Objects and Classes

1
 OO Programming in Java
Other than primitive data types (byte, short, int, long, float, double, char,
boolean), everything else in Java is of type object.

Objects we already worked with:

String: String name = new String("John Smith");
Scanner: Scanner input = new Scanner([Link]);
Random: Random generator = new Random(100);

2
 OOP in Java
● The programming paradigm where everything is
represented as an object is known as a truly
object-oriented programming language.
● Simula is considered the first object-oriented
programming language.
● Smalltalk is considered the first truly
object-oriented programming language.
● The popular object-oriented languages are
JavaThe popular object-oriented languages are
Java, C#The popular object-oriented languages are
Java, C#, PHPThe popular object-oriented 3
OOPS

4
Procedure-oriented programming
language
1) OOPs makes development and maintenance easier whereas in a
procedure-oriented programming language it is not easy to manage if code
grows as project size increases.
2) OOPs provides data hiding whereas in a procedure-oriented
programming language a global data can be accessed from anywhere.

5
 What is an Object?
An object represents an entity in the real world that can be distinctly
identified. For example, student, desk, circle, button, person, course,
etc…

For instance, an object might represent a particular employee in a

company. Each employee object handles the processing and data
management related to that employee.

6
 Object Representation
An object has a unique identity, state, and behaviors.
The state of an object consists of a set of data fields (instance variables
or properties) with their current values.
The behavior of an object is defined by a set of methods defined in the
class from which the object is created.
A class describes a set of similar objects.
In OO programming (e.g., Java), an object is associated with a memory
space referenced by the object name.

The memory space is allocated when using the new operator to create
the object.

The memory space holds the values of the data fields (instance
variables) of the object. 7
 What is a Class?
A class is the blueprint (template) that defines objects of the
same type, a set of similar object, such as students.
The class uses methods to define the behaviors of its objects.
The class that contains the main method of a Java program
represents the entire program
A class provides a special type of methods, known as
constructors, which are invoked to construct (create) objects
from the class.
Multiple objects can be created from the same class.
 Example

A class An object
(the concept) (the realization)

John’s Bank Account

Bank Account Balance: $7,890
State
OwnerName
Balance Amy’s Bank Account
Behavi ID Balance: $298,987
or Deposit()
Withdraw()
Ed’s Bank Account
CheckBalance()
Balance: $860,883

Multiple objects
from the same class
 Writing Classes
The programs we’ve written in previous examples have used
classes defined in the Java standard class library.
Now, we will begin to design programs that rely on classes that
we write ourselves.
The class that contains the main method is just the starting
point of a program.
 Writing Classes
A class can contain data declarations and method declarations.

BankAccount

String ownerName;
double balance; Data declarations

Deposit()

Withdraw() Method declarations

CheckBalance()
 Another Example

A class has both date fields (attributes/variables) and methods. The

data fields represent the state of an object; while the methods
represent the behavior of that object.

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 Constructor Methods
The contractor method creates the object in the memory with the
help of the Operating System.
Constructors are invoked using the new operator when an object is
created. Constructors play the role of initializing objects.
A class can have multiple versions of the constructor method,
allowing the user to create the class object in different ways.
The constructor method must have same name as the class name.
Constructors do not have a return type, not even void.
A constructor with no parameters is called no-arguments
constructor.

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UML Class Diagram

14
Class Circle Constructors

15
 Creating Objects
To reference an object, assign the object to a reference variable.
To declare a reference variable, use the syntax:
ClassName objectRefVar;

Example:
Circle myCircle1, myCircle2; //reference variables
myCircle1 = new Circle(); //calls first constructor
myCircle2 = new Circle(5.0); //calls second constructor
OR
Circle myCircle1 = new Circle();
Circle myCircle2 = new Circle(5.0);

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 Default Constructor

A class may be declared without constructors.

This constructor, called a default constructor, is provided
automatically only if no constructors are explicitly declared in
the class.

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 Accessing the Object
Referencing the object’s data:
[Link]

double myRadius = [Link]; //data field

Invoking the object’s method:

[Link](arguments)

double myArea = [Link](); //class method

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animation
Trace Code
Declare myCircle

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);

myCircle no value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

[Link] = 100;

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animation
Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);

myCircle no value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

[Link] = 100;

Create a circle

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animation
Trace Code, cont.

Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);

myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

[Link] = 100; Assign object reference

to myCircle

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animation
Trace Code, cont.
Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);
myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

[Link] = 100;

yourCircle no value

Declare yourCircle

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animation
Trace Code, cont.
Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);
myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

[Link] = 100;

yourCircle no value

Create a new
Circle object

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animation
Trace Code, cont.
Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);
myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

[Link] = 100;

yourCircle reference value

Assign object reference

to yourCircle

24
animation
Trace Code, cont.
Circle myCircle = new Circle(5.0);
myCircle reference value
Circle yourCircle = new Circle();

[Link] = 100;

yourCircle reference value

Change radius in
yourCircle

25
 Caution
Recall that we used
[Link](arguments)
(e.g., [Link](3, 2.5))

to invoke a method in the Math class.

Can you invoke getArea() using [Link]()?
All the methods defined in the Math class are static (defined using the
static keyword). However, method getArea() is non-static. It must
be invoked from an object using this syntax:
[Link](arguments)
(e.g., [Link]())

26
 Reference Data Fields
The data fields can be of reference types.
If a data field of a reference type does not reference any object, the
data field holds a special literal value null (or null pointer) .
For example, Class Student contains a data field name of the type
String (an array of characters).

public class Student {

// data fields
String name; //default value null.
int age; //default value 0
boolean isScienceMajor; //default value false
char gender; //default value '\u0000', prints out as 00
}

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 Default Value for a Data Field

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Student student1 = new Student(); //create student object
[Link]("name? " + [Link]);
[Link]("age? " + [Link]);
[Link]("isScienceMajor? " + [Link]);
[Link]("gender? " + [Link]);
}
}

Output: name? null

age? 0
isScienceMajor? false
gender? 00

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 Default Values Inside Methods
Rule: Java assigns no default values to local variables inside a
method. A method's local variables must be initialized.

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int x; // x has no default value
String y; // y has no default value
[Link]("x is " + x);
[Link]("y is " + y);
}
}

Compilation error: variables not initialized

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 Primitive Type vs. Object Type

Primitive int i = 1 1
type i
Object Circle c reference c:
type c Circle
radius =
1

Created using: myCircle = new Circle(1.0);

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Primitive Type vs. Object Type

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 Garbage Collection
On the previous slide, after the assignment statement
c1 = c2; //circle objects

c1 points to the same object referenced by c2.

The object previously referenced by c1 is no longer

referenced/accessible (i.e., garbage). Garbage is automatically
collected by JVM.

TIP: If you know that an object is no longer needed, you can

explicitly assign null to a reference variable for the object. The
JVM will automatically collect the space if the object is not
referenced by any variable in the program.

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 Static Variables, Constants, and Methods

Static variables are shared by all the objects of the class.

Static methods are not tied to a specific object, applied to
all objects of the class.
Static constants (final variables) are shared by all the
objects of the class.
To declare static variables, constants, and methods, use
the static modifier.

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 Java static variable
● If you declare any variable as static, it is
known as a static variable.
● The static variable can be used to refer to
the common property of all objects (which
is not unique for each object), for example,
the company name of employees, college
name of students, etc.
● The static variable gets memory only once
in the class area at the time of class loading.
34
 Java static variable
class Counter{
int count=0;//will get memory each time when the instance is created

Counter(){
count++;//incrementing value
[Link](count);
}

public static void main(String args[]){

//Creating objects
Counter c1=new Counter();
Counter c2=new Counter();
Counter c3=new Counter();
}
35
 Java static method

● A static method belongs to the class rather

than the object of a class.
● A static method can be invoked without the
need for creating an instance of a class.
● A static method can access static data
member and can change the value of it.

36
 class Student{
int rollno;
String name;
static String college = "ITS";
//static method to change the value of static variable
static void change(){
college = "BBDIT";
}
//constructor to initialize the variable
Student(int r, String n){
rollno = r;
name = n;
}
● //method to display values
37
● void display(){[Link](rollno+" "+name+" "+college);
 public class TestStaticMethod{
public static void main(String args[]){
[Link]();//calling change method
//creating objects
Student s1 = new Student(111,"Karan");
Student s2 = new Student(222,"Aryan");
Student s3 = new Student(333,"Sonoo");
//calling display method
[Link]();
[Link]();
[Link]();
● }
●}

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[Link] static method can not use non static data member or call
non-static method directly.
[Link] and super cannot be used in static context.

class A{
int a=40;//non static

public static void main(String args[]){

[Link](a);
}
}

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Static Variables, Constants, and Methods

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 Visibility Modifiers
By default, a class variable or method can be
accessed by any class in the same package, but not
other packages.
Public:
The class, data, or method is visible to any class in any package.
Private:
The data or method can be accessed only by the declaring class.
The get and set methods are used to read and modify private
variables (better security).

41
 Visibility Modifiers Example - 1

The private modifier restricts access to within a class.

The default modifier restricts access to within a package.
The public modifier enables unrestricted access.
42
Visibility Modifiers Example - 2

43
 Data Field Encapsulation
Encapsulation is the idea of hiding the class internal details that are not
required by clients/users of the class.

Why? To protect data and to make classes easy to maintain and update.
How? Always use private variables!

44
 Java Package
1. A java package is a group of similar types of classes,
interfaces and sub-packages.
2. Package in java can be categorized in two form,
built-in package and user-defined package.
3. There are many built-in packages such as java, lang,
awt, javax, swing, net, io, util, sql etc.
4. Here, we will have the detailed learning of creating and
using user-defined packages.

45
 Advantage of Java Package

1) Java package is used to categorize the classes and

interfaces so that they can be easily maintained.
2) Java package provides access protection.
3) Java package removes naming collision.

46
Simple example of java package
The package keyword is used to create a package in java.
//save as [Link]
package mypack;
public class Simple{
public static void main(String args[]){
[Link]("Welcome to package");
}
}

47
48
Example of package that import the packagename.*

49
 Access Modifiers in java

There are 4 types of java access modifiers:

private
default
protected
public

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 Visibility Modifiers - Comments - 1
Class members (variables or methods) that are declared with public
visibility can be referenced/accessed anywhere in the program.

Class members that are declared with private visibility can be

referenced/accessed only within that class.

Class members declared without a visibility modifier have default

visibility and can be referenced/accessed by any class in the same
package.

Public variables violate encapsulation because they allow class clients to

“reach in” and modify the values directly. Therefore instance variables
should not be declared with public visibility.

51
 Visibility Modifiers - Comments - 2
Methods that provide the object's services must be declared with
public visibility so that they can be invoked by clients (users of
the object).
Public methods are also called service methods.
A method created simply to assist a service method is called a
support method.
Since a support method is not intended to be called by a client, it
should be declared with private visibility.

52
 Example - 1
public class CircleWithPrivateDataFields
{
private double radius = 1;
private static int numberOfObjects = 0;

public CircleWithPrivateDataFields() { numberOfObjects++; }

public CircleWithPrivateDataFields(double newRadius) {

radius = newRadius;
numberOfObjects++;
}

public double getRadius() { return radius; }

public void setRadius(double newRadius) {

radius = (newRadius >= 0) ? newRadius : 0; //no negative radius
}

public static int getNumberOfObjects() {return numberOfObjects; }

public double getArea() {return radius*radius*[Link]; }

}

53
public class TestCircleWithPrivateDataFields {

public static void main(String[] args) { // Main method

// Create a Circle with radius 10.0

CircleWithPrivateDataFields myCircle =
new CircleWithPrivateDataFields(10.0);

[Link]("The area of the circle of radius "

+ [Link]() + " is " + [Link]());

// Increase myCircle's radius by 10%

[Link]([Link]() * 1.1);

[Link]("The area of the circle of radius "

+ [Link]() + " is " + [Link]());
}
}
Note: variable radius cannot be directly accessed.
Only through the class methods!

Output:

The area of the circle of radius 10.0 is 314.1592653589793

The area of the circle of radius 11.0 is 380.132711084365
54
 Passing Objects to Methods
Remember,
Passing by value for primitive types: the actual value is
copied into the formal parameter. Change to the actual
parameters is local to the method.

Passing by value for reference types: the reference value

(memory address) is passed (copied) to the actual
parameter, not the object itself. Any changes to the
passed reference will be reflected on the object outside
the method (similar to passing strings and arrays).

55
public class TestPassObject {

public static void main(String[] args) {

CircleWithPrivateDataFields myCircle = new
CircleWithPrivateDataFields(1);

// Print areas for radius 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

int n = 5;
printAreas(myCircle, n);

// See [Link] and times.

[Link]("\n" + "Radius is " + [Link]());
[Link]("n is " + n);
}

// Print a table of areas for radius.

public static void printAreas(CircleWithPrivateDataFields c,
int times) {
[Link]("Radius\t\tArea");
while (times >= 1) {
[Link]([Link]() + "\t\t" + [Link]());
[Link]([Link]() + 1);
times = times -1;
}
}
} 56
 Array of Objects
Consider:
Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];

An array of objects is actually an array of reference variables.

Thus, invoking circleArray[1].getArea() involves two levels

of referencing:
circleArray referencesthe entire array
circleArray[1] references a Circle object

See next slide.

57
 Array of Objects

Circle[] circleArray = new Circle[10];

Memory space for Heap space for

the array the objects

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 Example
public class TotalArea {
public static void main(String[] args) {

CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray; //Declare circleArray

circleArray = createCircleArray();//Create circleArray

//Print circleArray and total areas of the circles

printCircleArray(circleArray);
}

//Create an array of Circle objects

public static CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] createCircleArray() {
CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray =
new CircleWithPrivateDataFields[5];

for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {

circleArray[i] =
new CircleWithPrivateDataFields([Link]() * 100);
}
return circleArray; //Return Circle array
}

// next slide
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 //Print an array of circles and their total area
public static void printCircleArray(
CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray)
{
[Link]("Radius" + "\t\t\t\t" + "Area");
for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {
[Link](circleArray[i].getRadius() + "\t\t" +
circleArray[i].getArea());
}

[Link]("-----------------------------------------");
//Compute and display the result
[Link]("The total areas of circles is\t" +
sum(circleArray));
}

public static double sum( //Static method to add circle areas

CircleWithPrivateDataFields[] circleArray) {

double sum = 0; //Initialize sum

for (int i = 0; i < [Link]; i++)//Add areas to sum

sum = sum + circleArray[i].getArea();
return sum;
}
}
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Output:

----jGRASP exec: java TotalArea

Radius Area
0.049319 0.007642
81.879485 21062.022854
95.330603 28550.554995
92.768319 27036.423936
46.794917 6879.347364
-----------------------------------------
The total areas of circles is 83528.356790

----jGRASP: operation complete.

61
 Immutable Objects and Classes

If the contents of an object cannot be changed once it is created, the

object is called an immutable object and its class is called an
immutable class.
For example, If you delete the set method in the Circle class in
Listing 8.10, the class would be immutable (not changeable)
because radius is private and cannot be changed without a set
method.

A class with all private data fields and without mutators (set
methods) is not necessarily immutable. For example, the following
class Student has all private data fields and no mutators, but it is
mutable (changeable).

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 Immutable Object Example
public class Student {
private int id; public class BirthDate {
private BirthDate birthDate; private int year;
private int month;
public Student(int ssn, private int day;
int year, int month, int day) {
id = ssn; public BirthDate(int newYear,
birthDate = new BirthDate(year, int newMonth, int newDay) {
month, day); year = newYear;
} month = newMonth;
day = newDay;
public int getId() { return id; } }

public BirthDate getBirthDate() { public void setYear(int newYear)

return birthDate; { year = newYear; }
} }
}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Student student = new Student(111223333, 1970, 5, 3);
BirthDate date = [Link]();
[Link](2010); // Now the student birth year is changed!
}
} 63
 What Class is Immutable?

For a class to be immutable, it must mark all data fields

(variables) private and provide no mutator (set) methods and
no accessor (get) methods that would return a reference to a
mutable (changeable) data field object.

64
 Scope of Variables - Revisited

The scope of instance and static variables is the entire

class. They can be declared anywhere inside a class.
The scope of a local variable starts from its declaration
and continues to the end of the block that contains the
variable. Example, int i=0; in a for loop.
A local variable must be initialized explicitly before it can
be used.

65
 The this Keyword
The this keyword is the name of a reference that refers to
an object itself. One common use of this keyword is
referencing a class’s hidden data fields.

Another common use of the this keyword to enable a

constructor to invoke another constructor of the same
class.

66
Referencing the Hidden Data Fields

67
Calling Overloaded Constructors

68
 Class Date - Revisited
Java provides a system-independent encapsulation of date and
time in the [Link] class.
You can use the Date class to create an instance/object for the
current date and time and use the class toString method to
return the date and time as a string.
Example:
[Link] date = new [Link]();
[Link]([Link]());

Output:
Sat Nov 08 12:31:11 EST 2014

69
 Class Random - Revisited
You have used [Link]() method to obtain a random
double value between 0.0 and 1.0 (excluding 1.0).
A more useful random number generator is provided in the
[Link] class.

70
 Class Random - Revisited
Be Careful! If two Random objects have the same seed, they
will generate identical sequences of numbers.
Example: create two Random objects with the same seed 3.
Random random1 = new Random(3); //seed value is 3
[Link]("From random1: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
[Link]([Link](1000) + " ");
Random random2 = new Random(3); //seed value is 3
[Link]("\nFrom random2: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
[Link]([Link](1000) + " ");

From random1: 734 660 210 581 128 202 549 564 459 961
From random2: 734 660 210 581 128 202 549 564 459 961

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 Class Random - Revisited
To avoid that, simply use the current time as the seed value.

Random random1 = new Random(); //current time is the seed

[Link]("From random1: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
[Link]([Link](1000) + " ");
Random random2 = new Random(); //current time is the seed
[Link]("\nFrom random2: ");
for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
[Link]([Link](1000) + " ");

From random1: 957 496 459 198 84 788 33 254 441 101
From random2: 583 672 320 735 261 122 956 489 303 120

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End of Chapter 9

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