Core Java
1. What is Java?
Java is a high-level, object-oriented, platform-independent programming language. It follows
the principle "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA) using the JVM.
2. Why is Java platform independent?
Java source code is compiled into bytecode, which runs on the Java Virtual Machine
(JVM) available on different operating systems.
3. Difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?
Componen Purpose
t
JVM Executes Java bytecode
JRE JVM + Libraries required to run Java programs
JDK JRE + Development tools (javac, debugger,
etc.)
4. What are the main OOP concepts?
● Encapsulation
● Inheritance
● Polymorphism
● Abstraction
5. What is Encapsulation?
Binding data and methods together and restricting direct access using access modifiers.
class Student {
private int id;
public void setId(int id){
[Link] = id;
}
}
6. Difference between Abstraction and Encapsulation?
Abstraction Encapsulation
Hides implementation Hides data
Achieved by abstract Achieved using access
classes/interfaces modifiers
7. What is Polymorphism?
One interface, multiple forms.
Compile Time
add(int a,int b)
add(double a,double b)
Run Time
Method Overriding.
8. Difference between Method Overloading and Overriding?
Overloading Overriding
Same method name, different Same method
parameters signature
Compile-time polymorphism Runtime polymorphism
Same class Parent-child class
9. What is inheritance?
Acquiring properties of one class into another.
class Animal {}
class Dog extends Animal {}
10. Can Java support multiple inheritance?
Not through classes.
class A {}
class B {}
// class C extends A,B -> Not allowed
But possible using interfaces.
String Questions
11. Difference between String, StringBuilder, StringBuffer?
String StringBuilder StringBuffer
Immutable Mutable Mutable
Slow Fast Thread-safe
12. Why are Strings immutable?
● Security
● Thread safety
● String pool optimization
13. What is String Pool?
Special memory area in heap where string literals are stored.
String s1="Java";
String s2="Java";
Both refer to same object.
14. Difference between == and equals()?
String a="Java";
String b=new String("Java");
== → compares references
equals() → compares content
Exception Handling
15. What is Exception?
An unwanted event disrupting program execution.
16. Difference between Checked and Unchecked Exception?
Checked
● IOException
● SQLException
Unchecked
● ArithmeticException
● NullPointerException
17. Difference between throw and throws?
throw throws
Explicitly throws exception Declares
exception
Inside method Method signature
18. Can we have multiple catch blocks?
Yes.
try{
}
catch(IOException e){
}
catch(Exception e){
}
19. Difference between final, finally, finalize()?
final finally finalize()
Keyword Block Method
Constant Cleanup Garbage
code collection
Collections Framework
20. Difference between Array and ArrayList?
Array ArrayList
Fixed size Dynamic
Faster More flexible
21. Difference between List and Set?
List Set
Allows duplicates No duplicates
Ordered Unordered
22. Difference between HashMap and Hashtable?
HashMap Hashtable
Not synchronized Synchronized
Allows null Doesn't allow null
23. Difference between HashMap and TreeMap?
HashMap TreeMap
No ordering Sorted
O(1) O(log n)
average
24. What is Hashing?
Converting a key into a hash code to locate data quickly.
25. Difference between ArrayList and LinkedList?
ArrayList LinkedList
Dynamic array Doubly linked list
Fast retrieval Fast insertion/deletion
Multithreading
26. What is Thread?
Smallest unit of execution.
27. How to create a thread?
Method 1
class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
[Link]("Running");
}
}
Method 2
class MyTask implements Runnable {
public void run() {
}
}
28. Difference between Thread and Runnable?
Runnable is preferred because Java supports only single inheritance.
29. What is Synchronization?
Ensures only one thread accesses critical resources at a time.
synchronized void display(){
}
30. What is Deadlock?
Two threads waiting for each other forever.
Advanced Java
31. What is JVM Memory Structure?
● Method Area
● Heap
● Stack
● PC Register
● Native Method Stack
32. Difference between Heap and Stack?
Heap Stack
Objects Local variables
stored
Shared Thread-specific
33. What is Garbage Collection?
Automatic memory cleanup of unused objects.
34. What are Wrapper Classes?
Convert primitive data types into objects.
int → Integer
double → Double
char → Character
35. What is Autoboxing?
Automatic conversion:
Integer num = 10;
Primitive int → Integer.
36. What is Interface?
Blueprint with abstract methods.
interface Animal {
void sound();
}
37. Difference between Abstract Class and Interface?
Abstract Class Interface
Can have Cannot
constructors
Partial abstraction Full abstraction
38. What is Functional Interface?
Interface containing exactly one abstract method.
@FunctionalInterface
interface Demo {
void show();
}
Examples:
● Runnable
● Comparator
39. What is Lambda Expression?
Short way of implementing functional interfaces.
(a,b) -> a+b
40. What is Stream API?
Used to process collections efficiently.
[Link]()
.filter(x -> x > 10)
.forEach([Link]::println);
Frequently Asked Coding Interview
Questions
Reverse a String
String str="hello";
String rev="";
for(int i=[Link]()-1;i>=0;i--){
rev+=[Link](i);
}
Check Palindrome
String s="madam";
String rev=new StringBuilder(s)
.reverse()
.toString();
[Link]([Link](rev));
Swap Without Third Variable
a=a+b;
b=a-b;
a=a-b;
Find Largest Element
int max=arr[0];
for(int i=1;i<[Link];i++){
if(arr[i]>max)
max=arr[i];
}
