

Strings

let single = 'Wheres my bandit hat?';

let double = "Wheres my bandit hat?";

// => 21
[Link]([Link]);

Arithmetic Operators

5 + 5 = 10 // Addition
10 - 5 = 5 // Subtraction
5 * 10 = 50 // Multiplication
10 / 5 = 2 // Division
10 % 5 = 0 // Modulo

Comments

// This line will denote a comment

/*
The below configuration must be
changed before deployment.
*/

Assignment Operators

let number = 100;

[Link] 2/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

// Both statements will add 10

number = number + 10;
number += 10;

[Link](number);
// => 120

String Interpolation

let age = 7;

// String concatenation
'Tommy is ' + age + ' years old.';

// String interpolation
`Tommy is ${age} years old.`;

let Keyword

let count;
[Link](count); // => undefined
count = 10;
[Link](count); // => 10

const Keyword

const numberOfColumns = 4;

// TypeError: Assignment to constant...

numberOfColumns = 8;

# JavaScript Conditionals
if Statement

const isMailSent = true;

if (isMailSent) {

[Link] 3/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

[Link]('Mail sent to recipient');

Ternary Operator

var x=1;

// => true
result = (x == 1) ? true : false;

Operators

true || false; // true

10 > 5 || 10 > 20; // true
false || false; // false
10 > 100 || 10 > 20; // false

Logical Operator &&

true && true; // true

1 > 2 && 2 > 1; // false
true && false; // false
4 === 4 && 3 > 1; // true

Comparison Operators

1 > 3 // false
3 > 1 // true
250 >= 250 // true
1 === 1 // true
1 === 2 // false
1 === '1' // false

Logical Operator !

let lateToWork = true;

let oppositeValue = !lateToWork;

// => false
[Link](oppositeValue);

Nullish coalescing operator ??

null ?? 'I win'; // 'I win'

undefined ?? 'Me too'; // 'Me too'

[Link] 4/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

false ?? 'I lose' // false

0 ?? 'I lose again' // 0
'' ?? 'Damn it' // ''

else if

const size = 10;

if (size > 100) {

[Link]('Big');
} else if (size > 20) {
[Link]('Medium');
} else if (size > 4) {
[Link]('Small');
} else {
[Link]('Tiny');
}
// Print: Small

switch Statement

const food = 'salad';

switch (food) {
case 'oyster':
[Link]('The taste of the sea');
break;
case 'pizza':
[Link]('A delicious pie');
break;
default:
[Link]('Enjoy your meal');
}

== vs ===

0 == false // true
0 === false // false, different type
1 == "1" // true, automatic type conversion
1 === "1" // false, different type
null == undefined // true
null === undefined // false

[Link] 5/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

'0' == false // true

'0' === false // false

# JavaScript Functions
Functions

// Defining the function:

function sum(num1, num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}

// Calling the function:

sum(3, 6); // 9

Anonymous Functions

// Named function
function rocketToMars() {
return 'BOOM!';
}

// Anonymous function
const rocketToMars = function() {
return 'BOOM!';
}

Arrow Functions (ES6)

With two arguments

const sum = (param1, param2) => {

return param1 + param2;
};
[Link](sum(2,5)); // => 7

With no arguments

[Link] 6/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

const printHello = () => {

[Link]('hello');
};
printHello(); // => hello

With a single argument

const checkWeight = weight => {

[Link](`Weight : ${weight}`);
};
checkWeight(25); // => Weight : 25

Concise arrow functions

const multiply = (a, b) => a * b;

// => 60
[Link](multiply(2, 30));

return Keyword

// With return
function sum(num1, num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}

// The function doesn't output the sum

function sum(num1, num2) {
num1 + num2;
}

Calling Functions

// Defining the function

function sum(num1, num2) {
return num1 + num2;
}

// Calling the function

sum(2, 4); // 6

Function Expressions

[Link] 7/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

const dog = function() {

Function Parameters

// The parameter is name

function sayHello(name) {
return `Hello, ${name}!`;
}

Function Declaration

function add(num1, num2) {

return num1 + num2;
}

# JavaScript Scope
Scope

function myFunction() {

var pizzaName = "Margarita";

// Code here can use pizzaName

// Code here can't use pizzaName

Block Scoped Variables

const isLoggedIn = true;

if (isLoggedIn == true) {
const statusMessage = 'Logged in.';
}

// Uncaught ReferenceError...

[Link] 8/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

[Link](statusMessage);

Global Variables

// Variable declared globally

const color = 'blue';

function printColor() {
[Link](color);
}

printColor(); // => blue

let vs var

for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

// This is the Max Scope for 'let'
// i accessible ✔️
}
// i not accessible ❌

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

// i accessible ✔️
}
// i accessible ✔️

var is scoped to the nearest function block, and let is scoped to the nearest enclosing block.

Loops with closures

// Prints 3 thrice, not what we meant.

for (var i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
setTimeout(_ => [Link](i), 10);
}

// Prints 0, 1 and 2, as expected.

for (let j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
setTimeout(_ => [Link](j), 10);
}

The variable has its own copy using let, and the variable has shared copy using var.

[Link] 9/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

# JavaScript Arrays
Arrays

const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];

// Different data types

const data = [1, 'chicken', false];

Property .length

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];

[Link] // 4

Index

// Accessing an array element

const myArray = [100, 200, 300];

[Link](myArray[0]); // 100
[Link](myArray[1]); // 200

Mutable chart

add remove start end

push ✔ ✔

pop ✔ ✔

unshift ✔ ✔

shift ✔ ✔

Method .push()

// Adding a single element:

const cart = ['apple', 'orange'];
[Link]('pear');
[Link] 10/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

// Adding multiple elements:

const numbers = [1, 2];
[Link](3, 4, 5);

Add items to the end and returns the new array length.

Method .pop()

const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];

const fruit = [Link](); // 'banana'

[Link](fruits); // ["apple", "orange"]

Remove an item from the end and returns the removed item.

Method .shift()

let cats = ['Bob', 'Willy', 'Mini'];

[Link](); // ['Willy', 'Mini']

Remove an item from the beginning and returns the removed item.

Method .unshift()

let cats = ['Bob'];

// => ['Willy', 'Bob']

[Link]('Willy');

// => ['Puff', 'George', 'Willy', 'Bob']

[Link]('Puff', 'George');

Add items to the beginning and returns the new array length.

Method .concat()

const numbers = [3, 2, 1]

const newFirstNumber = 4

// => [ 4, 3, 2, 1 ]
[newFirstNumber].concat(numbers)

[Link] 11/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

// => [ 3, 2, 1, 4 ]
[Link](newFirstNumber)

if you want to avoid mutating your original array, you can use concat.

# JavaScript Loops
While Loop

while (condition) {
// code block to be executed
}

let i = 0;
while (i < 5) {
[Link](i);
i++;
}

Reverse Loop

const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];

for (let i = [Link] - 1; i >= 0; i--) {

[Link](`${i}. ${fruits[i]}`);
}

// => 2. banana
// => 1. orange
// => 0. apple

Do…While Statement

x = 0
i = 0

do {
x = x + i;

[Link] 12/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

[Link](x)
i++;
} while (i < 5);
// => 0 1 3 6 10

For Loop

for (let i = 0; i < 4; i += 1) {

[Link](i);
};

// => 0, 1, 2, 3

Looping Through Arrays

for (let i = 0; i < [Link]; i++){

[Link](array[i]);
}

// => Every item in the array

Break

for (let i = 0; i < 99; i += 1) {

if (i > 5) {
break;
}
[Link](i)
}
// => 0 1 2 3 4 5

Continue

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i === 3) { continue; }
text += "The number is " + i + "<br>";
}

Nested

for (let i = 0; i < 2; i += 1) {

for (let j = 0; j < 3; j += 1) {
[Link](`${i}-${j}`);

[Link] 13/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

}
}

for...in loop

const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];

for (let index in fruits) {

[Link](index);
}
// => 0
// => 1
// => 2

for...of loop

const fruits = ["apple", "orange", "banana"];

for (let fruit of fruits) {

[Link](fruit);
}
// => apple
// => orange
// => banana

# JavaScript Iterators
Functions Assigned to Variables

let plusFive = (number) => {

return number + 5;
};
// f is assigned the value of plusFive
let f = plusFive;

plusFive(3); // 8
// Since f has a function value, it can be invoked.
f(9); // 14

[Link] 14/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

Callback Functions

const isEven = (n) => {

return n % 2 == 0;
}

let printMsg = (evenFunc, num) => {

const isNumEven = evenFunc(num);
[Link](`${num} is an even number: ${isNumEven}.`)
}

// Pass in isEven as the callback function

printMsg(isEven, 4);
// => The number 4 is an even number: True.

Array Method .reduce()

const numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];

const sum = [Link]((accumulator, curVal) => {

return accumulator + curVal;
});

[Link](sum); // 10

Array Method .map()

const members = ["Taylor", "Donald", "Don", "Natasha", "Bobby"];

const announcements = [Link]((member) => {

return member + " joined the contest.";
});

[Link](announcements);

Array Method .forEach()

const numbers = [28, 77, 45, 99, 27];

[Link](number => {
[Link](number);
});

[Link] 15/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

Array Method .filter()

const randomNumbers = [4, 11, 42, 14, 39];

const filteredArray = [Link](n => {
return n > 5;
});

# JavaScript Objects
Accessing Properties

const apple = {
color: 'Green',
price: { bulk: '$3/kg', smallQty: '$4/kg' }
};
[Link]([Link]); // => Green
[Link]([Link]); // => $3/kg

Naming Properties

// Example of invalid key names

const trainSchedule = {
// Invalid because of the space between words.
platform num: 10,
// Expressions cannot be keys.
40 - 10 + 2: 30,
// A + sign is invalid unless it is enclosed in quotations.
+compartment: 'C'
}

Non-existent properties

const classElection = {
date: 'January 12'
};

[Link]([Link]); // undefined

Mutable

[Link] 16/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

const student = {
name: 'Sheldon',
score: 100,
grade: 'A',
}

[Link](student)
// { name: 'Sheldon', score: 100, grade: 'A' }

delete [Link]
[Link] = 'F'
[Link](student)
// { name: 'Sheldon', grade: 'F' }

student = {}
// TypeError: Assignment to constant variable.

Assignment shorthand syntax

const person = {
name: 'Tom',
age: '22',
};
const {name, age} = person;
[Link](name); // 'Tom'
[Link](age); // '22'

Delete operator

const person = {
firstName: "Matilda",
age: 27,
hobby: "knitting",
goal: "learning JavaScript"
};

delete [Link]; // or delete person[hobby];

[Link](person);
/*
{
firstName: "Matilda"
age: 27
[Link] 17/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

goal: "learning JavaScript"

}
*/

Objects as arguments

const origNum = 8;
const origObj = {color: 'blue'};

const changeItUp = (num, obj) => {

num = 7;
[Link] = 'red';
};

changeItUp(origNum, origObj);

// Will output 8 since integers are passed by value.

[Link](origNum);

// Will output 'red' since objects are passed

// by reference and are therefore mutable.
[Link]([Link]);

Shorthand object creation

const activity = 'Surfing';

const beach = { activity };
[Link](beach); // { activity: 'Surfing' }

this Keyword

const cat = {
name: 'Pipey',
age: 8,
whatName() {
return [Link]
}
};
[Link]([Link]()); // => Pipey

Factory functions

[Link] 18/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

// A factory function that accepts 'name',

// 'age', and 'breed' parameters to return
// a customized dog object.
const dogFactory = (name, age, breed) => {
return {
name: name,
age: age,
breed: breed,
bark() {
[Link]('Woof!');
}
};
};

Methods

const engine = {
// method shorthand, with one argument
start(adverb) {
[Link](`The engine starts up ${adverb}...`);
},
// anonymous arrow function expression with no arguments
sputter: () => {
[Link]('The engine sputters...');
},
};

[Link]('noisily');
[Link]();

Getters and setters

const myCat = {
_name: 'Dottie',
get name() {
return this._name;
},
set name(newName) {
this._name = newName;
}
};

// Reference invokes the getter

[Link] 19/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

[Link]([Link]);

// Assignment invokes the setter

[Link] = 'Yankee';

# JavaScript Classes
Static Methods

class Dog {
constructor(name) {
this._name = name;
}

introduce() {
[Link]('This is ' + this._name + ' !');
}

// A static method
static bark() {
[Link]('Woof!');
}
}

const myDog = new Dog('Buster');

[Link]();

// Calling the static method

[Link]();

Class

class Song {
constructor() {
[Link];
[Link];
}

play() {

[Link] 20/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

[Link]('Song playing!');
}
}

const mySong = new Song();

[Link]();

Class Constructor

class Song {
constructor(title, artist) {
[Link] = title;
[Link] = artist;
}
}

const mySong = new Song('Bohemian Rhapsody', 'Queen');

[Link]([Link]);

Class Methods

class Song {
play() {
[Link]('Playing!');
}

stop() {
[Link]('Stopping!');
}
}

extends

// Parent class
class Media {
constructor(info) {
[Link] = [Link];
[Link] = [Link];
}
}

// Child class
class Song extends Media {
constructor(songData) {

[Link] 21/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

super(songData);
[Link] = [Link];
}
}

const mySong = new Song({

artist: 'Queen',
name: 'Bohemian Rhapsody',
publishDate: 1975
});

# JavaScript Modules
Export

// [Link]

// Default export
export default function add(x,y){
return x + y
}

// Normal export
export function subtract(x,y){
return x - y
}

// Multiple exports
function multiply(x,y){
return x * y
}
function duplicate(x){
return x * 2
}
export {
multiply,
duplicate
}

[Link] 22/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

Import

// [Link]
import add, { subtract, multiply, duplicate } from './[Link]';

[Link](add(6, 2)); // 8
[Link](subtract(6, 2)) // 4
[Link](multiply(6, 2)); // 12
[Link](duplicate(5)) // 10

// [Link]
<script type="module" src="[Link]"></script>

Export Module

// [Link]

function add(x,y){
return x + y
}
function subtract(x,y){
return x - y
}
function multiply(x,y){
return x * y
}
function duplicate(x){
return x * 2
}

// Multiple exports in [Link]

[Link] = {
add,
subtract,
multiply,
duplicate
}

Require Module

// [Link]
const myMath = require('./[Link]')

[Link] 23/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

[Link]([Link](6, 2)); // 8
[Link]([Link](6, 2)) // 4
[Link]([Link](6, 2)); // 12
[Link]([Link](5)) // 10

# JavaScript Promises
Promise states

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

const res = true;
// An asynchronous operation.
if (res) {
resolve('Resolved!');
}
else {
reject(Error('Error'));
}
});

[Link]((res) => [Link](res), (err) => [Link](err));

Executor function

const executorFn = (resolve, reject) => {

resolve('Resolved!');
};

const promise = new Promise(executorFn);

setTimeout()

const loginAlert = () =>{

[Link]('Login');
};

setTimeout(loginAlert, 6000);

.then() method

[Link] 24/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => {
resolve('Result');
}, 200);
});

[Link]((res) => {
[Link](res);
}, (err) => {
[Link](err);
});

.catch() method

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => {
reject(Error('Promise Rejected Unconditionally.'));
}, 1000);
});

[Link]((res) => {
[Link](value);
});

[Link]((err) => {
[Link](err);
});

[Link]()

const promise1 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => {
resolve(3);
}, 300);
});
const promise2 = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve(2);
}, 200);
});

[Link]([promise1, promise2]).then((res) => {

[Link](res[0]);

[Link] 25/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

[Link](res[1]);
});

Avoiding nested Promise and .then()

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => {
resolve('*');
}, 1000);
});

const twoStars = (star) => {

return (star + star);
};

const => {

return (star + '.');
};

const print = (val) => {

[Link](val);
};

// Chaining them all together

[Link](twoStars).then(oneDot).then(print);

Creating

const executorFn = (resolve, reject) => {

[Link]('The executor function of the promise!');
};

const promise = new Promise(executorFn);

Chaining multiple .then()

const promise = new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(() => resolve('dAlan'), 100));

[Link](res => {
return res === 'Alan' ? [Link]('Hey Alan!') : [Link]('Who are you
}).then((res) => {
[Link](res)
}, (err) => {

[Link] 26/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

[Link](err)
});

Fake http Request with Promise

const mock = (success, timeout = 1000) => {

return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
setTimeout(() => {
if(success) {
resolve({status: 200, data:{}});
} else {
reject({message: 'Error'});
}
}, timeout);
});
}
const someEvent = async () => {
try {
await mock(true, 1000);
} catch (e) {
[Link]([Link]);
}
}

# JavaScript Async-Await
Asynchronous

function helloWorld() {
return new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve('Hello World!');
}, 2000);
});
}

const msg = async function() { //Async Function Expression

const msg = await helloWorld();
[Link]('Message:', msg);
}
[Link] 27/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

const msg1 = async () => { //Async Arrow Function

const msg = await helloWorld();
[Link]('Message:', msg);
}

msg(); // Message: Hello World! <-- after 2 seconds

msg1(); // Message: Hello World! <-- after 2 seconds

Resolving Promises

let pro1 = [Link](5);

let pro2 = 44;
let pro3 = new Promise(function(resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(resolve, 100, 'foo');
});

[Link]([pro1, pro2, pro3]).then(function(values) {

[Link](values);
});
// expected => Array [5, 44, "foo"]

Async Await Promises

function helloWorld() {
return new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve('Hello World!');
}, 2000);
});
}

async function msg() {

const msg = await helloWorld();
[Link]('Message:', msg);
}

msg(); // Message: Hello World! <-- after 2 seconds

Error Handling

let json = '{ "age": 30 }'; // incomplete data

[Link] 28/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

try {
let user = [Link](json); // <-- no errors
[Link]( [Link] ); // no name!
} catch (e) {
[Link]( "Invalid JSON data!" );
}

Aysnc await operator

function helloWorld() {
return new Promise(resolve => {
setTimeout(() => {
resolve('Hello World!');
}, 2000);
});
}

async function msg() {

const msg = await helloWorld();
[Link]('Message:', msg);
}

msg(); // Message: Hello World! <-- after 2 seconds

# JavaScript Requests
JSON

const jsonObj = {
"name": "Rick",
"id": "11A",
"level": 4
};

Also see: JSON cheatsheet

XMLHttpRequest

const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();

[Link] 29/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

[Link]('GET', '[Link]/getjson');

XMLHttpRequest is a browser-level API that enables the client to script data transfers via JavaScript, NOT
t f th J S i t l
GET

const req = new XMLHttpRequest();

[Link] = 'json';
[Link]('GET', '/getdata?id=65');
[Link] = () => {
[Link]([Link]);
};

[Link]();

POST

const data = {
fish: 'Salmon',
weight: '1.5 KG',
units: 5
};
const xhr = new XMLHttpRequest();
[Link]('POST', '/inventory/add');
[Link] = 'json';
[Link]([Link](data));

[Link] = () => {
[Link]([Link]);
};

fetch api

fetch(url, {
method: 'POST',
headers: {
'Content-type': 'application/json',
'apikey': apiKey
},
body: data
}).then(response => {
if ([Link]) {
return [Link]();

[Link] 30/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

}
throw new Error('Request failed!');
}, networkError => {
[Link]([Link])
})
}

JSON Formatted

fetch('url-that-returns-JSON')
.then(response => [Link]())
.then(jsonResponse => {
[Link](jsonResponse);
});

promise url parameter fetch api

fetch('url')
.then(
response => {
[Link](response);
},
rejection => {
[Link]([Link]);
);

Fetch API Function

fetch('[Link] {
method: 'POST',
body: [Link]({id: "200"})
}).then(response => {
if([Link]){
return [Link]();
}
throw new Error('Request failed!');
}, networkError => {
[Link]([Link]);
}).then(jsonResponse => {
[Link](jsonResponse);
})

async await syntax

[Link] 31/32
10/13/24, 6:04 PM JavaScript Cheat Sheet & Quick Reference

const getSuggestions = async () => {

const wordQuery = [Link];
const endpoint = `${url}${queryParams}${wordQuery}`;
try{
const response = await fetch(endpoint, {cache: 'no-cache'});
if([Link]){
const jsonResponse = await [Link]()
}
}
catch(error){
[Link](error)
}
}

Related Cheatsheet

jQuery Cheatsheet CSS 3 Cheatsheet

Quick Reference Quick Reference

HTML Cheatsheet Laravel Cheatsheet

Quick Reference Quick Reference

Recent Cheatsheet

Remote Work Revolution Cheatsheet Homebrew Cheatsheet

Quick Reference Quick Reference

PyTorch Cheatsheet Taskset Cheatsheet

Quick Reference Quick Reference

© 2023 [Link], All rights reserved.

[Link] 32/32