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This document provides an introduction to Python, covering its history, features, advantages, and disadvantages. It also includes installation instructions, basic programming concepts, data types, operators, and control flow statements. The document serves as a comprehensive guide for beginners to understand and start programming in Python.
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PYTHON
— Notes —
@ Chapter 1: Introduction to Python
@ curious_programmer
What is Python? =
Python is a popular, high-level,
interpreted programming language
known for its simplicity and
readability. It is used for web
development; data science, AL,
automation, and more.
History of Python
+1989: Python created by Guido van Rossum
qi at CWT, Netherlands
| +1991: Python 0.9.0 released - included features
like classes, functions
+= 2000: Python 2.0 released - added lict comprehensions,
| garbage collection
¢ || «2008: Python 3.0 released - improved language
Q | constructs, better Unicode support
Features of Python
“G) Easy to Learn: Simple and
easy to-understand syntax
Cross-Platform
Runs on various platforms
(Windows, Mac, Linux)
Readable : Code is clear and
B= readable like Enolich Fi] Large Standard Library
‘3 ES Rich set of modules &
Interpreted: Executes code functions for various tasks
line by line, no need for Dial
3 namically Typed
complatien Sea] No need to declare variable
Cross-Platform: Runs on at ore
various platforms ([Link], 252 Open Source
Linux) s :
Free and open source, with
a large community Advantages & Disadvantages
@ curious_programmer
@ Advantages =» (®) Disadvantages
v Simple and Easy to Leam: x Slower Execution:
Reade like Englich, reducing Interpreted nature makes it
learning curve slower than compiled languages.
wv Extensive Libraries: Rich » Triple-Quoted Comments
+ These are for multi-line [aes
comments.
*® Comments make your code more readable and understandable, Chapter 3: Python Basics
= @ Curious_programmer
@ Keywords & Identifiers
* Keywords: Are words in Python that are reserved and cannot
be used as identifiers
Keywords: |
if, else, for, while, def, import, class, None ...
L =
* Keywords include conditional statements, loops, functiondefs
tions, and more
e Identifiers: Are user-defined names for varicbles, functions,
classes, and more.
© Good naming conventions:
+ Should start with a letter (a-z,A-Z) or an underscore (_)
*| my_variable, count123, data, sum total |
2nd_name, my-var, for*count | € tnvalid identifiers
@ Variables
® Variables in Python are used to store data values like numbers,
strings, lists, etc
© No need to explicitly declare the variable type in Python,
its dynomically typed
© Example: a variable assignment: | name age | height
neers = “Ate 7 Alice’ 25 5.7
age = 25
foonees s ® Variables. store values in memory
© No spaces
© No special characters ($, 6, %, %)
© Identifiers are case-sensitive Data Types Overview
@ curious_programmer
© Data Types Overview
® Data types classify the type of value a variable holds
* Common Puthon data types are listed in following examples
[ eres Gno
* = 10:
| Floats (float) = Z |
Strings (str) —-
name = “Alice”
| Lists (list) _
numbers = £1,203) |
tuples (tuple)
point = {(name": “Bob”, “age: 30}
® Different data types allow you to work with various kinds of data.
Type Casting
@ Type casting is converting a value from one data type to anather.
© Tn Python, you can do this using built-in functions like
int, fleatO, and strO
© Use intO to convert to an integer. | int _ | — | | heigl
coriginal_str = "123° _>»|123. || 4s || 57
number = int(original_str)
Result: number = 123
# converts string to int
© Use str to convert toa float: | number as _| heart |
age = 25 So 2s7 |[-s.7_|
age_str = str(age)
# converts string to float
Result: age_str = °25'
© Type casting is useful when you need to perform operations
between different data types:
rr Input & Output
es @ curious_programmer
@ printO function
@ The printO function is used to output data to the screen,
You can print strings, numbers, and more.
print C"Hello, Python!") Hello, Python:
print ("The answer is, 42) The answer is.
* You can use comma seperators to print multiple items
print("Name: “Alice")
Name: Alice
print ("Hello, fname}!"),
@ You can use Surith formatting note LGiLS
© Indentation in Python
Indentation is used to define the structure of the code
Python uses indentation with four spaces to indicate code blicks.
@ Indentation is essential for loops, conditionals, and function
definitions
@ Incorrect indentation can cause errors.
Comeat: > Incorrect indentation
if age >= 18:
print c" Adult")
if age >== 18:
print "Adult"
else: PR else: printC*Minor: by
print C" Minor") IndentationError: unindent
: 55° does oot match any outer
Resul sty = "25
ee indentation level
@ Type casting is useful when you need to perform operations
between different data types
‘eee Chapter 4: Python Data Types
@ curious — programmer
© Built-in Data Types
Python has several built-in data types that are used to store
diferent types of values. The main built-in numeric types are int,
Float, and complex, and there is also a a Boolean type.
Numeric
W int: Storing integer values.
Example: a = 10, b =-25
© float : Storing floating point
numbers (decimals).
Example: ¢=3.14,d=05
© complex: Storing complex numbers
with a real and imaginary part
Example j
w 15}
Boolean
Storing true or false values. The Boolean values are: True and
False.
vp = True KA True
v q=False
[X] False
“|: — @curious_programmer —— 2
o String
A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotes
Tt is used to store text
name = “Alice”
[ greeting = “Hello, World!" |
fruit = “apple”
i eh VA Fith
o None Type
The NonéType represents the absence of a value.
Tt has a single value: None.
result =None _ Chapter S: Python Operators
@ curious_programmer
® Arithmetic Operators
* Arithmetic operators are used to perform basic mathematical
operations
® Numeric
© Arithmetic operators ate used to perform basic mathematical
‘operations.
[Operator | Description | Example | Result
reser
ee Addition ty k=
— | Subtraction x-y
} * Multiplication: x+y
peer Division’ Ky R= By SB
% | Modulus x%
4 (remainder) Z
© Different data types allow you to compare two values.
© Relational (Comparison) Operators
® Relational operators are used to compare two values and return
Boolean result (True or False).
© Indentation is essential fer loops, conditionals, and function definitions.
@ Relational (Comparison) Operators
© Relational operators are used to compare two values.
Operator | Description | Example
Equal to x==y x=7%y=5
Notequalto x!=ay
> Greater than x>y |
ee Less than x10 =False |
or a10 =True |
not nota = True
© Assignment Operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.
Operator Example
+= Addition x+=3 (x=x4+3)
—= Subtraction x—= (x= x= 2)
*= Multiplication) x#=4 9 (x=x*4)
/= Division x/=S (x=x/5)
| %= Modulus x%=2 (X=xX%2) |
+= Exponentiotion x**=3 (x=x** 3)
=x//3)
ee
[= Floor Division | @ curious_programmer
© Bitwise Operators
Bitwise operators operate on bits of integers and perform
operations bit by bit
Operator Meaning Example
& Bitwise AND 5&3=1
| Bitwise OR 513=7
ie Bitwise XOR 543=6
~ Bitwise NOT ~5=-6 |
<< Left shift S's<'1=10 |
>>| Right shift Sr) = peers a
© Membership Operators
Membership operators are used +o test whether a value is
present in a sequence (eg. list, string)
Operator Example
Sig Returns True if a value is found in the sequence
‘a! in “apple” = True
not in Returns True if a value is not found in the sequence. |
‘x'not in [1, 2,3] = True J
Z @ curious—programmer
© Identity Operators
® Identity operators are used to compare the memory location
of two objects.
© is: Returns True if both variables refer to the same object.
@ is not: Returns True if variables do not refer to the same object
(12,3) b= Gs! a is not b= True
is not
ies not | Multiplication a==
| Division (remainder) | X/¥ (2:3) = 40 | x %y = 2
© Note: Identity operators are used to check if two variables
point to the sameobject in memory
@ Operator Precedence
© Operator precedence determines the order
3f operations in expressions.
© Operators with higher precedence are evaluated first.
Operator(s) | Precedence
*~ Exponentiation — Exponentiation
A //1% | Pv // == +> | Muttipication, Diision, Fear Division, Moduks
i= Addition, Subtraction
ea ie]
><=: | Identity, Assignment, Comparisons
© Example: 10 - 3*2.// 5 is evaluated as 10
© Result: 10 - (6/5) = 10-1
(3*2) 75).
= 9;
@ Example: 10-3*2.1'S is evaluated as 10 -(3*2) // 5)
© Result: 10-(6/5) =10-1=9 Chapter 6: Control Flow Statements
@ curious_programmer
© Conditional Statements
Conditional statements allow you to make decisions based on conditions.
The main conditional statements in Python are:
olf
The if statement executes code block only when the condition is True
age = 18
if age == 18:
print (You are an adult." ) |
o if-else
The if-else statement fine one) cede block ifthe Zondition is True
and another code block if it is False
Operator Example
in Returns True if a value is found in the sequence. |
‘a’ in “apple” = True
not in Returns True if a value is not found in the sequence.
xc not in (1,2, 3] = True
© Nested if
An if statement inside another if statement to check multiple conditions.
num = 15
if num > 10:
| print (Value is greater than 10.)
| else:
| print (Value is greater than 5')
print ("Value is 5 or less.) og @ curious_programmer
© Looping Statements
© The for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (like a list
tuple, or string)
© is not: Returns True if both variables refer to the same object.
© is not: Returns True if variables do not refer to the Sar
2 object.
Operator | Description | Example enue
is | Addition x+y G2s)yex |xisye True
is not | Multipieation count = Output
| while count<3: | O
print(count) 1
count += 1 2
© Executes the block of code while the condition remains True.
@ Nested loops
© Anested loop is a loop inside another loop.
eS Loop Control Statements
© break: Terminates the loop early
for i in range(5):
Output
if i== 3: °
break 1
print GD 2
© continue : Skips the rest of the loop and continues to the next iteration,
© pass: Acts as a ploceholder for code to be added later
| Operator(s) | Precedence | Output:
tee | for iim range(s) TTerminctes the Wspecrly | 0
iss 1
break sero 2
prank Pass 4
© pass: Acts asa pacclethe loop and continues to the next iteration.
for i in range(s)
| Output: | Output
° °
1 1
2 2
> printa = a
= SC _ Chapter 7: Strings in Python
@ curious_programmer
@ String Creation
A string is a sequence of characters enclosed in quotes. in Python
strings can be created by enclosing characters in quotes:
| ee
Triple quotes"!
ub
alllow for
| multi-line strings.
© Indexing & Slicing
Strings are indexed starting from ©. We can occess parts of a string
using indexing and slicing:
fpoe ee On tate ee
tee Os Meza Dima ueee y=.
Ply lt [hfe ln]
Si a a Se
[Index / Slice |) ERample
text[O] "P" First character
text[-1] —® | "Nn" Last character
text [0:2] —- | “Py" Characters from index © to 2 (exclusive)
text[1:] “ython" Characters from index 1 to end
text[-3:] —e “hon” Choracters from the third to last to end
text[:2] —» "Pto" Characters from start to end with step 2. @ curious—programmer
© String Methods
String methods are built-in Functions that perform operations on string data,
like changing letter case, removing whitespace, or replacing parts of the string,
‘2 ‘String methods are built-in functions for manipulating and managing
‘String data. ~~
text = *hello world” => “HELLO WORLD”
text = “Hello World” => "hello world”
text - "__python__" => “python”
textstripQ = “python’ = “mananas”
textreplace(‘ban’, “man) = “mananas”
1
© String Formatting
String formatting lets you construct strings by inserting values frorn variables
into string templates
— format®) Met pS f-Strings
name = “Alice’
age =25
greeting = f"My name is {name}
and Lam {} yearsold. and Lam Lam {age} years old.”
format(name, age)
Print (greeting) | Print (greeting)
Output.” My name is Alice | Output. "My name is Alice and Tam
and Tam 25 years ald.” | | 25 years old.”
© String Formatting
String formatting lets you construct strings by inserting values from variables
into string templates
is {} and Lam {} years old." @ curious_programmer
© Escape Characters
Escape characters are special characters in strings that start with a backslash
(\) and are followed by a character to represent special characters within a
string frittte=nenort
2 String methods are built-in functions for manipulating and managing
string data. “~~
Description
Inserts a new line.
Inserts a tab
Inserts a single quote
Inserts a double quote
Example ©CodeWithCurious
text = "Hello, This is a new line.”
print (text)
Output.
Hello, This is a new line.
|
© String Functions
String functions are built-in functions that operate with or on string data.
Example
amt = "Simple123”
length = lenCamt) # length is now 9
Output: 9
© Immutability of Strings
Strings are immutable, meaning their values cannot be changed after they are
created. To modify a string, a new string must be created.
Example
greeting = “Hello”
‘inglO] = "J” # This causes an error! Chapter 8. Lists
@curious_programmer
Creating Lists
Lists are created by enclosing items in square brackets []. Lists can store
items of any data type.
@ numbers = [1, 2, 3,4, 5] — int
mixed_list = ["Python", 42, 3.14, True] —-str, int, float, bool, bool
Example
fruits = ["apple", “banana', ‘cherry”]
© List Indexing & Slicing
Lists use zero-based indexing. You
access individual elements using their
index or use slicitig to,
colors = ["red’, ‘green’, ‘blue’, ‘yellow’, ‘purple”]
colors[0] —["apple’, "banana’, “cherry’]
Output: “red”
© List Indexing & Slicing
Lists use zero-based indexing. You can access individual elements using
their index or use slicing te access a range of elements.
colors = ['red”, ‘green’, ‘blue’, ‘yellow’, ‘purple"]
colors[O]
Output: “red”
colors[1:4]
Output: ['green’, “blue’, ‘yellow"]
© Negative indices start at -1 for the last element.
© Slicing: list[start:stop] Stops at the index before stop. @ curious_programmer
© List Methods
Lists are created by enclosing items in square brackets [], Lists can store
items of any data tupe.
Fruits = [Yapple’, banana’, cherry"
‘Output: 1
O° Nested Lists
Lists can contain other lists, creating nested lists. These are lists within lists
moatrix[1[2]
‘Output: (1, 2, 3]
Output: 6
© Negative indices start at -1 for the last element.
© Slicing: list [start:stop] Stops at the index before s top. @ curious_programmer
© List Comprehension
List comprehension provides a concise way to create lists. Useful for
transforming or filtering elements in a list
© squares = [x**2 for x in range(S)]
Output: [0, 4, 4,.9,16]
© evens = [x for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]
Output: [0, 2, 4, 6, 8]
© Difference between List & Array
Lists and arrays Gri Bet palbevonb)é Refig) bUE they have some
important differences
Implemented in
Python natively
Requires Ning package
Flexible, can store | Fixed data type for all
different data re elements
ate general | Efficient for numerical
purpose usage operations.
import numpy as np:
a=[Link][4, 2, 3,4, 5])
print (a)
‘Gutput: array{[1, 2, 3.4, 51] Chapter 9. Tuples
@ curious_programmer
© Creating Tuples
Tuples ore ordered, immutable collections of iteme, Created by enclosing
elements in parentheses
© colors = ["red’, for x in range(511
Output Dred’, "green’, *biue"]
O numbers = (1, 2,3,4,5)
Output: [0, 2,4, 6,8]
singleclement= (42,) (note: needs a comma)
© Tuple Operations
Tuples support in, Li
with commen tide -
Lists } Arrays
Implemented in Requires Numpy package
Python natively
rece and combin used
Flexible, can store | Fixed data tupe for all
different data tupes elements.
| Good for general Efficient for numerical
| purpose usage operations.
© Tuples are immutable: cannet be changed offer creation.
© Tuples can be used as keys in dictionaries (lists can't).
import numpy as np
@ = [Link][ C1, 2, 3, 4,51)
print (a)
Output: orray[[1,2, 3,4, 57] @ curious_programmer
uple Metheds
Atthough tuples are immutable, they do have two methods that: can be used
to gather information.
i ) | Returns the number of occurrences of a value
“inde Retums'the indaxof the first occurrence offa value
O numbers = (1, 2,3, 3,2, 4,2).
Output= numbers:.count(2)
20, 30, 40,
SO fs -
ide nae OadewithC urious
Output: 3
ecg pecking:
Returns the number of Common idoerences:
_| ene pair:
“Packing: | packed =1,2,3,4.5 | Output: (1,2.3,4,5]
© packed = 1,2,3,4,5
Output: (4, 2.3,4,5)
© 4,6, ¢ = packed
Output: a; 1, b, 2, <: 3
@ first, #rest = (4, 2, 34,5]
Output: first: 4, rest: [2,3,4,5] Mutable
untO, index) append), extend(),,
| popO.
ee
Generally for fixed
Used for dynamic
O tuplel = (4, 2,3)
Supt appendis)
© listt = (4,2, 3]
list append(4)
Output: [1, 2, 3, 4] Chapter 10: Sets
@ curious — programmer
Creating Sets
A set is a collection of unique, unordered elements in Python
Sets can be created by using the set() function or by enclosing
elements in curly braces {}.
© seti= set([1, 2,3, 4}] # Using set () function
© set2= {5,6,7,8) # Using curly braces
Set Properties
v Elements are unordered; duplicates are not allowed.
v Sets are mutable, meaning you can add or remove elements
y You can use the 1én()-function to get the! number of elements in a set.
Example: len(set2) returns 4
Set Methods
© add(x): Adds element x to the set.
fm remove x) Remes cenent fron te sel,
raises KeyError if not found.
@ union(set2): Returns a new set with elements from the original set
and set2.
@ intersection(set2): Returns a new set with elements common to
the original set and set2
@ intersection(set2): Returns a new set with elements common to
the original set and set2. Set Operations
@ curious_programmer
@ Union
The union of two sets retums a new set containing all unique
elements frorn both sets:
set1 set2
set1 = {1,2, 3, 4} | aes
set2 = {3,4, 5,6} i-<
a
set1 | set2 # (1,2,34,5,6} |
a e
set2
o Intersection sell
The intersection of two sets retums anew set containing only the
common elements
set1 set2
setl = {1725°8, 4}
set2 = {3,4,576}
| set1 & set2 # {3,43
o Difference
The difference of two sets returns a new set containing the elements
in the first set that are not in the second set.
set1 set2
set1—set2 # {1,2} | ae as
set1—set2 # {1,2} ace
° Frozenset_
A frozenset is an immutable version of a set
in Python
Tt acts like a set but cannat be modified,
| fs = frozenset (1, 2,3, 41) Chapter 11: Dictionary
@ curious_programmer
© Dictionary
A dictionary is a collection of key-value pairs that is mutable and
unordered.
In Python, dictionaries are defined using curly braces {} with key-
value pairs separated by colons
© Creating Dictionary.
To create a dictionary, define it using curly braces, with key-
value pairs separated by colons.
my-dict = {
"name": “Alice”,
"age": 25;
"city": "New York")
student_scores = {"Math!: 85, 'English': 92, “History': 78 }
@ Accessing Elements
Use the key in square brackets to access the value associated with
that key:
print (my-dict ["name"]) # Output: Alice.
print (my-dict ["age") # Output: 25,
print(student_scores["Math"]) # Output: 85
print (student_scores["English']) # Output: 92
print (student_scores["Math"]) _ # Output: 85
print Gtudent_scores["English"]) # Output: 92 @ curious_programmer
© Dictionary Methods
Keys, Values & Items
© Dictionaries are created by enclosing key-value pairs in curly braces {}. Keys
and values are separated by colons and each pair is separated by commas
© student = [‘name': ‘Alice’, ‘age: 25, ‘city’: ‘New York"}
(0 > keys( —>
student = student. ke
Output: dict_keys(L'name’, ‘age’, ‘city"])
© > values( —>
student =
(“age’, 25), City", "New York")]]
© ?[Link] — Retums a view of all keys in the dictionary,
[Link] > Retums a view of all values in the dictionary:
© > [Link] > Returns a view of all key-value pairs as tuples.
© [Link]© —> Returns a view of all keys in the dictionary,
© [Link] > Returns a view of all values in the dictionary.
© [Link] > Retums a view of all key-value pairs as tuples. @ curious_programmer
Nested Dictionary —>
Nested dictionaries are dictionaries within dictionaries. They are useful for
storing complex data hierarchies
© Example = SESSA
© Dictionary Comprehension —>
Dictionary comprehension creates dictionaries in a concise way by iterating over
an iterable and applying an expression to each item.
O squares = (4 x**2 for x in range(1, 6).
Output: Ur 4, 2,4, 3:9, 4, 16, 5:
© evens = (x: xt*2 for x in range(1, 11) if x % 2 =O)
Output: (2:4, 4, 16, 6: 36, 8,64, 10: 100)
© Conditional dictionary comprehension example:
x#*2 For x in range(1, 11) if x % 2 == 0)
4, 4.16, 6: 36, 8, 64, 10: 100) Chapter 12: Functions
@ curious_programmer
@ What is Function?
A function is a reusable block of code that performs a specific task
Functions help break a program into smaller, manageable, and
reusable parts.
© Defining & Calling Functions
To define a function in Python, use the def keyword followed by
the function name, parentheses Q, and a colon
MietprectO: # This defines a Function named grect: |
def greet(): # The function name followed by parentheses
greet
# Calls the gréet Function, output: Hello, World!
| def add(a, b): # This defines a function named add.
returna + b
result =add(5, 7) # Calls the add function with arguments
Sand 7.
print(result) # Output: 12
