✅ 1. What is Java?
Q1. What is Java and why is it platform independent?
A: Java is a high-level, object-oriented programming language
developed by Sun Microsystems. It’s platform independent because
Java code is compiled into bytecode, which can run on any machine
with a JVM (Java Virtual Machine).
✅ 2. Is Java purely object-oriented?
Q2. Is Java a pure object-oriented language? Justify.
A: No. Java is not purely object-oriented because it supports
primitive data types like int, float, etc., which are not objects.
✅ 3. JDK, JRE, JVM
Q3. What is the difference between JDK, JRE, and JVM?
A:
● JVM (Java Virtual Machine): Runs Java bytecode.
● JRE (Java Runtime Environment): Provides JVM + runtime
libraries.
● JDK (Java Development Kit): JRE + development tools
(compiler, debugger).
✅ 4. Difference between static and object
Q4. What is the difference between static members and object
members?
A: Static members belong to the class and are shared among all
instances; object members belong to each object separately.
✅ 5. Static keyword usage
Q5. Where can we use static keyword in Java?
A:
● Static variables
● Static methods
● Static blocks
● Static nested classes
✅ 6. Arrays and array methods
Q6. How do you declare and initialize an array in Java?
A:
int[] arr = {1, 2, 3, 4};
Q7. Name any two array utility methods from Arrays class.
A: [Link](), [Link]()
✅ 7. String, String literal, String object
Q8. What is the difference between String literal and String
object?
A: String literals are stored in String Constant Pool (SCP), while
String objects created using new keyword are stored in Heap
memory.
✅ 8. String Methods
Q9. Name 3 commonly used String methods.
A: length(), substring(), equals()
✅ 9. SCP vs Heap
Q10. What is the difference between String Constant Pool and
Heap memory?
A: SCP is a special area inside heap where string literals are stored
for reuse; Heap is the general memory area where all objects are
created.
✅ 10. Conditional and Looping Statements
Q11. What are the conditional statements in Java?
A: if, if-else, else-if, switch
Q12. Name 3 looping statements in Java.
A: for, while, do-while
✅ 11. Operators
Q13. What are the types of operators in Java?
A: Arithmetic, relational, logical, assignment, bitwise, ternary,
unary
✅ 12. Methods and Constructors
Q14. What is constructor overloading?
A: Defining multiple constructors with different parameter lists in
the same class.
Q15. What is a copy constructor?
A: A constructor that creates a new object by copying data from
another object.
✅ 13. final vs finally vs finalize
Q16. Differentiate between final, finally, and finalize().
A:
● final: Keyword to make a variable constant or prevent
inheritance/overriding.
● finally: Block executed after try-catch (whether exception
occurs or not).
● finalize(): Method called by Garbage Collector before destroying
object.
✅ 14. OOPs Concepts
Q17. What are the four main OOPs concepts?
A: Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction
✅ 15. Keywords in OOPs
Q18. Which keywords are used to implement inheritance in
Java?
A: extends, super
✅ 16. Hybrid Inheritance
Q19. How do you achieve hybrid inheritance in Java?
A: By combining classes and interfaces, since Java doesn’t support
multiple inheritance with classes.
✅ 17. Tightly vs Loosely Coupled
Q20. What is the difference between tightly coupled and loosely
coupled code?
A: Tightly coupled code is highly dependent on specific
implementations; loosely coupled code uses abstraction/interfaces
allowing flexibility.
✅ 18. Exception Handling
Q21. What is exception handling?
A: Mechanism to handle runtime errors using try-catch-finally
blocks.
Q22. Name two checked and two unchecked exceptions.
A: Checked: IOException, SQLException; Unchecked:
NullPointerException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
✅ 19. Exception vs Error
Q23. What is the difference between Exception and Error in
Java?
A: Exceptions can be handled in code; Errors are serious issues
not meant to be handled (e.g., OutOfMemoryError).
✅ 20. I/O Streams and File Handling
Q24. What is the difference between byte stream and character
stream?
A: Byte stream reads/writes binary data; character stream
reads/writes text data.
Q25. Name two classes for file handling in Java.
A: FileReader, FileWriter
✅ 21. Methods in Encapsulation
Q26. How does encapsulation work in Java?
A: By declaring fields private and providing public getter and setter
methods.
✅ 22. Multithreading
Q27. What are two ways to create a thread in Java?
A: By extending Thread class or implementing Runnable interface.
Q28. What is synchronization?
A: Prevents multiple threads from accessing shared resources
simultaneously.
✅ 23. Multithreading vs Multitasking vs Multiprocessing
Q29. Differentiate between multithreading, multitasking, and
multiprocessing.
A:
● Multithreading: multiple threads in a process.
● Multitasking: running multiple processes.
● Multiprocessing: multiple CPUs handling tasks.
✅ 24. StringBuilder vs StringBuffer vs String
Q30. Difference between String, StringBuffer, and
StringBuilder?
A:
● String: immutable
● StringBuffer: mutable, synchronized
● StringBuilder: mutable, not synchronized
✅ 25. JDBC Connectivity
Q31. What is JDBC?
A: Java Database Connectivity – API to connect Java with
databases.
✅ 26. Interfaces in JDBC
Q32. Name four interfaces in JDBC.
A: Connection, Statement, ResultSet, PreparedStatement
✅ 27. Steps for JDBC Connectivity
Q33. What are the 5 steps for JDBC connection?
A:
1. Load driver
2. Establish connection
3. Create statement
4. Execute query
5. Close connection
Q34. What is method overloading and overriding?
A: Overloading: same method name, different parameters;
Overriding: subclass redefines superclass method.
Q35. What is abstraction?
A: Hiding implementation details, exposing only functionality.
Q36. Can an interface have constructors?
A: No, interfaces cannot have constructors.
Q37. Can an abstract class have constructors?
A: Yes, abstract classes can have constructors.
Q38. Can we instantiate an abstract class?
A: No.
Q39. What is a marker interface?
A: An interface with no methods, used to mark a class (e.g.,
Serializable).
Q40. What is polymorphism?
A: Ability of an object to take many forms (method
overloading/overriding).
Q41. What is the purpose of this keyword?
A: Refers to the current object.
Q42. Can we override static methods?
A: No, static methods cannot be overridden (they can be hidden).
Q43. What is the default value of object reference in Java?
A: null
Q44. What is garbage collection?
A: Automatic memory management that deallocates unreachable
objects.
Q45. What is a transient variable?
A: A variable not serialized during object serialization.
Q46. What is the difference between == and .equals()?
A: == checks reference equality; .equals() checks object content
equality.
Q47. Can a class be both final and abstract?
A: No.
Q48. What is method hiding?
A: When a static method in subclass hides static method in
superclass.
Q49. Can constructor be static?
A: No.
Q50. What is the use of instanceof operator?
A: To check if an object is an instance of a specific class or
subclass.
✅ 1. Collections (Java Collections Framework)
Q51. What is Java Collections Framework?
A: It’s a set of classes and interfaces that implement commonly
reusable data structures like List, Set, Map, and Queue.
Q52. What is the difference between List and Set?
A:
● List: Allows duplicates, maintains insertion order (e.g.,
ArrayList, LinkedList).
● Set: Doesn’t allow duplicates, no guaranteed order (e.g.,
HashSet, LinkedHashSet).
Q53. What is the difference between HashMap and HashTable?
A:
● HashMap: Not synchronized, allows one null key.
● HashTable: Synchronized, doesn’t allow null keys.
Q54. What is the difference between Iterator and ListIterator?
A:
● Iterator: One-directional traversal.
● ListIterator: Bi-directional traversal (forward and
backward).
Q55. What is the difference between ArrayList and LinkedList?
A:
● ArrayList: Better for random access, slower for insert/delete.
● LinkedList: Better for frequent insert/delete operations.
✅ 2. Wrapper Classes and Utility Methods
Q56. What are wrapper classes in Java?
A: Wrapper classes provide object representations of primitive
types (e.g., Integer, Double, Character).
Q57. Why do we need wrapper classes?
A: To use primitive types as objects (e.g., in collections like
ArrayList) since collections work with objects, not primitives.
Q58. How do you convert a String to an int in Java?
A: Using [Link](String) method:
int num = [Link]("123");
Q59. What is autoboxing and unboxing in Java?
A:
● Autoboxing: Automatic conversion from primitive to wrapper
(e.g., int → Integer).
● Unboxing: Automatic conversion from wrapper to primitive
(e.g., Integer → int).
Q60. Name two utility methods from Integer and Double
wrapper classes.
A:
● [Link](), [Link]()
● [Link](), [Link]()
