1.
Data Types and Variables
Data Types
A data type specifies the type of data a variable can store. Java is a statically typed
language, meaning variables must be declared with a data type before use.
Variables
A variable is a named memory location used to store data during program execution.
Syntax:
dataType variableName = value;
Example:
int age = 20;double salary = 45000.50;char grade = 'A';
2. Primitive Data Types
Primitive data types are basic built-in types that store single values. Java has 8
primitive data types.
Data
Size Description Example
Type
byte 1 byte Small integer byte b = 10;
short 2 bytes Short integer short s = 200;
int 4 bytes Integer int x = 1000;
long 8 bytes Large integer long l = 900000L;
Decimal (single
float 4 bytes float f = 5.5f;
precision)
Decimal (double
double 8 bytes double d = 10.75;
precision)
char 2 bytes Single character char c = 'A';
Data
Size Description Example
Type
boolean 1 bit True/False boolean flag = true;
Example Program:
int number = 10;float price = 99.99f;char letter = 'J';boolean
isJavaFun = true;
3. Non-Primitive Data Type: String
A String is a non-primitive (reference) data type used to store a sequence of
characters.
In Java, String is a class, not a primitive type.
Characteristics of String
Immutable (cannot be changed once created)
Stored as an object
Supports many built-in methods
Declaration:
String name = "Java Programming";
Example:
String city = "Delhi";
[Link](city);
[Link]([Link]());
4. Implicit Type Casting (Widening)
Implicit type casting occurs when:
Smaller data type is converted into a larger data type
Done automatically by Java
No data loss
Order:
byte → short → int → long → float → double
Example:
int a = 100;double b = a; // implicit casting
[Link](b);
Another Example:
float f = 10.5f;double d = f;
5. Explicit Type Casting (Narrowing)
Explicit type casting occurs when:
Larger data type is converted into a smaller data type
Must be done manually
May cause data loss
Syntax:
(targetType) value;
Example:
double x = 100.75;int y = (int) x;
[Link](y); // Output: 100
Another Example:
int a = 130;byte b = (byte) a;
[Link](b); // Output: -126 (data loss)
Difference: Implicit vs Explicit Type Casting
Implicit
Explicit Casting
Casting
Automatic Manual
No data loss Possible data loss
Smaller →
Larger → Smaller
Larger
Safe Risky
1. Arithmetic Operators
Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical operations.
Operat
Meaning
or
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
Modulus
%
(remainder)
Example:
int a = 10, b = 3;
[Link](a + b); // 13
[Link](a - b); // 7
[Link](a * b); // 30
[Link](a / b); // 3
[Link](a % b); // 1
2. Unary Operators
Unary operators operate on a single operand.
Operat
Meaning
or
+ Unary plus
Unary
-
minus
++ Increment
-- Decrement
Logical
!
NOT
Example:
int x = 5;
[Link](++x); // 6
[Link](--x); // 5
boolean flag = true;
[Link](!flag); // false
3. Bitwise Logic Operators
Bitwise operators work on binary bits of integers.
Operat
Meaning
or
Bitwise
&
AND
Bitwise
^
XOR
Bitwise
~
NOT
Example:
int a = 5; // 0101
int b = 3; // 0011
[Link](a & b); // 1
[Link](a | b); // 7
[Link](a ^ b); // 6
4. Bitwise Shift Operators
Shift operators shift bits left or right.
Operat
Meaning
or
<< Left shift
>> Right shift
>>> Unsigned right shift
Example:
int x = 8; // 1000
[Link](x << 1); // 16
[Link](x >> 1); // 4
5. Comparison (Relational) Operators
Used to compare two values and return a boolean result.
Operat
Meaning
or
== Equal to
!= Not equal
> Greater than
< Less than
Greater than or
>=
equal
<= Less than or equal
Example:
int a = 10, b = 20;
[Link](a > b); // false
[Link](a == b); // false
[Link](a != b); // true
6. Logical Operators
Logical operators operate on boolean values.
Operat
Meaning
or
Logical
&&
AND
Logical
!
NOT
Example:
int age = 25;boolean hasID = true;
[Link](age > 18 && hasID); // true
7. Assignment Operators
Used to assign values to variables.
Operat Examp
or le
= a = 10
+= a += 5
-= a -= 5
*= a *= 2
/= a /= 2
%= a %= 2
Example:
int a = 10;
a += 5;
[Link](a); // 15
8. Ternary (Conditional) Operator
The ternary operator is a short form of if-else.
Syntax:
condition ? value1 : value2;
Example:
int a = 10, b = 20;int max = (a > b) ? a : b;
[Link](max); // 20
9. Operator Precedence
Operator precedence determines the order of execution.
Precedence Order (High → Low)
1. Unary (++, --, !)
2. Arithmetic (*, /, %)
3. Arithmetic (+, -)
4. Shift (<<, >>)
5. Relational (<, >, <=, >=)
6. Equality (==, !=)
7. Logical AND (&&)
8. Logical OR (||)
9. Assignment (=, +=, etc.)
10. Ternary (?:)
Example:
int result = 10 + 5 * 2;
[Link](result); // 20
Conditional Statements & Methods
1. Conditional Flow Control
Conditional statements are used to execute different blocks of code based on a given
condition.
1.1 If Statement
The if statement executes a block of code when the condition is true.
Syntax:
if (condition) {
// statements
Example:
int age = 20;
if (age >= 18) {
[Link]("Eligible to vote");
Output:
Eligible to vote
1.2 Nested If Statement
A nested if statement is an if statement inside another if statement.
Syntax:
if (condition1) {
if (condition2) {
// statements
Example:
int marks = 85;
if (marks >= 35) {
if (marks >= 75) {
[Link]("Distinction");
Output:
Distinction
1.3 Switch Case Statement
The switch statement selects one execution path from multiple options.
Syntax:
switch(expression) {
case value1:
statements;
break;
case value2:
statements;
break;
default:
statements;
Example:
int day = 2;
switch (day) {
case 1:
[Link]("Monday");
break;
case 2:
[Link]("Tuesday");
break;
default:
[Link]("Invalid day");
Output:
Tuesday
2. Loops
Loops are used to execute a block of code repeatedly until a condition is met.
2.1 For Loop
The for loop is used when the number of iterations is known.
Syntax:
for (initialization; condition; increment/decrement) {
// statements
Example:
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
[Link](i);
Output:
2.2 While Loop
The while loop executes as long as the condition is true.
Syntax:
while (condition) {
// statements
Example:
int i = 1;
while (i <= 5) {
[Link](i);
i++;
Output:
2.3 Do-While Loop
The do-while loop executes at least once even if the condition is false.
Syntax:
do {
// statements
} while (condition);
Example:
int i = 1;
do {
[Link](i);
i++;
} while (i <= 5);
Output:
2.4 Infinite Loop
An infinite loop runs forever unless stopped manually.
Example:
while (true) {
[Link]("Infinite Loop");
Output:
Infinite Loop
Infinite Loop
Infinite Loop
...
2.5 Break and Continue Statements
break terminates the loop.
continue skips the current iteration.
Example:
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
if (i == 3)
break;
[Link](i);
Output:
Continue Example:
for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
if (i == 3)
continue;
[Link](i);
Output:
2.6 Nested Loop
A loop inside another loop is called a nested loop.
Example:
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {
[Link](i + " " + j);
Output:
11
12
13
21
22
23
31
32
33
2.7 Labeled Loop
Labels are used to control nested loops.
Example:
outer:for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 3; j++) {
if (i == 2)
break outer;
[Link](i + " " + j);
Output:
11
12
13
3. Arrays and Methods
3.1 Array
An array is a collection of elements of the same data type.
Syntax:
dataType[] arrayName = new dataType[size];
Example:
int[] numbers = {10, 20, 30, 40};
for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {
[Link](numbers[i]);
Output:
10
20
30
40
4. Methods
A method is a block of code that performs a specific task.
4.1 Creating a Method
Syntax:
returnType methodName(parameters) {
// statements
Example:
static void display() {
[Link]("Hello Java");
4.2 Calling a Method
Example:
display();
Output:
Hello Java
4.3 Method Overloading
Method overloading allows multiple methods with the same name but different
parameters.
Example:
static int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}
static int add(int a, int b, int c) {
return a + b + c;
[Link](add(10, 20));
[Link](add(10, 20, 30));
Output:
30
4.4 Recursive Methods
A recursive method is a method that calls itself.
Example:
static int factorial(int n) {
if (n == 1)
return 1;
else
return n * factorial(n - 1);
Output:
120
