Complete Python Notes
Python is one of the most popular programming languages in the world. It is easy to learn, beginner-friendly, and
powerful enough for professional software development, AI, machine learning, automation, web applications, and data
science.
1. Introduction to Python
Python was created by Guido van Rossum and released in 1991. Python is interpreted, high-level, and
object-oriented. Features: Simple syntax Cross-platform Huge library support Open-source Supports multiple
programming paradigms
2. Variables and Data Types
Variables are used to store values. Common data types: int float str bool list tuple set dict
x = 10
name = "Gaurav"
price = 99.99
is_active = True
3. Input and Output
Python uses input() for taking user input and print() for displaying output.
name = input("Enter your name: ")
print("Welcome", name)
4. Operators
Types of operators: Arithmetic Operators Comparison Operators Logical Operators Assignment Operators Bitwise
Operators
a = 10
b = 5
print(a + b)
print(a > b)
print(a and b)
5. Conditional Statements
Conditional statements help execute different blocks based on conditions.
x = 5
if x > 0:
print("Positive")
elif x == 0:
print("Zero")
else:
print("Negative")
6. Loops
Loops help repeat code multiple times. Python supports: for loop while loop
for i in range(5):
print(i)
count = 0
while count < 5:
print(count)
count += 1
7. Functions
Functions are reusable blocks of code.
def greet(name):
return "Hello " + name
print(greet("Gaurav"))
8. Lists
Lists are ordered and mutable collections. Common list methods: append() insert() remove() sort()
nums = [1, 2, 3]
[Link](4)
print(nums)
9. Tuples
Tuples are ordered but immutable collections.
t = (1, 2, 3)
print(t[0])
10. Sets
Sets store unique values only.
s = {1, 2, 3, 3}
print(s)
11. Dictionaries
Dictionaries store data in key-value pairs.
student = {
"name": "Gaurav",
"age": 21
}
print(student["name"])
12. String Handling
Strings support many useful methods. upper() lower() replace() split()
text = "python"
print([Link]())
13. Object Oriented Programming
OOP concepts: Class Object Inheritance Polymorphism Encapsulation
class Person:
def __init__(self, name):
[Link] = name
p1 = Person("Gaurav")
print([Link])
14. Exception Handling
Exception handling prevents program crashes.
try:
x = 10 / 0
except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Cannot divide by zero")
15. File Handling
File modes: r - read w - write a - append
file = open("[Link]", "r")
print([Link]())
[Link]()
16. Modules and Packages
Modules help organize reusable code.
import math
print([Link](25))
17. Lambda Functions
Lambda functions are anonymous functions.
square = lambda x: x * x
print(square(5))
18. List Comprehension
List comprehensions provide compact syntax.
nums = [x*x for x in range(5)]
print(nums)
19. Python Libraries
Popular libraries: NumPy Pandas Matplotlib TensorFlow Flask Django
20. Mini Project Ideas
Calculator To-Do App Weather App Quiz Game Library Management System
Python Cheat Sheet
Concept Example
Variable x = 10
List [1, 2, 3]
Dictionary {"name":"Gaurav"}
Function def hello()
Loop for i in range(5)
Practice is the key to mastering Python. Build projects regularly and solve coding problems daily.
