JAVA HISTORY
Java is a totally computer based programming language developed by SUN MICROSYSTEM
Creator - James Gosling
In the year of 1991 James Gosling & his friend Start a project (TEAM NAME- GREEN TEAM )
James Gosling --- greentalk (first name of java)
Extension --- .gt
Changed - greentalk oak (new name )
OAK
OAK technology (this name has been
National tree
registered already by an Company
(USA, France etc…
OAK JAVA (1995)
WHAT IS JAVA?
Imagine you want to give instructions to a computer. Computers only understand binary (0s and 1s), but writing in
binary is impossible for humans. So we use programming languages like Java. Java acts as a bridge between human
thinking and machine execution
Why Java?
Platform independence – “Write Once, Run Anywhere”.
Strong object-orientation.
Large ecosystem and community.
Used in enterprise backends, Android development, and big data.
JDK, JRE A N D JVM
JDK – Jdk stands for java development kit, it internally contains JRE & JVM Where JRE stands for Java Runtime
Environment AND JVM stands for Java virtual machine. JDK provides all the tools to work with java language .
JRE - JRE Stands for Java runtime environment , its provide an environment to execute the java program. It its
internally contains JVM which is responsible to execute a Java program.
JVM – JVM stands for Java virtual machine, it is the software in the form of interpreter Written in ‘C’ language
through which we can execute our java programs.
F I R S T JAVA P R O G R A M
public class HelloWorld {
public static void main(String[] args)
public static void main(String[] args) {
[Link]("Hello, World!"); This is the starting point of the program
public
} JVM must access it
If not public → program won’t run
}
The main method must be public so the JVM can call
public class HelloWorld – it.“
class → Every Java program is written inside a class
HelloWord → Name of the class (must match file name) static – allows the JVM to call it without creating an
object of the class.
Why public? void – it doesn’t return any value.
public means accessible from anywhere
JVM needs to access this class to run the program. String[] args – a parameter that can receive
command-line arguments (as an array of strings).
In Java, everything is inside a class, and public allows the
JVM to access it.
• [Link]() - Used to print output on the screen
System - System is a predefined class in Java.“
Out - out is used to send output to the screen."
• Println - Print + move to next line The main Method – Entry Point
Difference: • Purpose: The starting point of any Java application. When you run
the program, the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) calls the main method
• print() → stays on same line first.
• println() → moves to next line
• "println prints the text and moves to the next line."
Compile: javac [Link]
Run: java HelloWorld
•
Basic Syntax
Definition:
• Variables are containers for storing data values. In Java, every variable has a data type that defines the type of
data it can hold.
• Syntax:
• dataType variableName = value;
Int a = 20; a= 20 , b=30
a and b are the variable which holds the value of 20 and 30
Ex- 2*(a+b)
In Java, a literal is a fixed, constant value that is directly written in the code and assigned to a variable.
2 is a literals . a and b is a variable (change the value )
IDENTIFIRES
A name in java program are consider as Identifier can be a Class name, method name or Variable name
Rules for defining Java Identifires
Allowed Characters
Can contain:
Letters (A–Z, a–z)
Digits (0–9)
Underscore (_)
Dollar sign ($)
Cannot contain spaces or special characters like @, #, %, etc.
If we use any other character then compile time error
Ex- 1. total_number
2. total#
3. 123total
4. Int
RESERVED WORDS
• In Java, reserved words are predefined identifiers that have a special meaning in the language syntax.
They cannot be used as variable names, method names, class names, or any other identifiers.
In java 53 Reserved words
Used Keywords - if ,else , switch… etc.
In java unused Keywords
1. Goto
2. Const
C• onst – is basically defined for constant value but in java FINAL Keywords is already there so, we can’t use
const .
Goto - Created Several problems in more languages .
NOTE - All 53 reserved words contains only lower case alphabets Symbols .
KEYWORDS FOR DATATYPE - 8 keywords for data types (byte, short, int, long, float, double, Boolean and
char.)
KEYWORDS FOR FLOW CONTROL – 11 keywords for flow control (if, else, switch, case, default, while, do,
for, break, continue and return).
•
KEYWORDS FOR MODIFIERS – keywords for modifiers
( public , private , protected, static, final, abstract, synchronized, native, strictfp, volatile. )
KEYWORDS FOR EXCEPTION HANDLING - 6 keywords for exception handling
(try, catch, finally, throw, throws, assert).
CLASS RELATED KEYWORDS – Class, Interface, extends , Implements, Package, import.
RETURN TYPE KEYWORDS - VOID
NOTE - In java return type is mandatory . If a method wasn’t return anything then we have to declare
the method with void return type .
But in c language return type is optional . And the default return type is int .
DATA TYPES
In Java, data types define the kind of data a variable can hold and how much memory it will use.
They are broadly classified into Primitive and Non-Primitive types.
1. Primitive Data Types - These are the most basic data types built into Java. They store simple values directly in
memory.
Operators
Definition:
Operators are symbols that perform operations on variables and values. Java supports various operators like
arithmetic, relational, logical, and assignment operators.
Relational Operators:
Syntax:
boolean isEqual = a == b;
Arithmetic Operators: boolean isNotEqual = a != b;
boolean isGreater = a > b;
int sum = a + b; boolean isLess = a < b;
int difference = a - b; boolean isGreaterOrEqual = a >= b;
int product = a * b; boolean isLessOrEqual = a <= b;
int quotient = a / b;
Assignment Operators:
int remainder = a % b;
int a = 5;
Logical Operators: a += 3; // equivalent to a = a + 3;
a -= 2; // equivalent to a = a - 2;
boolean and = (a > b) && (a < c);
a *= 4; // equivalent to a = a * 4;
boolean or = (a > b) || (a < c);
a /= 2; // equivalent to a = a / 2;
boolean not = !(a > b);
a %= 3; // equivalent to a = a % 3;
SCANNER IN JAVA
In Java, the Scanner class is a utility class in the [Link] package that is used to read input from various
sources such as:
• Keyboard ([Link])
• Files
• Strings
• nextLine(), nextInt(), and nextDouble() for reading different types of input.
nextLine() – Reads an entire line including spaces.
• next() – Reads a single word (stops at whitespace).
• nextInt(), nextDouble(), nextFloat(), nextLong() – Read numeric values.
• nextBoolean() – Reads a boolean value.
Practical Examples and Problems on
Java Basics
Problem 1: Sum of Two Numbers Problem 2: Even or Odd
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class EvenOdd {
public class sum_of_two_number {
public static void main(String[] args) {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]); [Link]("Enter an integer: "); int
[Link]("Enter first number: "); num = [Link]();
int a = [Link](); if (num % 2 == 0) {
[Link]("Enter second number: "); [Link](num + " is even.");
int b = [Link](); } else {
int sum = a + b; [Link](num + " is odd.");
[Link]("Sum = " + sum); }
[Link](); [Link]();
} }
} }
Check Voting Eligibility
Largest of Two Numbers
import [Link];
import [Link];
public class VotingEligibility {
public static void main(String[] args) {
public class LargestOfTwo {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]);
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]); [Link]("Enter your age: ");
[Link]("Enter first number: "); int age = [Link]();
int a = [Link](); if (age >= 18) {
[Link]("Enter second number: "); [Link]("You are eligible to vote.");
int b = [Link](); } else {
int max = (a > b) ? a : b; [Link]("You are not eligible to vote.");
[Link]("Largest = " + max); }
[Link](); [Link]();
} }
} }
Control Flow
Control flow determines the order in which statements are executed.
Three types of control flow:
Sequential – default, statements executed line by line.
Selection – choose between different paths (if, switch).
Iteration – repeat a block of code (for, while, do-while).
Without control flow, programs would be linear and unable to make decisions or
repeat tasks.
if Statement
int age = 20;
if (age >= 18) {
[Link]("You are eligible to vote.");
}
if-else Statement
Definition: The if-else statement is used to
execute different blocks of code based on
whether a specific condition is true or false.
int marks = 65;
if (marks >= 40) {
[Link]("Pas
s");
} else {
[Link]("Fail");
}
else-if Ladder (Multiple Conditions)
if (condition1) { int score = 85;
// block 1 if (score >= 90) {
[Link]("Grade A");
} else if (condition2) {
} else if (score >= 80) {
// block 2 [Link]("Grade B");
} else if (condition3) {
} else if (score >= 70) {
[Link]("Grade C");
// block 3
} else if (score >= 60) {
} else { [Link]("Grade D");
// default block } else {
} [Link]("Grade F");
}
• Problem : Largest of Three Numbers
• import [Link];
int largest;
• public class LargestOfThree { if (a >= b && a >= c) {
largest = a;
• public static void main(String[] args) {
} else if (b >= a && b >= c) {
• Scanner sc = new Scanner([Link]); largest = b;
} else {
• [Link]("Enter three numbers: ");
largest = c;
• int a = [Link](); }
• int b = [Link]();
[Link]("The largest number is " + largest + ".");
• int c = [Link](); [Link]();
• }
}
Why Loops?
Loops allow us to execute a block of code multiple times without writing it again.
They are essential for:
Processing arrays and collections
Repeating tasks until a condition changes.
Common loop types in Java:
for – when number of iterations is known
while – when condition is checked before the loop
do-while – when the body must execute at least once
for Loop
Definition: The for loop is used for iterating over a
range of values or elements, executing a block of
code multiple times.
The for Loop – Syntax & Flow
for (initialization; condition; update) {
// body
}
Example – print numbers 1 to 5:
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
[Link](i);
}
Using a variable for condition (e.g., array length):
int[] arr = {10, 20, 30};
for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {
[Link](arr[i]);
}
while Loop
Definition: The while loop repeatedly
executes a block of code as long as a
specified condition remains true.
print numbers 1 to 5:
int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) {
[Link](i);
i++;
}
DO-WHILE LOOP
Definition: The do-while loop is similar to the
while loop but guarantees that the code block
is executed at least once before the condition is
checked.
Syntax:
do {
// body
} while (condition);
Body is executed at least once, then condition
is checked.
switch Case
Definition: The switch statement allows a
variable to be tested against multiple values
(cases) and executes the block of code
corresponding to the matching value.
Break and Continue Keywords
Break: The break statement is used to exit
a loop or a switch statement immediately.
Continue: The continue statement skips the
current iteration of a loop and continues
with the next iteration.
Syntax: Example – days of week:
switch (expression) { int day = 3;
case value1: switch (day) {
// code case 1:
break; [Link]("Monday");
case value2: break;
// code case 2:
break; [Link]("Tuesday");
default: break;
// code (optional) case 3:
} [Link]("Wednesday");
break;
expression can default:
be byte, short, int, char, String, [Link]("Other day");
}
Practical Examples
and Problems on
Conditional Loops
Problem:
Write a program that takes an integer n from the user and prints the sum of all natural
numbers from 1 to n using a for loop.
Write a program that prints all numbers from 1 to 10, each on a new line, using
a for loop.
Problem:
Take an integer input (1–7) representing the day of the week (1 = Monday, 2 = Tuesday,
…, 7 = Sunday). Use a switch statement to print the full name of the day. If the number
is outside 1–7, print "Invalid day".
Problem:
Write a program that prints numbers from 1 to 10, but skips the number 5 using
the continue statement.
Hint:
Use a for loop. Inside the loop, if the number is 5, use continue; to jump to the next
iteration without printing.
