Java(programminglanguage)

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Javaisageneralpurposecomputerprogramming
languagethatisconcurrent,classbased,object
oriented,[14]andspecificallydesignedtohaveasfew
[Link]
toletapplicationdevelopers"writeonce,runanywhere"
(WORA),[15]meaningthatcompiledJavacodecanrun
onallplatformsthatsupportJavawithouttheneedfor
recompilation.[16]Javaapplicationsaretypically
compiledtobytecodethatcanrunonanyJavavirtual
machine(JVM)[Link]
of2016,Javaisoneofthemostpopularprogramming
languagesinuse,[17][18][19][20]particularlyforclient
serverwebapplications,withareported9million
[Link]
GoslingatSunMicrosystems(whichhassincebeen
acquiredbyOracleCorporation)andreleasedin1995as
acorecomponentofSunMicrosystems'Javaplatform.
ThelanguagederivesmuchofitssyntaxfromCand
C++,butithasfewerlowlevelfacilitiesthaneitherof
them.
TheoriginalandreferenceimplementationJava
compilers,virtualmachines,andclasslibrarieswere
[Link]
ofMay2007,incompliancewiththespecificationsofthe
JavaCommunityProcess,SunrelicensedmostofitsJava
technologiesundertheGNUGeneralPublicLicense.
Othershavealsodevelopedalternativeimplementations
oftheseSuntechnologies,suchastheGNUCompilerfor
Java(bytecodecompiler),GNUClasspath(standard
libraries),andIcedTeaWeb(browserpluginforapplets).
ThelatestversionisJava8,whichistheonlyversion
currentlysupportedforfreebyOracle,althoughearlier
versionsaresupportedbothbyOracleandother
companiesonacommercialbasis.

Java

Paradigm

Multiparadigm:Objectoriented
(classbased),structured,
imperative,generic,reflective,
concurrent

Designedby

JamesGosling

Developer

SunMicrosystems(nowacquired
byOracleCorporation)

Firstappeared May23,1995[1]
Typing
discipline

Static,strong,safe,nominative,
manifest

License

GNUGeneralPublicLicense,Java
CommunityProcess

Filename
extensions

.java,.class,.jar

Website

[Link]([Link]
Majorimplementations

OpenJDK,GNUCompilerforJava(GCJ),many
others

Contents
1 History
1.1 Principles
1.2 Versions
2 Practices

Dialects
GenericJava,Pizza
Influencedby

2 Practices
2.1 Javaplatform
2.1.1 Implementations
2.1.2 Performance
2.2 Automaticmemorymanagement
3 Syntax
4 Examples
4.1 "Hello,world!"program
4.2 Comprehensiveexample
5 Specialclasses
5.1 Applet
5.2 Servlet
5.3 JavaServerPages
5.4 Swingapplication
5.5 Generics
6 Criticism
7 Useonunofficialsoftwareplatforms
7.1 Google
8 Classlibraries
9 Documentation
10 Editions
11 Seealso
11.1 ComparisonofJavawithother
languages
12 Notes
13 References
14 Externallinks

Ada83,C++, [2]C#, [3]Eiffel, [4]GenericJava,

History
JamesGosling,MikeSheridan,andPatrickNaughtoninitiatedtheJavalanguageprojectinJune1991.[21]
Javawasoriginallydesignedforinteractivetelevision,butitwastooadvancedforthedigitalcable
televisionindustryatthetime.[22]ThelanguagewasinitiallycalledOakafteranoaktreethatstoodoutside
Gosling'[Link],fromJava
coffee.[23]GoslingdesignedJavawithaC/C++stylesyntaxthatsystemandapplicationprogrammers
wouldfindfamiliar.[24]
SunMicrosystemsreleasedthefirstpublicimplementationasJava1.0in1995.[25]Itpromised"WriteOnce,
RunAnywhere"(WORA),[Link]
configurablesecurity,[Link]
incorporatedtheabilitytorunJavaappletswithinwebpages,andJavaquicklybecamepopular,while
mostlyoutsideofbrowsers,thatwasn'ttheoriginalplan.InJanuary2016,OracleannouncedthatJava
runtimeenvironmentsbasedonJDK9willdiscontinuethebrowserplugin.[26]TheJava1.0compilerwas
rewritteninJavabyArthurvanHofftocomplystrictlywiththeJava1.0languagespecification.[27]With
theadventofJava2(releasedinitiallyasJ2SE1.2inDecember19981999),newversionshadmultiple
configurationsbuiltfordifferenttypesofplatforms.J2EEincludedtechnologiesandAPIsforenterprise

applicationstypicallyruninserverenvironments,whileJ2MEfeatured
[Link]
J2SE.In2006,formarketingpurposes,SunrenamednewJ2versionsas
JavaEE,JavaME,andJavaSE,respectively.
In1997,SunMicrosystemsapproachedtheISO/IECJTC1standardsbody
andlatertheEcmaInternationaltoformalizeJava,butitsoonwithdrew
fromtheprocess.[28][29][30]Javaremainsadefactostandard,controlled
throughtheJavaCommunityProcess.[31]Atonetime,Sunmademostofits
Javaimplementationsavailablewithoutcharge,despitetheirproprietary
[Link]
licensesforspecializedproductssuchastheJavaEnterpriseSystem.
OnNovember13,2006,SunreleasedmuchofitsJavavirtualmachine
(JVM)asfreeandopensourcesoftware,(FOSS),underthetermsofthe
GNUGeneralPublicLicense(GPL).OnMay8,2007,Sunfinishedthe
process,makingallofitsJVM'scorecodeavailableunderfree
software/opensourcedistributionterms,asidefromasmallportionofcode
towhichSundidnotholdthecopyright.[32]
Sun'svicepresidentRichGreensaidthatSun'sidealrolewith
regardtoJavawasasan"evangelist".[33]FollowingOracle
Corporation'sacquisitionofSunMicrosystemsin200910,Oracle
hasdescribeditselfasthe"stewardofJavatechnologywitha
relentlesscommitmenttofosteringacommunityofparticipationand
transparency".[34]ThisdidnotpreventOraclefromfilingalawsuit
againstGoogleshortlyafterthatforusingJavainsidetheAndroid
SDK(seeGooglesectionbelow).Javasoftwarerunsoneverything
fromlaptopstodatacenters,gameconsolestoscientific
supercomputers.[35]OnApril2,2010,JamesGoslingresignedfrom
Oracle.[36]

Principles

Duke,theJavamascot

JamesGosling,thecreatorofJava
(2008)

TherewerefiveprimarygoalsinthecreationoftheJavalanguage:[16]
[Link]"simple,objectoriented,andfamiliar".
[Link]"robustandsecure".
[Link]"architectureneutralandportable".
[Link]"highperformance".
[Link]"interpreted,threaded,anddynamic".

Versions
Asof2015,onlyJava8issupported("publicly").MajorreleaseversionsofJava,alongwiththeirrelease
dates:

JDK1.0(January21,1996)
JDK1.1(February19,1997)
J2SE1.2(December8,1998)
J2SE1.3(May8,2000)
J2SE1.4(February6,2002)
J2SE5.0(September30,2004)
JavaSE6(December11,2006)
JavaSE7(July28,2011)
JavaSE8(March18,2014)

Practices
Javaplatform

TheTIOBEprogramminglanguage
popularityindexgraphfrom2002to
[Link]
Java(blue)andC(black)competing
forthetopposition.

OnedesigngoalofJavaisportability,whichmeansthatprograms
writtenfortheJavaplatformmustrunsimilarlyonanycombination
ofhardwareandoperatingsystemwithadequateruntimesupport.
ThisisachievedbycompilingtheJavalanguagecodetoan
intermediaterepresentationcalledJavabytecode,insteadofdirectly
[Link]
analogoustomachinecode,buttheyareintendedtobeexecutedby
avirtualmachine(VM)writtenspecificallyforthehosthardware.
EnduserscommonlyuseaJavaRuntimeEnvironment(JRE)
installedontheirownmachineforstandaloneJavaapplications,or
inawebbrowserforJavaapplets.
Standardlibrariesprovideagenericwaytoaccesshostspecific
featuressuchasgraphics,threading,andnetworking.

JavaControlPanel,version7

[Link],the
overheadofinterpretingbytecodeintomachineinstructionsmakesinterpretedprogramsalmostalwaysrun
[Link],justintime(JIT)compilersthatcompilebytecodesto
[Link],and
isadaptedtotheparticularplatformitistorunonbyaJavavirtualmachineforit,whichtranslatestheJava
bytecodeintotheplatform'smachinelanguage.[37]
Implementations
OracleCorporationisthecurrentowneroftheofficialimplementationoftheJavaSEplatform,following
theiracquisitionofSunMicrosystemsonJanuary27,[Link]
[Link](stillworks
forXP,whileonlylaterversionscurrently"publicly"supported),MacOSX,[Link]
JavalacksanyformalstandardizationrecognizedbyEcmaInternational,ISO/IEC,ANSI,orotherthird
partystandardsorganization,theOracleimplementationisthedefactostandard.
TheOracleimplementationispackagedintotwodifferentdistributions:TheJavaRuntimeEnvironment
(JRE)whichcontainsthepartsoftheJavaSEplatformrequiredtorunJavaprogramsandisintendedfor
endusers,andtheJavaDevelopmentKit(JDK),whichisintendedforsoftwaredevelopersandincludes

developmenttoolssuchastheJavacompiler,Javadoc,Jar,andadebugger.
[Link]
implementationstartedwhenSunbeganreleasingtheJavasourcecodeundertheGPL.AsofJavaSE7,
OpenJDKistheofficialJavareferenceimplementation.
[Link],Sun'strademarklicense
forusageoftheJavabrandinsiststhatallimplementationsbe"compatible".Thisresultedinalegaldispute
withMicrosoftafterSunclaimedthattheMicrosoftimplementationdidnotsupportRMIorJNIandhad
addedplatformspecificfeaturesoftheirown.Sunsuedin1997,andin2001wonasettlementofUS$20
million,aswellasacourtorderenforcingthetermsofthelicensefromSun.[38]Asaresult,Microsoftno
longershipsJavawithWindows.
PlatformindependentJavaisessentialtoJavaEE,andanevenmorerigorousvalidationisrequiredto
[Link].
Performance
ProgramswritteninJavahaveareputationforbeingslowerandrequiringmorememorythanthosewritten
inC++.[39][40]However,Javaprograms'executionspeedimprovedsignificantlywiththeintroductionof
justintimecompilationin1997/1998forJava1.1,[41]theadditionoflanguagefeaturessupportingbetter
codeanalysis(suchasinnerclasses,theStringBuilderclass,optionalassertions,etc.),andoptimizationsin
theJavavirtualmachine,suchasHotSpotbecomingthedefaultforSun'sJVMin2000.WithJava1.5,the
[Link],includingLockfree
implementationsoftheConcurrentMapsandothermulticorecollections,anditwasimprovedfurtherJava
1.6.
SomeplatformsofferdirecthardwaresupportforJavatherearemicrocontrollersthatcanrunJavain
hardwareinsteadofasoftwareJavavirtualmachine,andARMbasedprocessorscanhavehardwaresupport
forexecutingJavabytecodethroughtheirJazelleoption(whileitssupportismostlydroppedincurrent
implementationsofARM).

Automaticmemorymanagement
[Link]
determineswhenobjectsarecreated,andtheJavaruntimeisresponsibleforrecoveringthememoryonce
[Link],theunreachablememorybecomes
[Link]
occurifaprogrammer'scodeholdsareferencetoanobjectthatisnolongerneeded,typicallywhenobjects
[Link]
called,a"nullpointerexception"isthrown.[42][43]
OneoftheideasbehindJava'sautomaticmemorymanagementmodelisthatprogrammerscanbespared
[Link],memoryforthecreation
ofobjectsisimplicitlyallocatedonthestack,[Link]
[Link]
deallocateanobject,[Link]

alreadybeendeallocated,theresultisundefinedanddifficulttopredict,andtheprogramislikelyto
becomeunstableand/[Link],buttheseadd
[Link]"logical"memoryleaks,i.e.,those
wherethememoryisstillreferencedbutneverused.
[Link],[Link]
betriggeredifthereisinsufficientfreememoryontheheaptoallocateanewobjectthiscancausea
[Link].
JavadoesnotsupportC/C++stylepointerarithmetic,whereobjectaddressesandunsignedintegers(usually
longintegers)[Link]
andensurestypesafetyandsecurity.
AsinC++andsomeotherobjectorientedlanguages,variablesofJava'sprimitivedatatypesareeither
storeddirectlyinfields(forobjects)oronthestack(formethods)ratherthanontheheap,asiscommonly
truefornonprimitivedatatypes(butseeescapeanalysis).ThiswasaconsciousdecisionbyJava's
designersforperformancereasons.
[Link],HotSpotusestheparallelscavengegarbage
[Link],[Link]
90%ofapplicationsinJava,theConcurrentMarkSweep(CMS)garbagecollectorissufficient.[44]Oracle
aimstoreplaceCMSwiththeGarbageFirstcollector(G1).[45]

Syntax
ThesyntaxofJavaislargelyinfluencedbyC++.UnlikeC++,whichcombinesthesyntaxforstructured,
generic,andobjectorientedprogramming,Javawasbuiltalmostexclusivelyasanobjectoriented
language.[16]Allcodeiswritteninsideclasses,andeverydataitemisanobject,withtheexceptionofthe
primitivedatatypes,[Link],floatingpointnumbers,booleanvalues,andcharacters,whicharenot
[Link]++(suchasprintf()method).
UnlikeC++,Javadoesnotsupportoperatoroverloading[46]ormultipleinheritanceforclasses,though
multipleinheritanceissupportedforinterfaces.[47]Thissimplifiesthelanguageandaidsinpreventing
potentialerrorsandantipatterndesign.
JavausescommentssimilartothoseofC++.Therearethreedifferentstylesofcomments:asingleline
stylemarkedwithtwoslashes(//),amultiplelinestyleopenedwith/*andclosedwith*/,andtheJavadoc
commentingstyleopenedwith/**andclosedwith*/.TheJavadocstyleofcommentingallowstheuserto
runtheJavadocexecutabletocreatedocumentationfortheprogram.
Example:
//Thisisanexampleofasinglelinecommentusingtwoslashes
/*Thisisanexampleofamultiplelinecommentusingtheslashandasterisk.
Thistypeofcommentcanbeusedtoholdalotofinformationordeactivate
code,butitisveryimportanttoremembertoclosethecomment.*/
packagefibsandlies;

[Link];
/**
*ThisisanexampleofaJavadoccomment;Javadoccancompiledocumentation
*[Link],method,orfieldbeingdocumented.
*/
publicclassFibCalculatorextendsFibonacciimplementsCalculator{
privatestaticMap<Integer,Integer>memoized=newHashMap<Integer,Integer>();
/*
*ThemainmethodwrittenasfollowsisusedbytheJVMasastartingpointfortheprogram.
*/
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
[Link](1,1);
[Link](2,1);
[Link](fibonacci(12));//Getthe12thFibonaccinumberandprinttoconsole
}
/**
*AnexampleofamethodwritteninJava,wrappedinaclass.
*GivenanonnegativenumberFIBINDEX,returns
*theNthFibonaccinumber,whereNequalsFIBINDEX.
*@paramfibIndexTheindexoftheFibonaccinumber
*@returnTheFibonaccinumber
*/
publicstaticintfibonacci(intfibIndex){
if([Link](fibIndex)){
[Link](fibIndex);
}else{
intanswer=fibonacci(fibIndex1)+fibonacci(fibIndex2);
[Link](fibIndex,answer);
returnanswer;
}
}
}

Examples
"Hello,world!"program
Thetraditional"Hello,world!"programcanbewritteninJavaas:[48]
classHelloWorldApp{
publicstaticvoidmain(String[]args){
[Link]("HelloWorld!");//Printsthestringtotheconsole.
}
}

Sourcefilesmustbenamedafterthepublicclasstheycontain,[Link],forexample,
[Link],usingaJavacompiler,producingafilenamed
[Link],or"launched".TheJavasourcefilemayonlycontain
onepublicclass,butitcancontainmultipleclasseswithotherthanpublicaccessandanynumberofpublic
[Link],makeoneclass"public"andnamethesource
filewiththatpublicclassname.
[Link]
[Link],[Link]
[Link],anonymousclassesaretreatedasiftheirnameweretheconcatenation

ofthenameoftheirenclosingclass,a$,andaninteger.
Thekeywordpublicdenotesthatamethodcanbecalledfromcodeinotherclasses,orthataclassmaybe
[Link]
[Link]
thekeywordsprivateandprotected.
Thekeywordstaticinfrontofamethodindicatesastaticmethod,whichisassociatedonlywiththeclass
[Link]
[Link]
designatedstaticareinstancemethods,andrequireaspecificinstanceofaclasstooperate.
[Link]
istoexitwithanerrorcode,[Link]()explicitly.
Themethodname"main"[Link]
[Link]
appletsandEnterpriseJavaBeansdonotuseorneedamain()[Link]
multipleclassesthathavemainmethods,whichmeansthattheVMneedstobeexplicitlytoldwhichclassto
launchfrom.
ThemainmethodmustacceptanarrayofString([Link]
g/[Link])[Link],itisreferencedasargsalthoughanyotherlegalidentifiernamecan
beused.SinceJava5,themainmethodcanalsousevariablearguments,intheformofpublicstaticvoid
main(String...args),allowingthemainmethodtobeinvokedwithanarbitrarynumberofString
[Link](theargsparameterisstillan
arrayofStringobjects),butitallowsanalternativesyntaxforcreatingandpassingthearray.
TheJavalauncherlaunchesJavabyloadingagivenclass(specifiedonthecommandlineorasanattribute
inaJAR)andstartingitspublicstaticvoidmain(String[])[Link]
[Link][]argsparameterisanarrayofString([Link]
e/8/docs/api/java/lang/[Link])[Link]
parameterstomainareoftenpassedbymeansofacommandline.
PrintingispartofaJavastandardlibrary:TheSystem([Link]
lang/[Link])classdefinesapublicstaticfieldcalledout([Link]
api/java/lang/[Link]#out).TheoutobjectisaninstanceofthePrintStream([Link]
com/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/[Link])classandprovidesmanymethodsforprintingdatato
standardout,includingprintln(String)([Link]
[Link]#println([Link]))whichalsoappendsanewlinetothepassedstring.
Thestring"HelloWorld!"isautomaticallyconvertedtoaStringobjectbythecompiler.

Comprehensiveexample
//[Link]
[Link];

publicclassOddEven{
privateintuserInput;//awholenumber("int"meansinteger)
/**
*[Link]
*isbeingcreated.
*/
publicOddEven(){
/*
*InmostJavaprogramsconstructorscaninitializeobjectswithdefaultvalues,orcreate
*[Link],the
*constructormaysimplybeanemptyfunctionifnothingneedstobeinitializedpriortothe
*[Link]'scase,anemptyconstructorwouldsuffice.
*Aconstructormustexist;however,iftheuserdoesn'tputoneinthenthecompiler
*willcreateanemptyone.
*/
}
/**
*[Link].
*@paramargscommandlinearguments(unused)
*/
publicstaticvoidmain(finalString[]args){
/*
*Thislineofcodecreatesanewinstanceofthisclasscalled"number"(alsoknownasan
*Object)[Link]
*the"showDialog()"method,whichbringsupaprompttoaskyouforanumber.
*/
OddEvennumber=newOddEven();
[Link]();
}
publicvoidshowDialog(){
/*
*"try"[Link],
*theinterpreterskipsto"catch"toseewhatitshoulddo.
*/
try{
/*
*ThecodebelowbringsupaJOptionPane,whichisadialogbox
*TheStringreturnedbythe"showInputDialog()"methodisconvertedinto
*aninteger,makingtheprogramtreatitasanumberinsteadofaword.
*Afterthat,thismethodcallsasecondmethod,calculate()thatwill
*displayeither"Even"or"Odd."
*/
userInput=[Link]([Link]("Pleaseenteranumber."));
calculate();
}catch(finalNumberFormatExceptione){
/*
*Gettinginthecatchblockmeansthattherewasaproblemwiththeformatof
*[Link].
*/
[Link]("ERROR:[Link].");
}
}
/**
*Whenthisgetscalled,itsendsamessagetotheinterpreter.
*Theinterpreterusuallyshowsitonthecommandprompt(ForWindowsusers)
*ortheterminal(For*nixusers).(Assumingit'sopen)
*/
privatevoidcalculate(){
if((userInput%2)==0){
[Link](null,"Even");
}else{
[Link](null,"Odd");
}
}
}

TheimportstatementimportstheJOptionPane([Link]
x/swing/[Link])[Link]([Link]
pi/javax/swing/[Link])package.
[Link]
[Link]
classcanaccess(readorwrite)theuserInputfield.
OddEven()[Link]
declaredin,andunlikeamethod,[Link]
isanewlycreatedinstanceoftheclass.
Thecalculate()[Link]
invokedusingaspecificinstanceoftheOddEvenclass.(Thereferenceusedtoinvokethemethodis
passedasanundeclaredparameteroftypeOddEvennamedthis.)Themethodteststheexpression
userInput%2==0usingtheifkeywordtoseeiftheremainderofdividingtheuserInputfield
[Link],thenitprintsEvenif
thisexpressionisfalseitprintsOdd.(Thecalculatemethodcanbeequivalentlyaccessedas
[Link],whichboth
explicitlyusetheundeclaredthisparameter.)
OddEvennumber=newOddEven();declaresalocalobjectreferencevariableinthemainmethod
[Link]
initializesnumberbyfirstcreatinganinstanceoftheOddEvenclass,usingthenewkeywordandthe
OddEven()constructor,andthenassigningthisinstancetothevariable.
[Link]();[Link]
referencedbythenumberlocalvariableisusedtoinvokethemethodandpassedastheundeclared
thisparametertothecalculatemethod.
userInput=[Link]([Link]("PleaseEnterANumber"));isa
statementthatconvertsthetypeofStringtotheprimitivedatatypeintbyusingautilityfunctionin
theprimitivewrapperclassInteger.

Specialclasses
Applet
Javaappletsareprogramsthatareembeddedinotherapplications,typicallyinaWebpagedisplayedina
webbrowser.
//[Link]
[Link];
[Link];
publicclassHelloextendsJApplet{
publicvoidpaintComponent(finalGraphicsg){
[Link]("Hello,world!",65,95);
}
}

[Link]([Link]
com/javase/8/docs/api/javax/swing/[Link])[Link]([Link]
vase/8/docs/api/java/awt/[Link])[Link]

classestobereferencedinthesourcecodeusingthesimpleclassname([Link])insteadofthefully
qualifiedclassname(FQCN,[Link]).
TheHelloclassextends(subclasses)theJApplet(JavaApplet)classtheJAppletclassprovidesthe
[Link]
JComponent(JavaGraphicalComponent)whichprovidestheappletwiththecapabilitytodisplaya
graphicaluserinterface(GUI)andrespondtouserevents.
TheHelloclassoverridesthepaintComponent(Graphics)([Link]
va/awt/[Link]#paint([Link]))method(additionallyindicatedwiththeannotation,
supportedasofJDK1.5,Override)inheritedfromtheContainer([Link]
s/api/java/awt/[Link])[Link]
paintComponent()methodispassedaGraphicsobjectthatcontainsthegraphiccontextusedtodisplaythe
[Link]()methodcallsthegraphiccontextdrawString(String,int,int)([Link]
[Link]/javase/8/docs/api/java/awt/[Link]#drawString([Link],%20int,%20in
t))methodtodisplaythe"Hello,world!"stringatapixeloffsetof(65,95)fromtheupperleftcornerin

theapplet'sdisplay.
<!DOCTYPEHTMLPUBLIC"//W3C//DTDHTML4.01//EN"
"[Link]
<![Link]>
<html>
<head>
<title>HelloWorldApplet</title>
</head>
<body>
<appletcode="[Link]"width="200"height="200">
</applet>
</body>
</html>

AnappletisplacedinanHTMLdocumentusingthe<applet>[Link]
attributesset:code="Hello"specifiesthenameoftheJAppletclassandwidth="200"height="200"setsthe
[Link]
embedelement,[49]althoughsupportfortheseelementsbywebbrowsersisinconsistent.[50]However,the
applettagisdeprecated,sotheobjecttagispreferredwheresupported.

Thehostapplication,typicallyaWebbrowser,instantiatestheHelloappletandcreatesanAppletContext(h
ttps://[Link]/javase/8/docs/api/java/applet/[Link])[Link]
applethasinitializeditself,[Link]()methodis
calledbytheAWTeventdispatchingthreadwheneverthedisplayneedstheapplettodrawitself.

Servlet
JavaServlettechnologyprovidesWebdeveloperswithasimple,consistentmechanismforextendingthe
[Link]
componentsthatgenerateresponses(typicallyHTMLpages)torequests(typicallyHTTPrequests)from
[Link].
//[Link]

[Link].*;
[Link].*;
publicclassHelloextendsGenericServlet{
publicvoidservice(finalServletRequestrequest,finalServletResponseresponse)
throwsServletException,IOException{
[Link]("text/html");
finalPrintWriterpw=[Link]();
try{
[Link]("Hello,world!");
}finally{
[Link]();
}
}
}

TheimportstatementsdirecttheJavacompilertoincludeallthepublicclassesandinterfacesfromthe
[Link]([Link]
[Link]([Link]
[Link].
TheHelloclassextendstheGenericServlet([Link]
[Link])classtheGenericServletclassprovidestheinterfacefortheservertoforwardrequeststo
theservletandcontroltheservlet'slifecycle.
TheHelloclassoverridestheservice(ServletRequest,ServletResponse)([Link]
ee/7/api/javax/servlet/[Link]#service([Link],[Link]
sponse))methoddefinedbytheServlet([Link]
[Link])[Link]()methodispassed:a
ServletRequest([Link]

containstherequestfromtheclientandaServletResponse([Link]
x/servlet/[Link])[Link]()
methoddeclaresthatitthrowstheexceptionsServletException([Link]
avax/servlet/[Link])andIOException([Link]
va/io/[Link])ifaproblempreventsitfromrespondingtotherequest.
ThesetContentType(String)([Link]
tml#setContentType([Link]))methodintheresponseobjectiscalledtosettheMIMEcontent
typeofthereturneddatato"text/html".ThegetWriter()([Link]
x/servlet/[Link]#getWriter())methodintheresponsereturnsaPrintWriter([Link]
[Link]/javase/8/docs/api/java/io/[Link])objectthatisusedtowritethedatathatis
[Link](String)([Link]
[Link]#println([Link]))methodiscalledtowritethe"Hello,world!"stringtotheresponse
andthentheclose()([Link]
methodiscalledtoclosetheprintwriter,whichcausesthedatathathasbeenwrittentothestreamtobe
returnedtotheclient.

JavaServerPages

JavaServerPages(JSP)areserversideJavaEEcomponentsthatgenerateresponses,typicallyHTML
pages,[Link]
delimiters<%and%>.AJSPiscompiledtoaJavaservlet,aJavaapplicationinitsownright,thefirsttimeit
[Link],thegeneratedservletcreatestheresponse.

Swingapplication
[Link]
[Link],GTK+andMotifare
[Link]
oftheselooksandfeelsmayhavebeenconsideredlacking,SwinginJavaSE6addressesthisproblemby
usingmorenativeGUIwidgetdrawingroutinesoftheunderlyingplatforms.
ThisexampleSwingapplicationcreatesasinglewindowwith"Hello,world!"inside:
//[Link](JavaSE5)
[Link].*;
publicclassHelloextendsJFrame{
publicHello(){
super("hello");
[Link](WindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
[Link](newJLabel("Hello,world!"));
[Link]();
[Link](true);
}
publicstaticvoidmain(finalString[]args){
newHello();
}
}

[Link]([Link]
com/javase/8/docs/api/javax/swing/[Link])package.
TheHelloclassextendstheJFrame([Link]
ml)classtheJFrameclassimplementsawindowwithatitlebarandaclosecontrol.
TheHello()constructorinitializestheframebyfirstcallingthesuperclassconstructor,passingthe
parameter"hello",whichisusedasthewindow'[Link](int)(h
ttps://[Link]/javase/8/docs/api/javax/swing/[Link]#setDefaultCloseOperation(int))

methodinheritedfromJFrametosetthedefaultoperationwhentheclosecontrolonthetitlebarisselected
toWindowConstants.EXIT_ON_CLOSE([Link]
[Link]#EXIT_ON_CLOSE)thiscausestheJFrametobedisposedofwhentheframeisclosed(as
opposedtomerelyhidden),whichallowstheJavavirtualmachinetoexitandtheprogramtoterminate.
Next,aJLabel([Link]
string"Hello,world!"andtheadd(Component)([Link]
[Link]#add([Link]))methodinheritedfromtheContainer([Link]
m/javase/8/docs/api/java/awt/[Link])[Link]

pack()([Link]

fromtheWindow([Link]
tosizethewindowandlayoutitscontents.
Themain()[Link]
HelloframeandcausesittobedisplayedbycallingthesetVisible(boolean)([Link]
avase/8/docs/api/java/awt/[Link]#setVisible(boolean))methodinheritedfromtheComponent
([Link]
[Link],exitingthemainmethoddoesnotcausetheprogramto
terminatebecausetheAWTeventdispatchingthreadremainsactiveuntilalloftheSwingtoplevel
windowshavebeendisposed.

Generics
In2004,genericswereaddedtotheJavalanguage,[Link],
[Link],forexample,thisisaproblem
[Link]
containeroperatesonallsubtypesofaclassorinterface,usuallyObject,oradifferentcontainerclasshasto
[Link]
manycontainerclasses,[Link],
certainruntimeexceptionsareconvertedtocompiletimeerrors,acharacteristicknownastypesafety.

Criticism
CriticismsdirectedatJavaincludetheimplementationofgenerics,[51]speed,[52]thehandlingofunsigned
numbers,[53]theimplementationoffloatingpointarithmetic,[54]andahistoryofsecurityvulnerabilitiesin
theprimaryJavaVMimplementationHotSpot.[55]

Useonunofficialsoftwareplatforms
TheJavaprogramminglanguagerequiresthepresenceofasoftwareplatforminorderforcompiled
[Link]
platform,whichallowstheuseofJava6andsomeJava7features,usesadifferentstandardlibrary(Apache
Harmonyreimplementation),differentbytecodelanguageanddifferentvirtualmachine,andisdesignedfor
lowmemorydevicessuchassmartphonesandtabletcomputers.

Google
TheJavalanguageisakeypillarinAndroid,[Link],
builtontheLinuxkernel,waswrittenlargelyinC,theAndroidSDKusestheJavalanguageasthebasisfor
[Link],AndroiddoesnotusethestandardJavavirtualmachine,insteadusingJava
[Link]
version,thisistheneitherinterpretedbytheDalvikvirtualmachine,orcompiledintonativecodebythe
AndroidRuntime.

AndroidalsodoesnotprovidethefullJavaSEstandardlibrary,althoughthe
Androidclasslibrarydoesincludeanindependentimplementationofalarge
[Link]
7,2012,aSanFranciscojuryfoundthatifAPIscouldbecopyrighted,then
GooglehadinfringedOracle'scopyrightsbytheuseofJavainAndroid
devices.[56]DistrictJudgeWilliamHaskellAlsupruledonMay31,2012,
thatAPIscannotbecopyrighted,[57]butthiswasreversedbytheUnited
StatesCourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuitinMay2014.[58][59][60]

Classlibraries
TheJavaClassLibraryisthestandardlibrary,developedtosupport
[Link]
cooperationwithothersthroughtheJavaCommunityProcessprogram.
Companiesorindividualsparticipatinginthisprocesscaninfluencethe
[Link]
[Link]:

TheAndroidoperating
systemmakesextensiveuse
ofJavarelatedtechnology

Thecorelibraries,whichinclude:
IO/NIO
Networking
Reflection
Concurrency
Generics
Scripting/Compiler
FunctionalProgramming(Lambda,Streaming)
Collectionlibrariesthatimplementdatastructuressuchaslists,dictionaries,trees,sets,queues
anddoubleendedqueue,orstacks[61]
XMLProcessing(Parsing,Transforming,Validating)libraries
Security[62]
Internationalizationandlocalizationlibraries[63]
Theintegrationlibraries,whichallowtheapplicationwritertocommunicatewithexternalsystems.
Theselibrariesinclude:
TheJavaDatabaseConnectivity(JDBC)APIfordatabaseaccess
JavaNamingandDirectoryInterface(JNDI)forlookupanddiscovery
RMIandCORBAfordistributedapplicationdevelopment
JMXformanagingandmonitoringapplications
Userinterfacelibraries,whichinclude:
The(heavyweight,ornative)AbstractWindowToolkit(AWT),whichprovidesGUI
components,themeansforlayingoutthosecomponentsandthemeansforhandlingevents
fromthosecomponents
The(lightweight)Swinglibraries,whicharebuiltonAWTbutprovide(nonnative)
implementationsoftheAWTwidgetry
APIsforaudiocapture,processing,andplayback
JavaFX
AplatformdependentimplementationoftheJavavirtualmachinethatisthemeansbywhichthe
bytecodesoftheJavalibrariesandthirdpartyapplicationsareexecuted
Plugins,whichenableappletstoberuninwebbrowsers

JavaWebStart,whichallowsJavaapplicationstobeefficientlydistributedtoendusersacrossthe
Internet
Licensinganddocumentation

Documentation
Javadocisacomprehensivedocumentationsystem,createdbySunMicrosystems,usedbymanyJava
[Link]
commentshaveanextraasteriskatthebeginning,[Link]/**and*/,whereasthenormal
multilinecommentsinJavaaresetoffwiththedelimiters/*and*/.[64]

Editions
SunhasdefinedandsupportsfoureditionsofJavatargetingdifferentapplicationenvironmentsand
[Link]:
JavaCardforsmartcards.[65]
JavaPlatform,MicroEdition(JavaME)targetingenvironmentswithlimitedresources.[66]
JavaPlatform,StandardEdition(JavaSE)targetingworkstationenvironments.[67]
JavaPlatform,EnterpriseEdition(JavaEE)targetinglargedistributedenterpriseorInternet
environments.[68]
[Link]
setofrelatedinterfaces,[Link]
packagesavailable.
SunalsoprovidedaneditioncalledPersonalJavathathasbeensupersededbylater,standardsbasedJava
MEconfigurationprofilepairings.

Seealso
DalvikusedinoldAndroidversions,replacedbynonJITAndroidRuntime
JavaOne
Javapedia
ListofJavavirtualmachines
ListofJavaAPIs
ListofJVMlanguages
Graal(compiler),aprojectaimingtoimplementahighperformanceJavadynamiccompilerand
interpreter
SpringFramework

ComparisonofJavawithotherlanguages
Comparisonofprogramminglanguages
ComparisonofJavaandC++
ComparisonofC#andJava

Notes
[Link],Andrew(20May2015)."Java's20YearsOfInnovation".Forbes.Retrieved18March2016.
[Link](28July2014)."CrackingTheJavaProgrammingInterview::2000+JavaInterview
Que/Ans".Retrieved29May2016.
3.Java5.0addedseveralnewlanguagefeatures(theenhancedforloop,autoboxing,varargsandannotations),after
theywereintroducedinthesimilar(andcompeting)C#language[1]([Link]
5/)[2]([Link]
[Link],JamesMcGilton,Henry(May1996)."TheJavaLanguageEnvironment".
[Link],JamesJoy,BillSteele,GuyBracha,Gilad."TheJavaLanguageSpecification,2ndEdition".
6."TheAZofProgrammingLanguages:Modula3".[Link].Retrieved20100609.
[Link],[Link],Moscowin
September,2005(severalindependentfirsthandaccountsinRussianexist,[Link]:
Filippova,Elena(September22,2005)."NiklausWirth'slectureatthePolytechnicMuseuminMoscow".),that
theSunJavadesignteamlicensedtheOberoncompilersourcesanumberofyearspriortothereleaseofJavaand
examinedit:a(relative)compactness,typesafety,garbagecollection,nomultipleinheritanceforclassesall
thesekeyoveralldesignfeaturesaresharedbyJavaandOberon.
[Link],stating
thatnotabledirectderivativesincludeJavainterfaces(derivedfromObjectiveC'sprotocol)andprimitivewrapper
classes.[3]([Link]
[Link](1999)."HistoryofJava"(PDF).JavaApplicationServersReport."Theprojectwentahead
underthename"green"andthelanguagewasbasedonanoldmodelofUCSDPascal,whichmakesitpossibleto
generateinterpretivecode"
10."AConversationwithJamesGoslingACMQueue".[Link].20040831.Retrieved20100609.
11.Inthesummerof1996,SunwasdesigningtheprecursortowhatisnowtheeventmodeloftheAWTandthe
[Link]
DelphiObjectPascalandbuiltaworkingprototypeofboundmethodreferencesinordertounderstandtheir
[Link]'s"Delegates"(https://
[Link]/web/20120627043929/[Link]
12."Chapelspec(Acknowledgements)"(PDF).CrayInc.20151001.Retrieved20160114.
13."FacebookQ&A:HackbringsstatictypingtoPHPworld".InfoWorld.20140326.Retrieved20150111.
[Link].2014,p.1.
15."Writeonce,runanywhere?".ComputerWeekly.20020502.Retrieved20090727.
16."1.2DesignGoalsoftheJavaProgrammingLanguage".Oracle.19990101.Retrieved20130114.
[Link],Robert(20130801)."IsJavaLosingItsMojo?".[Link]."Javaisonthewane,atleastaccording
[Link]
decade,ithasdominatedtheTIOBEProgrammingCommunityIndex,andisbackontopasnapshotof
softwaredeveloperenthusiasmthatlooksatthingslikeinternetsearchresultstomeasurehowmuchbuzz
[Link],Javahasbeenslipping."
[Link]([Link]
O'Grady,January2015)
19."ProgrammingLanguagePopularity".[Link].20131025.Retrieved20150402."Normalized
Comparison:1stC,2ndJava,3rdPHP"
20."TIOBEProgrammingCommunityIndex".2015.Retrieved20150403.
[Link],Jon(c.1998)."Javatechnology:Theearlyyears".[Link]
fromtheoriginalon20050420.Retrieved20050422.
[Link]"TheHistoryofJavaTechnology".[Link]
20100430.
23."SowhydidtheydecidetocallitJava?([Link]
Murphy,[Link],10/04/96
[Link],HeinzOnceUponanOak([Link]
RetrievedApril29,2007.
25."TheHistoryofJavaTechnology".RetrievedOctober6,2012.

[Link]://[Link]/javaplatformgroup/entry/moving_to_a_plugin_free
[Link]:[Link].p.34.
28."JSGJavaStudyGroup".[Link].
29."WhyJavaWasNotStandardizedTwice"(PDF).
30."WhatisECMAandwhyMicrosoftcares".
31."JavaCommunityProcesswebsite".[Link].20100524.Retrieved20100609.
32."JAVAONE:SunThebulkofJavaisopensourced".[Link].Retrieved20140526.
33."Sun'sEvolvingRoleasJavaEvangelist".O'ReillyMedia.
34."OracleandJava".[Link].Retrieved20100823."Oraclehasbeenaleadingand
substantivesupporterofJavasinceitsemergencein1995andtakesonthenewroleasstewardofJavatechnology
witharelentlesscommitmenttofosteringacommunityofparticipationandtransparency."
35."LearnAboutJavaTechnology".Oracle.Retrieved21November2011.
[Link],James(April9,2010)."Timetomoveon...".OnaNewRoad.Retrieved20111116.
37."IstheJVM(JavaVirtualMachine)platformdependentorplatformindependent?Whatistheadvantageofusing
theJVM,andhavingJavabeatranslatedlanguage?".ProgrammerInterview.Retrieved20150119.
[Link],James(January23,2001)."Sun,MicrosoftsettleJavalawsuit".JavaWorld(InternationalDataGroup).
Retrieved20080709.
[Link],Dejan."WhyJavawillalwaysbeslowerthanC++".Retrieved20080215.
[Link]."LoopRecognitioninC++/Java/Go/Scala"(PDF).Retrieved20120712.
41."Symantec'sJustInTimeJavaCompilerToBeIntegratedintoSunJDK1.1".
42."NullPointerException".Oracle.Retrieved20140506.
43."ExceptionsinJava".[Link].Retrieved20100810.
44."JavaHotSpotVMOptions".[Link].20100907.Retrieved20120630.
[Link]://[Link]/javase/7/docs/technotes/guides/vm/[Link]
46."OperatorOverloading(C#vsJava)".C#[Link].Retrieved10December2014.
47."MultipleInheritanceofState,Implementation,andType".[Link].Retrieved10December
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48."Lesson:ACloserLookatthe"HelloWorld!"Application".TheJavaTutorials>[Link]
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49."Usingapplet,objectandembedTags".[Link].Retrieved20101014.
50."DeployingAppletsinaMixedBrowserEnvironment".[Link].Retrieved20101014.
[Link],Ken."GenericsConsideredHarmful".[Link].Retrieved4July2011.
[Link],Dejan."WhyJavaWillAlwaysBeSlowerthanC++".[Link].Retrieved17October2012.
[Link],SeanR."Javaandunsignedint,unsignedshort,unsignedbyte,unsignedlong,etc.(Orrather,thelack
thereof)".Archivedfromtheoriginalon20041109.Retrieved20110704.
[Link],William."HowJava'sFloatingPointHurtsEveryoneEverywhere"(PDF).ElectricalEngineering&
ComputerScience,UniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley.Retrieved4June2011.
55."HaveyoucheckedtheJava?".
[Link],Joe."GoogleguiltyofinfringementinOracletrialfuturelegalheadachesloom".Law&[Link]
Technica.Retrieved8May2012.
[Link](May31,2012)."GooglewinscrucialAPIruling,Oracle'scasedecimated".[Link]
20120601.
[Link]://[Link]/images/stories/opinionsorders/[Link]
[Link],Seth(May9,2014)."CourtsideswithOracleoverAndroidinJavapatentappeal".[Link]
20140510.
60."ORACLEAMERICA,INC.,PlaintiffAppellant,[Link].,DefendantCrossAppellant."(PDF).
CourtofAppealsfortheFederalCircuit.May9,2014.Retrieved20140510.
61."CollectionsFrameworkOverview".[Link].Retrieved18December2014.
62."JavaSecurityOverview".[Link].Retrieved18December2014.
63."Trail:Internationalization".[Link].Retrieved18December2014.
64."HowtoWriteDocCommentsfortheJavadocTool".[Link]
18December2014.
65."JavaCardOverview".[Link].Retrieved18December2014.

66."JavaPlatform,MicroEdition(JavaME)".[Link].Retrieved18December2014.
67."JavaSE".[Link].Retrieved18December2014.
68."JavaPlatform,EnterpriseEdition(JavaEE)".[Link].Retrieved18December
2014.

References
Gosling,JamesJoy,BillSteele,GuyBracha,GiladBuckley,Alex(2014).TheJavaLanguageSpecification
(PDF)(JavaSE8ed.).
Gosling,JamesJoy,BillSteele,GuyL.,[Link],Gilad(2005).TheJavaLanguageSpecification(3rded.).
AddisonWesley.ISBN0321246780.
Lindholm,TimYellin,Frank(1999).TheJavaVirtualMachineSpecification(2nded.).AddisonWesley.
ISBN0201432943.

Externallinks
Retrievedfrom"[Link]
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