Python Programming

MODULE - I
Agenda:

 Python Basics,
 Getting started,
 Python Objects,
 Numbers,
 Sequences:
 Strings,
 Lists,
 Tuples,
 Set and Dictionary.
 Conditionals and Loop Structures

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 1

Python Basics
 Python is a general purpose, dynamic, high-level, and interpreted programming
language. It supports Object Oriented programming approach to develop
applications. It is simple and easy to learn and provides lots of high-level data
structures.
 Python was invented by Guido van Rossum in 1991 at CWI in Netherland.
 The idea of Python programming language has taken from the ABC programming
language or we can say that ABC is a predecessor of Python language.
 There is also a fact behind the choosing name Python. Guido van Rossum was a fan
of the popular BBC comedy show of that time, "Monty Python's Flying Circus". So
he decided to pick the name Python for his newly created programming language.
 Python has the vast community across the world and releases its version within the
short period.
 Python is easy to learn yet powerful and versatile scripting language, which makes it
attractive for Application Development.
 Python's syntax and dynamic typing with its interpreted nature make it an ideal
`language for scripting and rapid application development.
 Python supports multiple programming pattern, including object-oriented, imperative,
and functional or procedural programming styles.
 Python is not intended to work in a particular area, such as web programming. That
is why it is known as multipurpose programming language because it can be used with
web, enterprise, 3D CAD, etc.
 We don't need to use data types to declare variable because it is dynamically typed so
we can write a=10 to assign an integer value in an integer variable.
 Python makes the development and debugging fast because there is no compilation
step included in Python development, and edit-test-debug cycle is very fast.
Features of Python:
Python provides many useful features to the programmer. These features make it most
popular and widely used language. We have listed below few-essential feature of Python.
 Easy to use and Learn
 Open Source Language
 Platform Independent:

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 2

  Portability
 Dynamically Typed
 Procedure Oriented and Object Oriented
 Interpreted
 Extensible
 Embeddable
 Extensive Library

Easy to use and learn:

Python is a simple programming language. When we read Python program, we can feel like
Reading English statements. The syntaxes are very simple and only 30+ keywords are
available. When compared with other languages, we can write programs with very less
number of lines. Hence more readability and simplicity.

Open Source Language:

We can use Python software without any licence and it is [Link] source code is
open,so that we can we can customize based on our requirement.
Eg: Jython is customized version of Python to work with Java Applications.

Platform Independent:
Once we write a Python program, it can run on any platform without rewriting once again.
Internally PVM is responsible to convert into machine understandable form.

Portability:
Python programs are portable. ie we can migrate from one platform to another platform
very easily. Python programs will provide same results on any paltform.

Dynamically Typed:
In Python we are not required to declare type for variables. Whenever we are assigning the
value, based on value, type will be allocated [Link] Python is considered as
dynamically typed [Link] Java, C etc are Statically Typed Languages because we
have to provide type at the beginning only.

Procedure Oriented and Object Oriented:

Python language supports both Procedure oriented (like C, pascal etc) and object oriented
(like C++,Java) features. Hence we can get benefits of both like security and reusability etc

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 3

Interpreted:
We are not required to compile Python programs explcitly. Internally Python interpreter
will take care that compilation. If compilation fails interpreter raised syntax errors. Once
compilation success then PVM (Python Virtual Machine) is responsible to execute.

Extensible:
We can use other language programs in Python,The main advantages of this approach are:
1. We can use already existing legacy non-Python code
2. We can improve performance of the application

Embedded:
We can use Python programs in any other language programs. i.e we can embedd Python
programs anywhere.

Extensive Library:
Python has a rich inbuilt [Link] a programmer we can use this library directly and we
are not responsible to implement the functionality.

Versions of Python:

Python Version Released Date

Python 1.0.0 January 1994
Python 1.5.0 December 31, 1997
Python 1.6 September 5, 2000
Python 2.0 October 16, 2000
Python 2.1 April 17, 2001
Python 2.2 December 21, 2001
Python 2.3 July 29, 2003
Python 2.4 November 30, 2004
Python 2.5 September 19, 2006
Python 2.6 October 1, 2008
Python 2.7 July 3, 2010
Python 3.0 December 3, 2008
Python 3.1 June 27, 2009
Python 3.2 February 20, 2011
Python 3.3 September 29, 2012
Python 3.4 March 16, 2014

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 4

 Python 3.5 September 13, 2015
Python 3.6 December 23, 2016
Python 3.7 June 27, 2018
Python 3.8 October 14, 2019
Python 3.9 October 2020

Python Applications:
 The following are different area we can use python programming language

Input and output functions

In Python 2 the following 2 functions are available to read dynamic input from the
keyboard.
1. raw_input()
2. input()

1. raw_input():
This function always reads the data from the keyboard in the form of String Format. We
have to convert that string type to our required type by using the corresponding type casting
methods.
Eg:

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 5

 x=raw_input("Enter a Value:")
print(type(x)) It will always print str type only for any input type

2. input():
input() function can be used to read data directly in our required [Link] are not required
to perform type casting.
Eg:
x=input("Enter a Value)
type(x)
20 ===> int
"DS"===>str
125.5===>float
True==>bool

 In Python 3 we have only input() method and raw_input() method is not available.
 Python3 input() function behaviour exactly same as raw_input() method of Python2.
i.e every input value is treated as str type only.
Example:
x=input("Enter First Number:")
y=input("Enter Second Number:")
a = int(x)
b = int(y)
print("Sum=",a+b)

output:
Enter First Number:10
Enter Second Number:20
Sum=30

OutPut Function:
We use the print() function or print keyword to output data to the standard output device
(screen). This function prints the object/string written in function

Examples:
print("Hello World")
We can use escape characters also
print("Hello \n World")
print("Hello\tWorld")
We can use repetetion operator (*) in the string
print(10*"Hello")

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 6

 print("Hello"*10)
We can use + operator also
print("Hello"+"World")
Python Comments:
 Python Comment is an essential tool for the programmers.
 Comments are generally used to explain the code. We can easily understand the code
if it has a proper explanation.
 A good programmer must use the comments because in the future anyone wants to
modify the code as well as implement the new module; then, it can be done easily.
 In the other programming language such as C, It provides the // for single-lined
comment and /*.... */ for multiple-lined comment, but Python provides the single-
lined Python comment.
 To apply the comment in the code we use the hash(#) at the beginning of the
statement or code.

Let's understand the following example.

# This is the print statement

print("Hello Python")
Here we have written comment over the print statement using the hash(#). It will not affect
our print statement.
Docstring in Python
 Python has the documentation strings (or docstrings) feature. It gives programmers
an easy way of adding quick notes with every Python module, function, class, and
method.
 You can define a docstring by adding it as a string constant. It must be the first
statement in the object‟s (module, function, class, and method) definition.
 The docstring has a much wider scope than a Python comment. Hence, it should
describe what the function does, not how. Also, it is a good practice for all functions
of a program to have a docstring.
 The strings defined using triple-quotation mark are docstring in Python. However, it
might appear to you as a regular comment
Let's understand the following example.
''' “””
hello good morning hello good morning
welcome to python welcome to python
''' “””
print("Doc Sting") print("Doc Sting")

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 7

Identifiers:
 A name in Python program is called identifier.
 It can be class name or function name or module name or variable name
 The following rules we have to follow while creating an didentifiers
1. Alphabet Symbols (Either Upper case OR Lower case)
2. If Identifier is start with Underscore (_) then it indicates it is private.
3. Identifier should not start with Digits.
4. Identifiers are case sensitive.
5. We cannot use reserved words as identifiers
Eg: def=10
6. There is no length limit for Python identifiers. But not recommended to use too lengthy
identifiers.
7. Dollor ($) Symbol is not allowed in Python.
 The following are Examples
 myVar
 var_3
 cse_ds

Reserved Words
 In Python some words are reserved to represent some meaning or functionality. Such
type of words are called Reserved words.
 We cannot use a keyword as a variable name, function name or any other identifier.
They are used to define the syntax and structure of the Python language.
 In Python, keywords are case sensitive.
 There are 33 keywords in Python 3.7. This number can vary slightly over the course
of time.
 All the keywords except True, False and None are in lowercase and they must be
written as they are. The list of all the keywords is given below.
False await else import pass
None break except in raise
True class finally is return
and continue for lambda try
as def from nonlocal while
assert del global not with
async elif If or yield

Data Types or Objects

 Python is an object-oriented programming language, and in Python everything is an
object.
 Objects are also called as Data structures.
 All the Data types in python are also called as Data types

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 8

  Data Type represents the type of data present inside a variable.
 In Python we are not required to specify the type explicitly. Based on value
provided,the type will be assigned [Link] Python is Dynamically
Typed Language.
Python contains the following inbuilt data types are categorized as follows
 Fundamental or Build-in Data types or Data Structures
 Composite Data Types or Data Structures

Object Type Description Example

Fundamental or Build-in Data types or Data Structures
1. int We can use to represent the whole/integral 26,10,-12,-26
numbers
2. float We can use to represent the decimal/floating 26.6,-26.2
point numbers
3. complex We can use to represent the complex numbers 26+26j
4. bool We can use to represent the logical values(Only True,False
allowed values are True and False)
5. str To represent sequence of Characters “MREC “,”Raj”
Composite Data Types or Data Structures
6. range To represent a range of values r=range(26)
r1=range(1,26)
r2=range(1,2,3)
7. list To represent an ordered collection of objects L1=[1,2,3,4,5,]
8. tuple To represent an ordered collections of objects t=(1,2,3,4,5)
9. set To represent an unordered collection of unique S={1,2,3,4,5}
objects
10. dict To represent a group of key value pairs d={1:'Raj',2:'Sekh
ar'}
11. None None means Nothing or No value associated. a=None
Example:

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 9

Python contains several inbuilt functions as follows:
[Link]() : to check the type of variable
2. id(): to get address of object
3. print(): to print the value
Example:
>>> a=10
>>> type(a)
<class 'int'>
>>> id(a)
2141527304784
>>> print(a)
10
Fundamental or Build-in Data types or Data Structures

1. int data type:

 We can use int data type to represent whole numbers (integral values)
Eg: a=10
type(a) #int
We can represent int values in the following ways
1. Decimal form
2. Binary form
3. Octal form
4. Hexa decimal form

1. Decimal form(base-10):
It is the default number system in Python
The allowed digits are: 0 to 9
Eg: a =10
2. Binary form(Base-2):
The allowed digits are : 0 & 1
Literal value should be prefixed with 0b or 0B
Eg: a = 0B1111
a =0B123
a=b111
3. Octal Form(Base-8):
The allowed digits are : 0 to 7
Literal value should be prefixed with 0o or 0O
Eg: a=0o123
a=0o786

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 10

4. Hexa Decimal Form(Base-16):
The allowed digits are : 0 to 9, a-f (both lower and upper cases are allowed)
Literal value should be prefixed with 0x or 0X
Eg:
a =0XFACE
a=0XBeef
a =0XBeer

Example:
>>> a=10
>>> b=0B0101
>>> c=0o121
>>> d=0xabc
>>> print(a)
10
>>> print(b)
5
>>> print(c)
81
>>> print(d)
2748
Base Conversions
Python provide the following in-built functions for base conversions
[Link]():
We can use bin() to convert from any base to binary
Eg:
>>> bin(5)
'0b101'
>>> bin(0o11)
'0b1001'
>>> bin(0X10)
'0b10000'
2. oct():
We can use oct() to convert from any base to octal
Eg:
>>> oct(10)
'0o12'
>>> oct(0B1111)
'0o17'

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 11

 >>> oct(0X123)
'0o443'
3. hex():
We can use hex() to convert from any base to hexa decimal
Eg:
>>> hex(100)
'0x64'
>>> hex(0B111111)
'0x3f'
>>> hex(0o12345)
'0x14e5'

2. float data type:

We can use float data type to represent floating point values (decimal values)
Eg: f=1.234
type(f) float
We can also represent floating point values by using exponential form (scientific notation)
Eg: f=1.2e3
print(f) 1200.0
instead of 'e' we can use 'E'
 The main advantage of exponential form is we can represent big values in less
memory.
 We can represent int values in decimal, binary, octal and hexa decimal forms. But
we can represent float values only by using decimal form.
Eg:
>>> f=0B11.01
File "<stdin>", line 1
f=0B11.01
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> f=0o123.456
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

>>> f=0X123.456
SyntaxError: invalid syntax

3. Complex Data Type:

A complex number is of the form

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 12

a and b contain intergers or floating point values
Eg:
6+3j
9+9.5j
0.5+0.9j
In the real part if we use int value or we can specify that either by decimal,octal,binary
or hexa decimal form. But imaginary part should be specified only by using decimal form.
>>> a=0B011+4j
>>> a
(3+4j)
>>> a=3+0B011j
SyntaxError: invalid syntax
Even we can perform operations on complex type values.
>>> a=9+2.5j
>>> b=4+3.9j
>>>print(a+b)
(13+6.4j)
>>> a=(20+5j)
>>> type(a)
<class 'complex'>
 Complex data type has some inbuilt attributes to retrieve the real part and
imaginary part
c=15.4+6.6j
[Link]==>15.4
[Link]==>6.6
 We can use complex type generally in scientific Applications and electrical
engineering Applications

4. bool data type:

 We can use this data type to represent boolean values.
 The only allowed values for this data type are:True and False
 Internally Python represents True as 1 and False as 0
b=True
type(b) =>bool

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 13

Eg:
a=20
b=30
c=a<b
print(c)==>True
True+True==>2
True-False==>1

5. str type:
 str represents String data type.
 A String is a sequence of characters enclosed within single quotes or double quotes.
s1='MREC'
s1="MREC"
 By using single quotes or double quotes we cannot represent multi line string literals.
s1="MREC DS"
 For this requirement we should go for triple single quotes(''') or triple double
quotes(""")
s1='''MREC
DS'''
s1="""MREC
DS"""
 We can also use triple quotes to use single quote or double quote in our String.
>>> s1='''"This is mrec"'''
>>> s1
'"This is mrec"'
 We can embed one string in another string
>>> s1='''This "Python Programming Session" for DS Students'''
>>> s1
'This "Python Programming Session" for DS Students'

Slicing of Strings:
 slice means a piece
 [ ] operator is called slice operator,which can be used to retrieve parts of String.
 In Python Strings follows zero based index.
 The index can be either +ve or -ve.
 +ve index means forward direction from Left to Right
 -ve index means backward direction from Right to Left
Eg:
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 14

 M R E C D S
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

>>> s="MREC DS"

>>> s[0]
'M'
>>> s[-7]
'M'
>>> s[3]
'C'
>>> s[-4]
'C'
>>> s[-10]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range
>>> s[50]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
IndexError: string index out of range

>>> s[1:4]
'REC'
>>> s[0:4]
'MREC'
>>> s[0:]
'MREC DS'
>>> s[:4]
'MREC'
>>> s[:]
'MREC DS'
>>> len(s)
7
Type Casting in Python
We can convert one type value to another type. This conversion is called Typecasting or
Type conversion.
The following are various inbuilt functions for type casting.
1. int()
2. float()

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 15

 3. complex()
4. bool()
5. str()
[Link]():
 We can use this function to convert values from other types to int Type.
 We can convert from any type to int except complex type.
 we want to convert str type to int type, compulsary str should contain only integral
value and should be specified in base-10
Eg:
1) >>> int(13.87)
2) 13
4) >>> int(True)
5) 1
6) >>> int(False)
7) 0
8) >>> int("19")
10) 19
11) >>> int(10+5j)
12) TypeError: can't convert complex to int
13) >>> int("10.5")
14) ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '10.5'
15) >>> int("ten")
16) ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: 'ten'
17) >>> int("0B1111")
18) ValueError: invalid literal for int() with base 10: '0B1111'

2. float():
 We can use float() function to convert other type values to float type.
 We can convert any type value to float type except complex type.
 Whenever we are trying to convert str type to float type compulsary str should be
either integral or floating point literal and should be specified only in base-10.
Eg:
1) >>> float(26)
2) 26.0
3) >>> float(True)
4) 1.0
5) >>> float(False)
6) 0.0
7) >>> float("26")
8) 26.0

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 16

 9) >>> float("26.5")
10) 26.5
11) >>> float(26+5j)
12) TypeError: can't convert complex to float
13) >>> float("ten")
14) ValueError: could not convert string to float: 'ten'
15) >>> float("0B1011")
16) ValueError: could not convert string to float: '0B1011'

[Link]():
 We can use complex() function to convert other types to complex type.
 We can use this function to convert x into complex number with real part x and
imaginary
 We can use this method to convert x and y into complex number such that x will be
real part and y will be imaginary part.

Eg:
1) complex(26)
26+0j
2) complex(26.26)
26.26+0j
3) complex(True)
1+0j
4) complex(False)
0j
5) complex("26")
26+0j
6) complex("26.26")
26.26+0j
7) complex("MREC")
ValueError: complex() arg is a malformed string
8)complex(26,26)
26+26j
9)complex(True,False)
1+0j

4. bool():
 We can use this function to convert other type values to bool type.
Eg:
1) bool(0)

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 17

 False
2) bool(1)
True
3) bool(26)
True
4) bool(26.26)
True
5) bool(0.26)
True
6) bool(0.0)
False
7) bool(26-26j)
True
8) bool(0+26.26j)
True
9) bool(0+0j)
False
10) bool("True")
True
11) bool("False")
True
12) bool("")
False
5. str():
We can use this method to convert other type values to str type
Eg:
1) >>> str(26)
'26'
3) >>> str(26.26)
'26.26'
5) >>> str(26+5j)
'(26+5j)'
7) >>> str(True)
'True'
8)>>>str(False)
„False‟

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 18

Operators in Python

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform certain mathematical or logical
Manipulations. Operators are used in program to manipulate data and variables.
Python language supports the following types of operators.
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Relational Operators or Comparison Operators
3. Logical operators
4. Bitwise operators
5. Assignment operators
6. Special operators

1. Arithmetic Operators:
Arithmetic operators are used with numeric values to perform common mathematical
operations:
 / operator always performs floating point arithmetic. Hence it will always
returns float value.
 Floor division (//) can perform both floating point and integral arithmetic. If
arguments are int type then result is int type. If at least one argument is float
type then result is float type.
Assume variable „x‟ holds 5 and variable „y‟ holds 2, then:
Operator Name Example
+ Addition - Adds values on either side of the operator x + y=7
Subtraction - Subtracts right hand operand from left hand
- x – y=3
operand
Multiplication - Multiplies values on either side of the
* x * y=10
operator
Division - Divides left hand operand by right hand
/ x / y=2.5
operand
Modulus - Divides left hand operand by right hand
% x % y=1
operand and returns remainder
Exponent - Performs exponential (power) calculation on
** x ** y=25
operators
Floor Division - The division of operands where the result
// is the quotient in which the digits after the decimal point x // y=2
are removed.
Eg:
>>> x=5
>>> y=2
>>> print('x+y=',x+y)
x+y= 7

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 19

 >>> print('x-y=',x-y)
x-y= 3
>>> print('x*y=',x*y)
x*y= 10
>>> print('x/y=',x/y)
x/y= 2.5
>>> print('x%y=',x%y)
x%y= 1
>>> print('x**y=',x**y)
x**y= 25
>>> print('x//y=',x//y)
x//y= 2

2. Relational Operators or Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values:

Assume variable „x‟ holds 5 and variable „y‟ holds 2, then:

Operator Name Example

Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if yes then
== x == y=False
condition becomes true
Checks if the value of two operands are equal or not, if values
!= x != y=True
are not equal then condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than the value of
> x > y=True
right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of left operand is less than the value of right
< x < y=False
operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of left operand is greater than or equal to the
>= x >= y=True
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
Checks if the value of left operand is less than or equal to the
<= x <= y=False
value of right operand, if yes then condition becomes true.
Eg:
>>> x=5
>>> y=2
>>> print('x==y=',x==y)
x==y= False
>>> print('x!=y=',x!=y)
x!=y= True
>>> print('x>y=',x>y)
x>y= True

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 20

 >>> print('x<y=',x<y)
x<y= False
>>> print('x>=y=',x>=y)
x>=y= True
>>> print('x<=y=',x<=y)
x<=y= False

3. Logical operators:
Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements:
X Y X AND Y X OR Y NOT X
False False False False True
False True False True True
Ture False False True False
True True True True False

Assume variable „x‟ holds 5 and variable „y‟ holds 2, then:

Operator Description Example

and Returns True if both statements are true x < 5 and x < 10
or Returns True if one of the statements is true x < 5 or x < 4
not Reverse the result, returns False if the result is true not(x < 5 and x < 10)

Eg:
>>> x=5
>>> y=2
>>> x and y
2
>>> print(x>=5 and y<=5)
True
>>> print(x>=5 or y<=5)
True
>>> print(not x>=5)
False
4. Bitwise operators:
 Bitwise operator works on bits and performs bit by bit operation.
 We can apply these operators bitwise on int and boolean types.
 By mistake if we are trying to apply for any other type then we will get Error.

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 21

Truth table for bit wise operation Bit wise operators
x Y x|y x&y x^y Operator_symbol Operator_name
0 0 0 0 0 & Bitwise_AND
0 1 1 0 1 | Bitwise OR
1 0 1 0 1 ~ Bitwise_NOT
1 1 1 1 0 ^ XOR
<< Left Shift
>> Right Shift

Operator Name Description

& AND Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1
| OR Sets each bit to 1 if one of two bits is 1
^ XOR Sets each bit to 1 if only one of two bits is 1
~ NOT Inverts all the bits
<< Zero fill left Shift left by pushing zeros in from the right and let the leftmost bits
shift fall off
>> Signed right Shift right by pushing copies of the leftmost bit in from the left, and let
shift the rightmost bits fall off

Eg:
>>> x=5
>>> y=2
>>> print('x & y=',x&y)
x & y= 0
>>> print('x | y=',x|y)
x | y= 7
>>> print('X ^ y=',x^y)
X ^ y= 7
>>> print('~x=',~x)
~x= -6
>>> print('x>>1=',x>>1)
x>>1= 2
>>> print('y<<1=',y<<1)
y<<1= 4

[Link] operators:
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables:

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 22

 Operator Example Equal to
= x=5 x=5
+= x += 3 x=x+3
-= x -= 3 x=x-3
*= x *= 3 x=x*3
/= x /= 3 x=x/3
%= x %= 3 x=x%3
//= x //= 3 x = x // 3
**= x **= 3 x = x ** 3
&= x &= 3 x=x&3
|= x |= 3 x=x|3
^= x ^= 3 x=x^3
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3
Eg:
>>> x=5 >>> x**=3
>>> x+=3 >>> print('x=x**3=',x)
>>> print('x=x+3=',x) x=x**3= 0.0
x=x+3= 8 >>> x=5
>>> x-=3 >>> x&=3
>>> print('x=x-3=',x) >>> print('x=x&3=',x)
x=x-3= 5 x=x&3= 1
>>> x*=3 >>> x|=3
>>> print('x=x*3=',x) >>> print('x=x|3=',x)
x=x*3= 15 x=x|3= 3
>>> x/=3 >>> x^=3
>>> print('x=x/3=',x) >>> print('x=x^3=',x)
x=x/3= 5.0 x=x^3= 0
>>> x%=3 >>> x>>=3
>>> print('x=x%3=',x) >>> print('x=x>>3=',x)
x=x%3= 2.0 x=x>>3= 0
>>> x//=3 >>> x<<=3
>>> print('x=x//3=',x) >>> print('x=x<<3=',x)
x=x//3= 0.0 x=x<<3=0

5. Special operators:
Python defines the following 2 special operators
1. Identity Operators
2. Membership operators

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 23

1. Identity Operators
 Identity Operators in Python are used to compare the memory location of two
objects. The two identity operators used in Python are (is, is not).

 Operator is: It returns true if two variables point the same object and false
otherwise
 Operator is not: It returns false if two variables point the same object and true
otherwise2 identity operators are available.
Operator Description Example
is Returns True if both variables are the same object x is y
is not Returns True if both variables are not the same object x is not y

Eg:
>>> x=5
>>> y=5
>>> print(x is y)
True
>>> print(id(x))
2265011481008
>>> print(id(y))
2265011481008
>>> print(x is not y)
False
2. Membership Operators
 These operators test for membership in a sequence such as lists, strings or
tuples. There are two membership operators that are used in Python. (in, not
in). It gives the result based on the variable present in specified sequence or
string
 For example here we check whether the value of x=4 and value of y=8 is
available in list or not, by using in and not in operators.
Operator Description Example
in Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is x in y
present in the object
not in Returns True if a sequence with the specified value is not x not in y
present in the object

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 24

Eg:
>>> x="MREC CSE-DS Dept"
>>> print('M' in x)
True
>>> print('-' in x)
True
>>> print('DS' in x)
True
>>> print('1' not in x)
True
>>> print('M' not in x)
False
Precedence and Associativity of Operators in Python
 When an expression has more than one operator, then it is the relative priorities of
the operators with respect to each other that determine the order in which the
expression is evaluated.
Operator Precedence: This is used in an expression with more than one operator with
different precedence to determine which operation to perform first.
Eg:10+20*30
10 + 20 * 30 is calculated as 10 + (20 * 30) and not as (10 + 20) * 30

Example:
>>> exp=10+20*30
>>> print(exp)
610

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 25

 Operator Associativity:
 When two operators have the same precedence, associativity helps to determine the
order of operations.
 Associativity is the order in which an expression is evaluated that has multiple
operators of the same precedence. Almost all the operators have left-to-right
associativity.
 For example, multiplication and floor division have the same precedence. Hence, if
both of them are present in an expression, the left one is evaluated first.
Example: „*‟ and „/‟ have the same precedence and their associativity is Left to Right, so the
expression “100 / 10 * 10” is treated as “(100 / 10) * 10”.

Example:
>>> exp=100/10*10
>>> print(exp)
100.0
 Please see the following precedence and associativity table for reference. This table
lists all operators from the highest precedence to the lowest precedence.
Operator Description Associativity
() Parentheses left-to-right
** Exponent right-to-left
* / % Multiplication/division/modulus left-to-right
+ – Addition/subtraction left-to-right
<< >> Bitwise shift left, Bitwise shift right left-to-right
< <= Relational less than/less than or equal to left-to-right
> >= Relational greater than/greater than or equal to
== != Relational is equal to/is not equal to left-to-right
is, is not Identity left-to-right
in, not in Membership operators

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 26

 & Bitwise AND left-to-right
^ Bitwise exclusive OR left-to-right
| Bitwise inclusive OR left-to-right
Not Logical NOT right-to-left
And Logical AND left-to-right
Or Logical OR left-to-right
= Assignment right-to-left
+= -= Addition/subtraction assignment
*= /= Multiplication/division assignment
%= &= Modulus/bitwise AND assignment
^= |= Bitwise exclusive/inclusive OR assignment
<<= >>= Bitwise shift left/right assignment

Conditionals and Loop Structures

A control structure directs the order of execution of the statements in [Link] Control
statements as categorized as follows.

Conditional statement
 Conditional statements will decide the execution of a block of code based on the
expression.
 The conditional statements return either True or False.
 A Program is just a series of instructions to the computer, But the real strength of
Programming isn‟t just executing one instruction after another. Based on how the
expressions evaluate, the program can decide to skip instructions, repeat them, or
choose one of several instructions to run. In fact, you almost never want your
programs to start from the first line of code and simply execute every line, straight to
the end. Flow control statements can decide which Python instructions to execute
under which conditions.
 Python supports four types of conditional statements,

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 27

1. Simple if or if statement
2. if – else Statement
3. if else if (elif) Statement
4. nested if statement
Indentation:Python relies on indentation (whitespace at the beginning of a line) to define
scope in the code. Other programming languages often use curly-brackets for this purpose.

1) Simple if or if statement
if condition : statement
or
if condition :
statement-1
statement-2
statement-3
If condition is true then statements will be executed
Example:
>>> a=10
>>> b=5
>>> if(a>b):
print("a is big")

a is big
>>> if a>b:
print("a is big")
a is big
2) if else:
if condition :
Statements-1
else :
Statements-2
if condition is true then Statements-1 will be executed otherwise Statements-2 will be
executed.
Example:
>>> a=10
>>> b=25
>>> if(a>b):
print("a is big")
else:
print("b is big")

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 28

 b is big
3) if elif else:

Syntax:
if condition1:
Statements-1
elif condition2:
Statements -2
elif condition3:
Statements -3
elif condition4:
Statements -4
...
else:
Default Action
Based condition the corresponding action will be executed.

Example:
>>> Option=int(input("Enter a value b/w(1-5)"))
Enter a value b/w(1-5)2
>>> if(Option==1):
print("you entered one")
elif(Option==2):
print("You entered Two")
elif(Option==3):
print("You entered Three")
elif(Option==4):
print("You entered Four")
elif(Option==5):
print("You entered Five")
else:
print("Enter Value b/w (1-5) only")

You entered Two

4. nested if statement
We can use if statements inside if statements, this is called nested if statements.
Synatx:

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 29

 if (condition1):
# Executes when condition1 is true
if (condition2):
# Executes when condition2 is true
# if Block is end here
# if Block is end here
Example:
>>> username=input("enter user name:")
enter user name:Raj
>>> pwd=input("Enter password")
Enter passwordRaj
>>> if(username=="Raj"):
if(pwd=="Raj"):
print("Login successful:")
else:
print("Invalid pwd")
else:
print("Invalid Username")

Login successful:
Iterative Statements
If we want to execute a group of statements multiple times then we should go for Iterative
statements.
Python supports 2 types of iterative statements.
1. for loop
2. while loop
1) for loop:
If we want to execute some action for every element present in some sequence(it may be
string or collection)then we should go for for loop.
Syntax:
for x in sequence :
body
Where sequence can be string or any collection.
Body will be executed for every element present in the sequence.
Eg 1: To print characters present in the given string
>>> s="MREC"
>>> for r in s:
print(r)
M

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 30

 R
E
C
Eg2: To print characters present in string index wise:
>>> i=0
>>> for x in s:
print('The character present at ',i,'index:',x)
i+=1

The character present at 0 index: M

The character present at 1 index: R
The character present at 2 index: E
The character present at 3 index: C
Eg3: To print Sequence of values:
>>> for i in (1,2,3,4,5):
print(i)

1
2
3
4
5
2) while loop:
If we want to execute a group of statements iteratively until some condition false,then we
should go for while loop.
Syntax:
while condition :
body

Eg: To print numbers from 1 to 5 by using while loop

>>> i=1
>>> while(i<=5):
print(i)
i+=1
1
2
3
4
5

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 31

Eg: To display the sum of first n numbers
n=int(input("Enter n value:"))
sum=0
i=1
while i<=n:
sum=sum+i
i=i+1
print("sum of ",n," elements are=",sum)
OutPut:
Enter n value:5
sum of 5 elements are= 15
Nested Loops:
 Sometimes we can take a loop inside another loop,which are also known as nested
loops
 A nested loop is a loop inside a loop.
 The "inner loop" will be executed one time for each iteration of the "outer loop":
Syntax:
while expression:
while expression:
statement(s)
statement(s)
Eg1:
r=1
while(r<=3):
c=1
while(c<=5):
print("r=",r,"c=",c)
c=c+1
print('\n')
r=r+1
OutPut:
r= 1 c= 1 r=2 c=1 r=3 c=1
r= 1 c= 2 r=2 c=2 r=3 c=2
r= 1 c= 3 r=2 c=3 r=3 c=3
r= 1 c= 4 r=2 c=4 r=3 c=4
r= 1 c= 5 r=2 c=5 r=3 c=5
Eg2:
for r in (1,2,3):
for c in (1,2,3,4,5):

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 32

 print('r=',r,'c=',c)
print('\n')
OutPut:
r= 1 c= 1 r=2 c=1 r=3 c=1
r= 1 c= 2 r=2 c=2 r=3 c=2
r= 1 c= 3 r=2 c=3 r=3 c=3
r= 1 c= 4 r=2 c=4 r=3 c=4
r= 1 c= 5 r=2 c=5 r=3 c=5
Transfer Statements

1) break:
 We can use break statement inside loops to break loop execution based on some
condition.
Eg:
for r in (1,2,3,4,5):
if(r==3):
print("Break the loop")
break
print(r)

OutPut:
1
2
Break the loop
2) continue:
 We can use continue statement to skip current iteration and continue next iteration.
Eg 1: To print even numbers in the range 1 to 10
for r in (1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10):
if(r%2!=0):
continue
print(r)
OutPut:
2
4
6
8
10

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 33

Composite Data Types or Data Structures
 The following are different Composite data type in python
6. range Data Type:
 range Data Type represents a sequence of numbers. The elements present in range
Data type are not modifiable. i.e range Data type is immutable
 We can access elements present in the range Data Type by using index.
Eg:
1. range(5)generate numbers from 0 to 4
Eg:
r=range(5)
for i in r :
print(i)
OutPut: 0 1 2 3 4 5
2. range(5,10)generate numbers from 5 to 9
r = range(5,10)
for i in r :
print(i)
OutPut:5 6 7 8 9
3. range(1,10,2)2 means increment value
r = range(1,10,2)
for i in r :
print(i)
OutPut: 1 3 5 7 9

4. r=range(0,5)
r[0]==>0
r[15]==>IndexError: range object index out of range
We cannot modify the values of range data type
[Link] data type:
 If we want to represent a group of values as a single entity where insertion order
required to preserve and duplicates are allowed then we should go for list data type.
 An ordered, mutable, heterogeneous collection of elements is nothing but list, where
Duplicates also allowed.
 insertion order is preserved
 heterogeneous objects are allowed
 duplicates are allowed
 Growable in nature
 values should be enclosed within square brackets.
1. Eg:

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 34

 list=[26,26.5,'Raj',True]
print(list)
output [26,26.5,'Raj',True]
2. Eg:
list=[10,20,30,40]
>>> list[0]
10
>>> list[-1]
40
>>> list[1:3]
[20, 30]
>>> list[0]=100
>>> print(list)
...
100
40
30
40
 list is growable in nature. i.e based on our requirement we can increase or decrease
the size.
>>> list=[10,20,30]
>>> [Link]("raj")
>>> list
[10, 20, 30, „raj‟]
>>> [Link](20)
>>> list
[10, 30, „raj‟]
>>> list1=list*2
>>> list1
[10, 30, 'raj', 10, 30, 'raj']

Creating list by using range data type:

 We can create a list of values with range data type

Eg:
>>> l = list(range(5))
>>>print(l)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 35

8. tuple data type:
 tuple data type is exactly same as list data type except that it is immutable.i.e we
cannot chage values.
 Tuple elements can be represented within parenthesis.
 tuple is the read only version of list
Eg:
>>> t1=(1,2,3,4)
>>>type(t)
<class 'tuple'>
>>>t1[0]=26
TypeError: 'tuple' object does not support item assignment
>>> [Link]("Raj")
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'append'
>>> [Link](2)
AttributeError: 'tuple' object has no attribute 'remove'

9. set Data Type:

 If we want to represent a group of values without duplicates where order is not
important then we should go for set Data Type
 insertion order is not preserved
 duplicates are not allowed
 heterogeneous objects are allowed
 index concept is not applicable
 It is mutable collection
 Growable in nature, based on our requirement we can increase or decrease
the size
Eg:
>>> s={1,2,"raj",True,1,2}
>>> s
{1, 2, 'raj'}
>>> [Link](2)
>>> s
{1, 'raj'}
>>> [Link](10)
>>> s
{1, 10, 'raj'}
>>> [Link]("MREC")
>>> s
{1, 10, 'raj', 'MREC'}

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 36

[Link] Data Type:
 If we want to represent a group of values as key-value pairs then we should go for
dict data type.
 Duplicate keys are not allowed but values can be duplicated. If we are trying to insert
an entry with duplicate key then old value will be replaced with new value.

Eg:
>>> d={1:"one",2:"Two",3:"Three"}
>>> d[1]
'one'
>>> d
{1: 'one', 2: 'Two', 3: 'Three'}
>>> d[4]="Four"
>>> d
{1: 'one', 2: 'Two', 3: 'Three', 4: 'Four'}
>>> d[5]="error"
>>> d
{1: 'one', 2: 'Two', 3: 'Three', 4: 'Four', 5: 'error'}
>>> d[5]="Five"
>>> d
{1: 'one', 2: 'Two', 3: 'Three', 4: 'Four', 5: 'Five'}
11. None Datatype:
 The None Datatype is used to define the null value or no value, the none value
means not 0, or False value, and it is a data it's own
 None keyword is an object and is a data type of nonetype class
 None datatype doesn‟t contain any value.
 None keyword is used to define a null variable or object.
 None keyword is immutable.

Eg:
Assume a=10, that means a is the reference variable pointing to 10 and if I take a=none
then a is not looking to the object 10
>>> a=10
>>> type(a)
<class 'int'>
>>> a=None
>>> type(a)
<class 'NoneType'>

V RajaSekhar CSE Dept 37