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JavaScript 2

The document explains JavaScript callback functions, which are functions passed as arguments to other functions, and distinguishes between synchronous and asynchronous functions. It discusses the concept of 'callback hell' caused by nested callbacks and introduces Promises as a structured way to handle asynchronous operations, detailing their states and how to create and handle them. Additionally, it covers the Fetch API, a modern method for making HTTP requests that simplifies asynchronous operations using Promises.

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6 views8 pages

JavaScript 2

The document explains JavaScript callback functions, which are functions passed as arguments to other functions, and distinguishes between synchronous and asynchronous functions. It discusses the concept of 'callback hell' caused by nested callbacks and introduces Promises as a structured way to handle asynchronous operations, detailing their states and how to create and handle them. Additionally, it covers the Fetch API, a modern method for making HTTP requests that simplifies asynchronous operations using Promises.

Uploaded by

YS
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

JavaScript

JavaScript callback functions


▪ A callback function can be defined as any function passed into
another function as an argument, and then invoked within that
function to complete a task. This can be done with both named
and anonymous functions.
synchronous and asynchronous functions
▪ Synchronous Functions : A synchronous function executes
sequentially, line-by-line. Each statement waits for the previous
one to complete before executing. This means that synchronous
functions are blocking: a slow operation (like a network request or
a large calculation) can block the rest of the code from executing
until it completes.

▪ Asynchronous Functions : An asynchronous function allows


JavaScript to start an operation and move on to the next task
without waiting for it to complete. This is non-blocking behavior,
meaning the code can continue executing without waiting for the
asynchronous task to [Link] functions are often
used for tasks like network requests, file reading, or time-based
delays.
JavaScript callback Hell
▪ When many callbacks are nested within each other, it can lead to
"callback hell," which makes the code difficult to read and
maintain.
JavaScript Promise
▪ In JavaScript, Promises are a powerful way to handle asynchronous
operations, such as fetching data from a server, reading files, or
waiting for user input. Promises allow you to work with asynchronous
code in a more structured, readable way, and they help avoid deeply
nested callbacks, known as "callback hell.“

▪ What is a Promise?
▪ A Promise is an object that represents the eventual completion (or
failure) of an asynchronous operation and its resulting value. A
Promise can be in one of three states:
▪ Pending: The initial state; the operation is still ongoing.
▪ Fulfilled: The operation completed successfully, and the Promise has a
resolved value.
▪ Rejected: The operation failed, and the Promise has a reason for the
failure.
JavaScript Promise
▪ Creating a Promise
▪ To create a Promise, use the Promise constructor and pass in a
function (known as the executor) with two parameters: resolve and
reject. The resolve function is called if the operation is successful, and
the reject function is called if it fails.
JavaScript Promise
▪ Handling Promises with .then() and .catch() :
▪ Program can handle the outcome of a Promise using the .then() and .catch()
methods:
▪ .then() is used to handle a fulfilled (resolved) Promise.
▪ .catch() is used to handle a rejected Promise.
Fetch API
▪ The Fetch API is a modern interface for making HTTP requests in JavaScript,
allowing you to easily retrieve data from a server or send data to one. It's built
on top of Promises, so it provides a simpler, cleaner way to handle
asynchronous operations compared to older methods like XMLHttpRequest.
▪ The fetch() function returns a Promise that resolves to the response of the
request.

▪ url: The endpoint you’re fetching from.


▪ options (optional): An object that can include method, headers, body, and
other configuration options.

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