Introduction to Java

Outline
●
Environment setup
●
Basic Syntax
●
Data types
●
Operations
●
Input & Output
●
Decision making
●
Loops
●
Methods

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Environment Setup
●
Java SE is freely available from the link.
●
[Link]
e/downloads/[Link]
●
You can download a version based on your
operating system.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Environment Setup
●
Follow the instructions to download Java and
run the .exe to install Java on your machine.
●
Once you installed Java on your machine, you
will need to set environment variables to point
to correct installation directories.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Setting Up the Path for Windows
●
Assuming you have installed Java in c:\Program Files\java\jdk directory
●
Right-click on 'My Computer' and select 'Properties'.
●
Click the 'Environment variables' button under the 'Advanced' tab.
●
Now, alter the 'Path' variable so that it also contains the path to the
Java executable.
●
Example, if the path is currently set to 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32', then
change your path to read 'C:\WINDOWS\SYSTEM32;c:\Program Files\
java\jdk\bin'.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Popular Java Editors
●
To write your Java programs, you will need a text editor.
●
Netbeans − A Java IDE that is open-source and free
which can be downloaded from
[Link]
●
Eclipse − A Java IDE developed by the eclipse open-
source community and can be downloaded from
[Link]

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Basic Syntax
●
When we consider a Java program, it can be
defined as a collection of objects that
communicate via invoking each other's
methods.
●
Let us now briefly look into what do class,
object, methods, and instance variables mean.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Basic Syntax
●
Object − Objects have states and behaviors.
– Example: A dog has states - color, name, breed as well as behavior such as wagging
their tail, barking, eating. An object is an instance of a class.
●
Class − A class can be defined as a template/blueprint that describes the
behavior/state that the object of its type supports.
●
Methods − A method is basically a behavior. A class can contain many
methods. It is in methods where the logics are written, data is manipulated
and all the actions are executed.
●
Instance Variables − Each object has its unique set of instance variables. An
object's state is created by the values assigned to these instance variables

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Basic Syntax
It is very important to keep in mind the following points:
●
Case Sensitivity − Java is case sensitive, which means
identifier Hello and hello would have different meaning in Java.
●
Class Names − For all class names the first letter should be in
Upper Case. If several words are used to form a name of the
class, each inner word's first letter should be in Upper Case.
– Example: class MyFirstJavaClass

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Basic Syntax
●
Method Names − All method names should start with a Lower Case
letter. If several words are used to form the name of the method,
then each inner word's first letter should be in Upper Case.
– Example: public void myMethodName()
●
Program File Name − Name of the program file should exactly
match the class name.
●
public static void main(String args[]) − Java program processing
starts from the main() method which is a mandatory part of every
Java program.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Basic Syntax
●
When saving the file, you should save it using
the class name (Remember Java is case
sensitive) and append '.java' to the end of the
name
●
if the file name and the class name do not
match, your program will not compile.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Basic Syntax
●
Example :

●
Output:

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java Identifiers
●
All Java components require names.
●
Names used for classes, variables, and methods are called identifiers.
●
In Java, there are several points to remember about identifiers. They are as follows −
– All identifiers should begin with a letter (A to Z or a to z), currency character ($) or an
underscore (_).
– After the first character, identifiers can have any combination of characters.
– A key word cannot be used as an identifier.
– Most importantly, identifiers are case sensitive.
●
Examples of legal identifiers: age, $salary, _value, __1_value.
●
Examples of illegal identifiers: 123abc, -salary.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java Variables
●
Following are the types of variables in Java −
– Local Variables
– Class Variables (Static Variables)
– Instance Variables (Non-static Variables)

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java Keywords
●
The following list shows the reserved words in
Java.
●
These reserved words may not be used as
constant or variable or any other identifier
names.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Java Keywords

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Basic Datatypes
●
Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values.
●
This means that when you create a variable you reserve some
space in the memory.
●
Based on the data type of a variable, the operating system allocates
memory and decides what can be stored in the reserved memory.
●
Therefore, by assigning different data types to variables, you can
store integers, decimals, or characters in these variables.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Basic Datatypes
●
There are two data types available in Java −
– Primitive Data Types
– Reference/Object Data Types

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Primitive Data Types
●
There are eight primitive datatypes supported
by Java:

byte short int long

float double boolean char

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Primitive Data Types
Int
●
Integer is generally used as the default data
type for integral values unless there is a
concern about memory.
●
The default value is 0
●
Example: int a = 100000, int b = -200000
Java ( ROBOTO Academy )
 Primitive Data Types
float
●
Float is mainly used to save memory in large
arrays of floating point numbers
●
Default value is 0.0f
●
Example: float f1 = 234.5f

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Primitive Data Types
double
●
This data type is generally used as the default
data type for decimal values, generally the
default choice
●
Default value is 0.0d
●
Example: double d1 = 123.4
Java ( ROBOTO Academy )
 Primitive Data Types
boolean
●
There are only two possible values: true and false
●
This data type is used for simple flags that track
true/false conditions
●
Default value is false
●
Example: boolean >

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Primitive Data Types
char
●
Char data type is used to store any character
●
Example: char letterA = 'A'

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Variable Types
●
A variable provides us with named storage that our
programs can manipulate.
●
Each variable in Java has a specific type, which
determines
– the size and layout of the variable's memory
– the range of values that can be stored within that memory
– the set of operations that can be applied to the variable.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Variable Types
●
You must declare all variables before they can
be used.
●
Following is the basic form of a variable
declaration
data_type variable = value ;

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Variable Types
●
Variable declaration form consists of 3 parts :
data_type variable = value ;
1) data_type : One of Java's data types such as int for
numbers , boolean for true or false etc..
2) Variable : The name of the variable such as x
3) Value : the value that the variable will store on memory.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Activity
●
Open your IDE
●
Create new project and give it the name :
MyFirstJavaProgram
●
Create new class , what will you name the class?
●
Create the main function :
public static void main(String []args)

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Activity
●
Inside your main function define 4 variables :
– One of type int called number and give it a value.
– One of type boolean called flag and give it a value.
– One of type char (give it a name and a value)
– One of type float (also give it a name and a value)
●
Don't forget the semi colons ! ( ; )

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Activity
●
Solution :

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Basic Operators
●
Java provides a rich set of operators to manipulate variables.
●
We can divide all the Java operators into the following groups −
– Arithmetic Operators
– Relational Operators
– Bitwise Operators
– Logical Operators
– Assignment Operators
– Misc Operators

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 The Arithmetic Operators
●
Arithmetic operators are used in mathematical
expressions.
Operator Description

+ (Addition) Adds values on either side of the operator.

- (Subtraction) Subtracts right-hand operand from left-hand operand.

* (Multiplication) Multiplies values on either side of the operator.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 The Arithmetic Operators

/ (Division) Divides left-hand operand by right-hand operand.

% (Modulus) Divides left-hand operand by right-hand operand and returns

remainder.

++ (Increment) Increases the value of operand by 1.

-- (Decrement) Decreases the value of operand by 1.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 The Arithmetic Operators
●
Assume integer variable A holds 10 and
variable B holds 20 :
– A + B will give 30 - B % A will give 0
– A - B will give -10 - B++ gives 21
– A * B will give 200 - B-- gives 19
– B / A will give 2

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 The Relational Operators
●
There are following relational operators
supported by Java language.
Operator Description

== (equal to) Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not,
if yes then condition becomes true.

!= (not equal to) Checks if the values of two operands are equal or not,
if values are not equal then condition becomes true.

> (greater than) Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes
[Link] ( ROBOTO Academy )
 The Relational Operators

< (less than) Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of
right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

>= (greater than or Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to
equal to) the value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true

<= (less than or equal Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the
to) value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 The Relational Operators
●
Assume integer variable A holds 10 and
variable B holds 20 :
– (A == B) is not true(false)
– (A != B) is true.
– (A > B) is not true. - (A < B) is true.
– (A >= B) is not true. - (A <= B) is true.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 The Logical Operators
●
The following table lists the logical operators.
Operator Description

&& (logical and) Called Logical AND operator. If both the operands are
non-zero, then the condition becomes true.

|| (logical or) Called Logical OR Operator. If any of the two operands

are non-zero, then the condition becomes true.

! (logical not) Called Logical NOT Operator. Use to reverses the

logical state of its operand. If a condition is true then
Logical NOT operator will make false.
Java ( ROBOTO Academy )
 The Logical Operators
●
Assume Boolean variables A holds true and
variable B holds false :
– (A && B) is false
– (A || B) is true
– !(A && B) is true

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 The Assignment Operators
●
Following are the assignment operators
supported by Java language.
Operator Description

= Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side

operands to left side operand.

+= Add AND assignment operator.

It adds right operand to the left operand and assign the
result to left operand.
-= Subtract AND assignment operator.
It subtracts right operand from the left operand and assign
the resultJava
to (left
ROBOTO Academy )
operand.
 The Assignment Operators

*= Multiply AND assignment operator.

It multiplies right operand with the left operand and assign the
result to left operand.
/= Divide AND assignment operator.
It divides left operand with the right operand and assign the
result to left operand.
%= Modulus AND assignment operator.
It takes modulus using two operands and assign the result to
left operand.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 The Assignment Operators
●
Assume integer variable A and variable B:
– C = A + B will assign value of A + B into C
– C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
– C -= A is equivalent to C = C – A
– C *= A is equivalent to C = C * A
– C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
– C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Precedence of Java Operators
●
Operator precedence determines the grouping of
terms in an expression.
●
This affects how an expression is evaluated.
●
Certain operators have higher precedence than
others.
●
for example, the multiplication operator has higher
precedence than the addition operator

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Precedence of Java Operators
1) expression++ , expression--
2) * , / , %
3) + , - 4) == , !=
5) & 6) ||
7)= , += , -= , *= , /= , %=

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java Input and Output
●
All the programming languages provide support
for standard I/O where the user's program can :
●
Take input from a keyboard
●
And then produce an output on the computer
screen.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java Input and Output
Java provides the following three standard streams −
●
Standard Input − Usually a keyboard is used as standard input
stream and represented as [Link].
●
Standard Output − This is used to output the data produced by the
user's program and usually a computer screen is used for standard
output stream and represented as [Link].
●
Standard Error − This is used to output the error data produced by
the user's program and usually a computer screen is used for
standard error stream and represented as [Link].

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java Input and Output
●
Example:

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java Input and Output
●
Import : allows you to use InputStreamReader
built in library.
●
Throws IOException : to avoid program crash if
any reading error occurred.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java Input and Output
●
[Link]() : used to print a certain
value to the screen.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Decision Making
●
Decision making structures have:
– One or more conditions to be evaluated or tested by
the program
– a statement or statements that are to be executed if
the condition is determined to be true
– optionally, other statements to be executed if the
condition is determined to be false.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Decision Making
●
Following is the general form of a typical decision
making structure found in most of the programming
languages

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Decision Making
1)if statement : An if statement consists of a boolean
expression followed by one or more statements.
2)if...else statement : An if statement can be followed by
an optional else statement, which executes when the
boolean expression is false.
3)Nested if statement : You can use one if or else if
statement inside another if or else if statement(s).

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 if statement in java
●
An if statement consists of a Boolean expression
followed by one or more statements.
●
Syntax :
if(Boolean_expression) {
// Statements will execute if the Boolean expression
is true
}

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 if statement in java
●
If the Boolean expression evaluates to true then
the block of code inside the if statement will be
executed.
●
If not, the first set of code after the end of the if
statement (after the closing curly brace) will be
executed.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 if statement in java
●
Example:

●
What is the final value of x after execution ?

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 if statement in java
●
Answer:

●
x will be 50.
●
Because x was 10 so the if condition is true
x < 20 10 < 20
●
So will execute the statement x = 50;

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 if-else statement in java
●
An if statement can be followed by an optional else statement, which
executes when the Boolean expression is false.
●
Syntax :
if(Boolean_expression) {
// Executes when the Boolean expression is true
}else {
// Executes when the Boolean expression is false
}

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 if-else statement in java
●
If the boolean expression evaluates to true,
then the if block of code will be executed,
●
otherwise else block of code will be executed.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 if-else statement in java
●
Example:

●
What is the final value of x after execution ?

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 if-else statement in java
●
Answer:

●
x will be 30.
●
Because x was 10 so the if condition is false
x > 20 10 > 20
●
So will execute else block of code which is x=30;

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Nested if statement in java
●
Means you can use one if or else if statement inside another if or else if
statement.
●
Syntax :
if(Boolean_expression 1) {
// Executes when the Boolean expression 1 is true
if(Boolean_expression 2) {
// Executes when the Boolean expression 2 is true
}
}

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Nested if statement in java
●
Example:

●
What is the final value of x after execution ?

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Nested if statement in java
●
Answer:

●
x is 15.
●
Because x was 5 so the first if is true
●
The inner if is false because y is 10
●
Then the inner else is executed which is x = 15;

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Loops
●
There may be a situation when you need to execute a
block of code several number of times.
●
In general, statements are executed sequentially: The first
statement in a function is executed first, followed by the
second, and so on.
●
Programming languages provide various control structures
that allow for more complicated execution paths.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Loops
●
A loop statement allows us to execute a
statement or group of statements multiple times
based on a condition.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Loops
1)While loop
2)For loop
3)Do .. while loop

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 while Loop in java
●
A while loop statement in Java programming language
repeatedly executes a target statement as long as a
given condition is true.
●
Syntax :
while(Boolean_expression) {
// Statements
}

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 while Loop in java
●
When executing, if the boolean_expression result is
true, then the actions inside the loop will be executed.
●
This will continue as long as the expression result is
true.
●
When the condition becomes false, program control
passes to the line immediately following the loop.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 while Loop in java
●
Here, key point of the while loop is that the loop
might not ever run.
●
When the expression is tested and the result is
false, the loop body will be skipped and the first
statement after the while loop will be executed.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 while Loop in java
●
Example :

●
Guess what the output is.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 while Loop in java
●
Output :

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 for loop in java
●
A for loop is a repetition control structure that
allows you to efficiently write a loop that needs
to be executed a specific number of times.
●
A for loop is useful when you know how many
times a task is to be repeated.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 for loop in java
●
Syntax
for(initialization; Boolean_expression;
update) {
// Statements
}

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 for loop in java
Here is the flow of control in a for loop −
●
The initialization step is executed first, and only once.
●
This step allows you to declare and initialize any loop control
variables and this step ends with a semi colon ( ; ).
●
Next, the Boolean expression is evaluated.
●
If it is true, the body of the loop is executed.
●
If it is false, the body of the loop will not be executed and control
jumps to the next statement past the for loop.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 for loop in java
●
After the body of the for loop gets executed, the control jumps back
up to the update statement.
●
This statement allows you to update any loop control variables.
●
This statement can be left blank with a semicolon at the end.
●
The Boolean expression is now evaluated again.
●
If it is true, the loop executes and the process repeats (body of loop,
then update step, then Boolean expression).
●
After the Boolean expression is false, the for loop terminates.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 for loop in java
●
Example:

●
What is the output ?

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 for loop in java
●
Output:

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 do while loop in java
●
A do...while loop is similar to a while loop, except that a
do...while loop is guaranteed to execute at least one
time.
●
Syntax
do {
// Statements
}while(Boolean_expression);

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 do while loop in java
●
Notice that the Boolean expression appears at the end of
the loop, so the statements in the loop execute once
before the Boolean is tested.
●
If the Boolean expression is true, the control jumps back
up to do statement, and the statements in the loop
execute again.
●
This process repeats until the Boolean expression is false.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 do while loop in java
●
Example:

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 do while loop in java
●
Output:

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 do while loop in java
●
What is the output of the following code?

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 do while loop in java
●
Output :

●
Although the condition x < 10 is not true as x
started with value 10 but the body executed as we
mentioned that the body executes at least once

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Methods
●
A Java method is a collection of statements that
are grouped together to perform an operation.
●
For example,when you call the
[Link]() method, the system
actually executes several statements in order to
display a message on the console.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Methods
●
Syntax :
public static int methodName(int a, int b) {
// body
}
●
public static − modifier
●
int − return type
●
methodName − name of the method
●
a, b − formal parameters
●
int a, int b − list of parameters

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Methods
●
Modifier − It defines the access type of the method and it is optional to use.
●
Return type − Method may return a value.
●
Name of method − This is the method name.
●
Method signature − consists of the method name and the parameter list.
●
Parameter List − The list of parameters, it is the type, order, and number of
parameters of a method. These are optional, method may contain zero
parameters.
●
Method body − The method body defines what the method does with the
statements.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Methods
●
Example:

●
This method takes 2 numbers and return the
sum of the two numbers.
●
How to call a method ?

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Java - Methods
●
How to call a method :

●
Type the method’s name and give it the parameters it needs.
●
The method’s return value is now stored in the variable sum.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Method Calling
●
For using a method, it should be called.
●
There are two ways in which a method is called : method returns a value or
returning nothing (no return value).
●
The process of method calling is simple.
●
When a program invokes a method, the program control gets transferred to the
called method.
●
This called method then returns control to the caller in two conditions, when −
– the return statement is executed.
– it reaches the method ending closing brace.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Method Calling
●
The methods returning void is considered as
call to a statement. Example :
[Link]("This is [Link]!");
●
The method returning value can be understood
by the following example :
int result = sum(6, 9);
Java ( ROBOTO Academy )
 The void Keyword
●
The void keyword allows us to create methods
which do not return a value.
●
Example :
● Notice:

No return statement.

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Activity
●
Write a method that calculates the area of a
rectangle given the width and the height of it.
●
Write your main function and define 2 variables
holding the width and the height.
●
Call your method and print the result.
●
Make sure your variables can hold fractions.
Java ( ROBOTO Academy )
 Activity
●
Solution :

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

 Activity
●
Output :

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )

Thank you !

Java ( ROBOTO Academy )