Module 1: Python Basics – 20 Worked-Out Programs

(Program + Output + Explanation)

1. Hello World Program

Program

print("Hello World")

Output

Hello World

Explanation

The print() function displays the text "Hello World" on the screen.

2. Addition of Two Numbers

Program

a = 10
b = 20

sum = a + b

print("Sum =", sum)

Output

Sum = 30

Explanation

The values 10 and 20 are stored in variables a and b. The + operator adds
them and stores the result in sum.

3. Subtraction of Two Numbers

Program

a = 50
b = 20

result = a - b

print("Difference =", result)

Output

Difference = 30

Explanation

The - operator subtracts the value of b from a.

4. Multiplication of Two Numbers

Program

a = 10
b=5

result = a * b

print("Product =", result)

Output

Product = 50

Explanation

The * operator multiplies two numbers.

5. Division of Two Numbers

Program

a = 20
b=4

result = a / b

print("Division =", result)

Output

Division = 5.0

Explanation

The / operator performs floating-point division.

6. Find Area of Rectangle

Program

length = 10
width = 5

area = length * width

print("Area =", area)

Output

Area = 50

Explanation

Area of a rectangle is calculated using:

Area = Length × Width

7. Swap Two Numbers

Program

a = 10
b = 20

a, b = b, a

print("a =", a)
print("b =", b)

Output

a = 20
b = 10

Explanation

Python allows swapping variables without using a temporary variable.

8. Check Even or Odd Number

Program

num = 8

if num % 2 == 0:
print("Even")
else:
print("Odd")

Output

Even

Explanation

If the remainder after division by 2 is zero, the number is even.

9. Check Positive, Negative or Zero

Program

num = -5

if num > 0:
print("Positive")
elif num < 0:
print("Negative")
else:
print("Zero")

Output

Negative

Explanation

The program uses if-elif-else to determine the sign of the number.

10. Find Largest of Two Numbers

Program

a = 15
b = 25

if a > b:
print(a, "is larger")
else:
print(b, "is larger")

Output

25 is larger

Explanation
The program compares two numbers using the > operator.

11. Find Largest of Three Numbers

Program

a = 10
b = 50
c = 30

largest = max(a, b, c)

print("Largest =", largest)

Output

Largest = 50

Explanation

The max() function returns the largest value among the arguments.

12. Check Voting Eligibility

Program

age = 20

if age >= 18:

print("Eligible for Voting")
else:
print("Not Eligible")

Output

Eligible for Voting

Explanation

A person can vote if age is 18 years or above.

13. Multiplication Table

Program

num = 5
for i in range(1, 11):
print(num, "x", i, "=", num * i)

Output

5 x 1=5
5 x 2 = 10
5 x 3 = 15
5 x 4 = 20
5 x 5 = 25
5 x 6 = 30
5 x 7 = 35
5 x 8 = 40
5 x 9 = 45
5 x 10 = 50

Explanation

The for loop generates multiplication values from 1 to 10.

14. Sum of First N Natural Numbers

Program

n = 10
sum = 0

for i in range(1, n + 1):

sum += i

print("Sum =", sum)

Output

Sum = 55

Explanation

The loop adds numbers from 1 to 10.

15. Factorial of a Number

Program

n=5
fact = 1
for i in range(1, n + 1):
fact *= i

print("Factorial =", fact)

Output

Factorial = 120

Explanation

Factorial of 5:

5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120

16. Fibonacci Series

Program

a=0
b=1

for i in range(10):
print(a, end=" ")
a, b = b, a + b

Output

0 1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34

Explanation

Each term is obtained by adding the previous two terms.

17. Reverse a Number

Program

num = 1234
reverse = 0

while num > 0:

digit = num % 10
reverse = reverse * 10 + digit
num = num // 10

print(reverse)
Output

4321

Explanation

Digits are extracted one by one from the right and added in reverse order.

18. Count Digits in a Number

Program

num = 12345
count = 0

while num > 0:

count += 1
num = num // 10

print("Digits =", count)

Output

Digits = 5

Explanation

Each iteration removes one digit until the number becomes zero.

19. Check Prime Number

Program

num = 17

is_prime = True

for i in range(2, num):

if num % i == 0:
is_prime = False
break

if is_prime:
print("Prime Number")
else:
print("Not Prime")
Output

Prime Number

Explanation

A prime number has only two factors: 1 and itself.

20. Function to Add Two Numbers

Program

def add(a, b):

return a + b

result = add(10, 20)

print("Sum =", result)

Output

Sum = 30

Explanation

The function add() receives two values, adds them, and returns the result.

Important Viva Questions from Module 1

1. What is Python?

2. What is a variable?

3. Difference between int and float.

4. What are operators?

5. Difference between = and ==.

6. What is an if statement?

7. Difference between for loop and while loop.

8. What is a function?

9. What is the purpose of return?

10. What is a prime number?

11. What is factorial?

12. What is the Fibonacci series?

 13. What is scope?

14. What are local and global variables?

15. What is dynamic typing in Python?

Module 2: Collection Data Types – 20 Worked-Out Programs

(Program + Output + Explanation)

Topics Covered:

 Lists

 Tuples

 Sets

 List to Tuple Conversion

 List to Set Conversion

1. Create and Display a List

Program

fruits = ["Apple", "Banana", "Mango"]

print(fruits)

Output

['Apple', 'Banana', 'Mango']

Explanation

A list is created using square brackets []. It stores multiple values in a

single variable.

2. Access List Elements

Program

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]

print("First Element =", numbers[0])

print("Last Element =", numbers[-1])

Output
First Element = 10
Last Element = 40

Explanation

List elements are accessed using indexing. Positive indexing starts from 0
and negative indexing starts from -1.

3. List Slicing

Program

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

print(numbers[1:4])

Output

[20, 30, 40]

Explanation

Slicing extracts a portion of a list from index 1 to index 3.

4. Add Element Using append()

Program

numbers = [10, 20, 30]

[Link](40)

print(numbers)

Output

[10, 20, 30, 40]

Explanation

append() adds an element at the end of the list.

5. Insert Element at Specific Position

Program

numbers = [10, 20, 30]

[Link](1, 15)

print(numbers)

Output

[10, 15, 20, 30]

Explanation

insert(index, value) adds an element at a specified position.

6. Remove Element from List

Program

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]

[Link](20)

print(numbers)

Output

[10, 30, 40]

Explanation

remove() deletes the specified value from the list.

7. Remove Element Using pop()

Program

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]

[Link]()

print(numbers)

Output

[10, 20, 30]

Explanation

pop() removes the last element by default.

8. Sort a List

Program

numbers = [50, 10, 30, 20]

[Link]()

print(numbers)

Output

[10, 20, 30, 50]

Explanation

sort() arranges elements in ascending order.

9. Reverse a List

Program

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]

[Link]()

print(numbers)

Output

[40, 30, 20, 10]

Explanation

reverse() changes the order of elements.

10. Find Maximum and Minimum Element

Program

numbers = [10, 50, 20, 80, 30]

print("Maximum =", max(numbers))

print("Minimum =", min(numbers))

Output

Maximum = 80
Minimum = 10
Explanation

max() returns the largest value and min() returns the smallest value.

11. Find Sum of List Elements

Program

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]

print("Sum =", sum(numbers))

Output

Sum = 100

Explanation

sum() adds all elements in the list.

12. Count Occurrences of an Element

Program

numbers = [1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 4]

print([Link](1))

Output

Explanation

count() returns the number of times an element appears.

13. Create and Access a Tuple

Program

student = ("Raj", 20, "BCA")

print(student)
print(student[0])

Output

('Raj', 20, 'BCA')

Raj
Explanation

A tuple is created using parentheses () and accessed using indexing.

14. Tuple Slicing

Program

t = (10, 20, 30, 40, 50)

print(t[1:4])

Output

(20, 30, 40)

Explanation

Tuple slicing works like list slicing.

15. Tuple Unpacking

Program

student = ("Raj", 20, "BCA")

name, age, course = student

print(name)
print(age)
print(course)

Output

Raj
20
BCA

Explanation

Tuple elements can be assigned directly to variables.

16. Tuple Concatenation

Program

t1 = (1, 2, 3)
t2 = (4, 5, 6)
print(t1 + t2)

Output

(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

Explanation

The + operator joins two tuples.

17. Create a Set

Program

s = {10, 20, 30, 40}

print(s)

Output

{40, 10, 20, 30}

Explanation

Sets are unordered collections of unique elements. Order may vary.

18. Union of Two Sets

Program

A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {3, 4, 5}

print(A | B)

Output

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

Explanation

Union combines all unique elements from both sets.

19. Intersection of Two Sets

Program
A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {2, 3, 4}

print(A & B)

Output

{2, 3}

Explanation

Intersection returns only common elements.

20. List to Tuple and List to Set Conversion

Program

numbers = [10, 20, 20, 30, 30, 40]

t = tuple(numbers)
s = set(numbers)

print("Tuple =", t)
print("Set =", s)

Output

Tuple = (10, 20, 20, 30, 30, 40)

Set = {40, 10, 20, 30}

Explanation

 tuple() converts a list into a tuple.

 set() converts a list into a set and removes duplicates.

Bonus Programs (Frequently Asked in Practical Exams)

Program 21: Difference of Two Sets

A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {3, 4, 5}

print(A - B)

Output

{1, 2}
Program 22: Symmetric Difference

A = {1, 2, 3}
B = {3, 4, 5}

print(A ^ B)

Output

{1, 2, 4, 5}

Program 23: Remove Duplicates from a List

numbers = [1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4]

unique = list(set(numbers))

print(unique)

Output

[1, 2, 3, 4]

Program 24: Find Length of List

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]

print(len(numbers))

Output

Program 25: Search an Element in a List

numbers = [10, 20, 30, 40]

if 30 in numbers:
print("Found")
else:
print("Not Found")

Output

Found
Important Viva Questions from Module 2

1. What is a list?

2. Difference between list and tuple.

3. Why are tuples immutable?

4. What is indexing?

5. What is slicing?

6. Difference between append() and insert().

7. Difference between remove() and pop().

8. What is tuple unpacking?

9. What is a set?

10. Why are sets unordered?

11. What is union?

12. What is intersection?

13. What is difference operation?

14. What is symmetric difference?

15. Why convert a list to a set?

16. How are duplicates removed from a list?

17. What is list concatenation?

18. What is tuple concatenation?

19. Can sets contain duplicate values?

20. What is the purpose of count()?

Module 3: Strings – 20 Worked-Out Programs

(Program + Output + Explanation)

Topics Covered:

 Creating Strings

 String Traversal

 Multiline Strings

 Concatenation
  Escape Sequences

 String Slicing

 String Functions

1. Create and Display a String

Program

name = "Python Programming"

print(name)

Output

Python Programming

Explanation

A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotes.

2. Access Characters Using Indexing

Program

text = "Python"

print("First Character =", text[0])

print("Last Character =", text[-1])

Output

First Character = P
Last Character = n

Explanation

Positive indexing starts from 0, while negative indexing starts from -1.

3. String Slicing

Program

text = "Python"

print(text[1:5])

Output
ytho

Explanation

Slicing extracts characters from index 1 to index 4.

4. Reverse a String Using Slicing

Program

text = "Python"

print(text[::-1])

Output

nohtyP

Explanation

[::-1] reverses the string.

5. Traverse a String Using for Loop

Program

text = "Python"

for ch in text:
print(ch)

Output

P
y
t
h
o
n

Explanation

The loop accesses one character at a time.

6. Count Characters in a String

Program
text = "Python"

print("Length =", len(text))

Output

Length = 6

Explanation

len() returns the total number of characters.

7. Convert String to Uppercase

Program

text = "python"

print([Link]())

Output

PYTHON

Explanation

upper() converts all letters to uppercase.

8. Convert String to Lowercase

Program

text = "PYTHON"

print([Link]())

Output

python

Explanation

lower() converts all letters to lowercase.

9. Capitalize First Character

Program
text = "python programming"

print([Link]())

Output

Python programming

Explanation

capitalize() converts the first character into uppercase.

10. Convert String to Title Case

Program

text = "python programming language"

print([Link]())

Output

Python Programming Language

Explanation

title() capitalizes the first letter of every word.

11. Remove Leading and Trailing Spaces

Program

text = " Python Programming "

print([Link]())

Output

Python Programming

Explanation

strip() removes spaces from both ends.

12. Replace Characters in a String

Program
text = "Hello World"

print([Link]("World", "Python"))

Output

Hello Python

Explanation

replace() substitutes one substring with another.

13. Split a String into Words

Program

text = "Python Java C++"

print([Link]())

Output

['Python', 'Java', 'C++']

Explanation

split() converts a string into a list of words.

14. Join List Elements into a String

Program

languages = ["Python", "Java", "C++"]

print("-".join(languages))

Output

Python-Java-C++

Explanation

join() combines list elements into a single string.

15. Find a Substring

Program
text = "Python Programming"

print([Link]("Program"))

Output

Explanation

find() returns the starting index of the substring.

16. Count Occurrences of a Character

Program

text = "banana"

print([Link]("a"))

Output

Explanation

count() returns the number of occurrences.

17. Check Starting and Ending Characters

Program

text = "Python"

print([Link]("Py"))
print([Link]("on"))

Output

True
True

Explanation

These functions verify whether the string starts or ends with specific
characters.

18. Demonstrate Escape Sequences

Program

print("Hello\nWorld")
print("Python\tProgramming")
print("He said \"Hello\"")

Output

Hello
World
Python Programming
He said "Hello"

Explanation

 \n → New line

 \t → Tab space

 \" → Double quote

19. Multiline String

Program

text = """Python
Programming
Language"""

print(text)

Output

Python
Programming
Language

Explanation

Triple quotes allow strings to span multiple lines.

20. Check Whether a String is a Palindrome

Program

text = "madam"

if text == text[::-1]:
print("Palindrome")
else:
print("Not Palindrome")

Output

Palindrome

Explanation

A palindrome reads the same forward and backward.

Bonus Frequently Asked Practical Programs

21. Count Vowels in a String

Program

text = "Python Programming"

count = 0

for ch in [Link]():
if ch in "aeiou":
count += 1

print("Vowels =", count)

Output

Vowels = 4

22. Count Words in a Sentence

Program

sentence = "Python is easy to learn"

words = [Link]()

print("Words =", len(words))

Output

Words = 5

23. Check Whether String Contains Digits

Program

text = "Python123"

print([Link]())

Output

True

24. Check Alphabetic String

Program

text = "Python"

print([Link]())

Output

True

25. Reverse Each Word in a Sentence

Program

sentence = "Python Programming"

words = [Link]()

for word in words:

print(word[::-1], end=" ")

Output

nohtyP gnimmargorP

Important Viva Questions from Module 3

1. What is a string?

2. Why are strings immutable?

3. Difference between indexing and slicing.

4. What is negative indexing?

5. What is string traversal?

 6. What is a multiline string?

7. What are escape sequences?

8. Difference between upper() and lower().

9. Difference between split() and join().

10. What is the use of strip()?

11. Difference between find() and count().

12. What does replace() do?

13. What is a palindrome string?

14. How do you reverse a string?

15. What is string concatenation?

16. What is string repetition?

17. What is startswith()?

18. What is endswith()?

19. What is the purpose of len()?

20. Why are strings widely used in programming?

Module 4: Modules, Packages and Libraries – 20 Worked-Out

Programs

(Program + Output + Explanation)

Topics Covered:

 Modules

 Packages

 Import Statement

 NumPy

 Pandas

 Matplotlib

PART A: MODULES & IMPORT STATEMENTS

1. Import Math Module

Program

import math

print([Link](25))

Output

5.0

Explanation

The math module contains mathematical functions. sqrt() returns the

square root of a number.

2. Find Value of π

Program

import math

print([Link])

Output

3.141592653589793

Explanation

[Link] stores the value of π.

3. Find Power Using math Module

Program

import math

print([Link](2, 3))

Output

8.0

Explanation

pow(x,y) calculates x raised to the power y.

4. Import Specific Function

Program

from math import sqrt

print(sqrt(81))

Output

9.0

Explanation

Only the sqrt() function is imported from the math module.

5. Use Alias with Import

Program

import math as m

print([Link](5))

Output

120

Explanation

as creates an alias (short name) for the module.

6. Generate Random Number

Program

import random

print([Link](1,10))

Sample Output

Explanation

randint(a,b) generates a random integer between a and b.

Note: Output may vary every time.

7. Display Current Date and Time

Program

import datetime

print([Link]())

Sample Output

2026-06-13 14:30:25.456789

Explanation

now() returns the current date and time.

PART B: NUMPY PROGRAMS

8. Create NumPy Array

Program

import numpy as np

arr = [Link]([10,20,30,40])

print(arr)

Output

[10 20 30 40]

Explanation

[Link]() creates a NumPy array.

9. Create 2D NumPy Array

Program

import numpy as np

arr = [Link]([
[1,2],
[3,4]
])

print(arr)
Output

[[1 2]
[3 4]]

Explanation

A two-dimensional array contains rows and columns.

10. Find Shape of Array

Program

import numpy as np

arr = [Link]([
[1,2],
[3,4]
])

print([Link])

Output

(2, 2)

Explanation

shape returns the number of rows and columns.

11. Find Size of Array

Program

import numpy as np

arr = [Link]([
[1,2],
[3,4]
])

print([Link])

Output

Explanation
size returns the total number of elements.

12. Find Sum and Mean

Program

import numpy as np

arr = [Link]([10,20,30,40])

print("Sum =", [Link]())

print("Mean =", [Link]())

Output

Sum = 100
Mean = 25.0

Explanation

 sum() adds all elements.

 mean() calculates average.

13. Create Array of Zeros

Program

import numpy as np

print([Link](5))

Output

[0. 0. 0. 0. 0.]

Explanation

Creates an array containing zeros.

14. Create Array of Ones

Program

import numpy as np

print([Link](5))
Output

[1. 1. 1. 1. 1.]

Explanation

Creates an array containing ones.

PART C: PANDAS PROGRAMS

15. Create Pandas Series

Program

import pandas as pd

s = [Link]([10,20,30,40])

print(s)

Output

0 10
1 20
2 30
3 40
dtype: int64

Explanation

A Series is a one-dimensional labeled array.

16. Create DataFrame

Program

import pandas as pd

data = {
"Name":["Raj","Amit"],
"Age":[20,21]
}

df = [Link](data)

print(df)
Output

Name Age
0 Raj 20
1 Amit 21

Explanation

A DataFrame is a table consisting of rows and columns.

17. Display First Records Using head()

Program

import pandas as pd

data = {
"Marks":[80,75,90,85,88]
}

df = [Link](data)

print([Link]())

Output

Marks
0 80
1 75
2 90
3 85
4 88

Explanation

head() displays the first rows of a DataFrame.

18. Display Dataset Information

Program

import pandas as pd

data = {
"Name":["Raj","Amit"],
"Age":[20,21]
}
df = [Link](data)

[Link]()

Output

<class '[Link]'>
RangeIndex: 2 entries, 0 to 1
Data columns (total 2 columns):
Name 2 non-null object
Age 2 non-null int64

Explanation

info() provides details about rows, columns, and data types.

PART D: MATPLOTLIB PROGRAMS

19. Draw a Line Graph

Program

import [Link] as plt

x = [1,2,3,4]
y = [2,4,6,8]

[Link](x,y)
[Link]("Line Graph")
[Link]("X Axis")
[Link]("Y Axis")
[Link]()

Output

📈 A line graph is displayed showing points:

(1,2), (2,4), (3,6), (4,8)

Explanation

plot() creates a line graph. It is useful for showing trends.

20. Draw a Bar Chart

Program
import [Link] as plt

students = ["A","B","C"]
marks = [80,90,75]

[Link](students, marks)
[Link]("Student Marks")
[Link]()

Output

📊 A bar chart is displayed with:

 A → 80

 B → 90

 C → 75

Explanation

bar() creates a bar chart used for comparison.

BONUS PRACTICAL PROGRAMS (Very Frequently Asked)

21. Pie Chart

Program

import [Link] as plt

sizes = [40,30,20,10]

[Link](sizes)
[Link]()

Output

🥧 Pie chart displayed.

22. Scatter Plot

Program

import [Link] as plt

x = [1,2,3,4]
y = [2,5,7,10]

[Link](x,y)
[Link]()

Output

🔵 Scatter plot displayed.

23. Read CSV File

Program

import pandas as pd

df = pd.read_csv("[Link]")

print([Link]())

Sample Output

Name Marks
0 Raj 80
1 Amit 75

24. NumPy Array Multiplication

Program

import numpy as np

a = [Link]([1,2,3])

print(a * 2)

Output

[2 4 6]

25. Find Maximum Value in NumPy Array

Program

import numpy as np

arr = [Link]([10,20,50,30])
print([Link]())

Output

50

Important Viva Questions from Module 4

1. What is a module?

2. What is a package?

3. What is a library?

4. Difference between module and package.

5. Difference between package and library.

6. What is an import statement?

7. What is aliasing?

8. What is NumPy?

9. Advantages of NumPy arrays.

10. Difference between list and NumPy array.

11. What is a Series?

12. What is a DataFrame?

13. Difference between Series and DataFrame.

14. What does head() do?

15. What does info() do?

16. What is Matplotlib?

17. Difference between line graph and bar chart.

18. What is a scatter plot?

19. What is a pie chart?

20. Why is data visualization important?