Detailed Beginner Notes: Java → Spring Boot
Roadmap
This document contains detailed explanations of the Java Developer roadmap from Core Java to Spring
Boot. It is written for beginners who are learning programming for the first time. Each topic includes
explanation, concepts, and examples to help understand how things work.
Phase 1 – Core Java Fundamentals
Java Platform (JDK, JRE, JVM)
Java is a high■level, object■oriented programming language widely used for building enterprise software,
web applications, mobile applications, and backend systems. To run Java programs, three important
components are used: JDK (Java Development Kit): A toolkit that developers use to write and compile
Java programs. It includes the compiler and tools. JRE (Java Runtime Environment): Provides the libraries
and environment required to run Java programs. JVM (Java Virtual Machine): Executes compiled Java
bytecode and allows Java programs to run on any platform. This is why Java is known as 'Write Once, Run
Anywhere'.
Variables and Data Types
Variables are containers used to store data values. In Java every variable must have a data type. The data
type defines what kind of value the variable can store. Java primitive data types include int, double, char,
boolean, byte, short, long and float. Example: - int stores integers - double stores decimal numbers - char
stores single characters - boolean stores true or false Choosing the correct data type helps manage
memory efficiently.
• Variables must be declared before use
• Each variable has a name and a type
• Java is strongly typed so type must be defined
public class VariablesExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int age = 22;
double salary = 25000.75;
char grade = 'A';
boolean isJavaFun = true;
[Link](age);
[Link](salary);
[Link](grade);
[Link](isJavaFun);
}
}
Control Flow Statements
Control flow statements determine how the program executes. They help the program make decisions and
repeat tasks. The main control statements are: - if / else statements (decision making) - switch statements
(multiple conditions) - loops such as for, while, and do■while (repetition) Loops are especially useful when
performing tasks repeatedly such as processing arrays or collections.
int number = 10;
if(number > 5){
[Link]("Number is greater than 5");
}else{
[Link]("Number is small");
}
for(int i = 1; i <= 5; i++){
[Link]("Iteration: " + i);
}
Methods
A method is a block of code designed to perform a specific task. Methods allow code reuse and make
programs easier to manage. Advantages of methods: - Code reuse - Improved readability - Easier
maintenance Methods can take parameters as input and return values as output.
public class MethodExample {
static int add(int a, int b){
return a + b;
}
public static void main(String[] args){
int result = add(10,20);
[Link]("Result = " + result);
}
}
Arrays
Arrays are used to store multiple values of the same data type in a single variable. Each value in an array
is accessed using an index. For example, if we want to store marks of 5 students, we can use an array
instead of creating 5 variables.
int[] marks = {70,80,90,85,75};
for(int i=0;i<[Link];i++){
[Link](marks[i]);
}
Phase 2 – Object Oriented Programming
Classes and Objects
Object Oriented Programming (OOP) is the core concept of Java. A class is a blueprint used to create
objects. An object is an instance of a class that represents a real■world entity. For example, a Student
class may contain fields like name and age. An object represents one student with actual values.
class Student{
String name;
int age;
void display(){
[Link](name + " " + age);
}
}
public class Main{
public static void main(String[] args){
Student s1 = new Student();
[Link] = "Ravi";
[Link] = 21;
[Link]();
}
}
Encapsulation
Encapsulation means hiding internal data of an object and providing controlled access using methods. It is
achieved by: - Declaring variables as private - Providing getter and setter methods Encapsulation
improves security and prevents direct modification of variables.
class BankAccount{
private double balance;
public void deposit(double amount){
balance = balance + amount;
}
public double getBalance(){
return balance;
}
}
Inheritance
Inheritance allows one class to acquire properties and behavior of another class. The parent class is called
the superclass and the child class is called the subclass. Benefits: - Code reuse - Logical relationship
between classes - Reduces duplication
class Animal{
void eat(){
[Link]("Animal eating");
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void bark(){
[Link]("Dog barking");
}
Polymorphism
Polymorphism means 'many forms'. It allows the same method to behave differently depending on the
object. There are two types: 1. Method Overloading (compile time) 2. Method Overriding (runtime)
class Animal{
void sound(){
[Link]("Animal sound");
}
}
class Dog extends Animal{
void sound(){
[Link]("Bark");
}
}
Phase 3 – Collections Framework
Collections Overview
The Java Collections Framework provides classes and interfaces to store and manipulate groups of
objects. Common collection types: List – ordered collection that allows duplicates Set – collection that
does not allow duplicate elements Map – stores key value pairs
ArrayList
ArrayList is one of the most commonly used collections. It is a dynamic array that can grow or shrink
automatically.
import [Link].*;
ArrayList<String> skills = new ArrayList<>();
[Link]("Java");
[Link]("Spring");
[Link]("SQL");
for(String s : skills){
[Link](s);
}
HashMap
HashMap stores data in key value format. Each key maps to a value.
HashMap<Integer,String> map = new HashMap<>();
[Link](1,"Ravi");
[Link](2,"Rahul");
[Link]([Link](1));
Phase 4 – Spring Boot
Spring Boot Introduction
Spring Boot is a framework used to build production ready Java applications quickly. It simplifies
configuration and allows developers to create REST APIs easily. Spring Boot applications typically follow
layered architecture: Controller – handles HTTP requests Service – contains business logic Repository –
interacts with database
REST Controller Example
A REST controller handles web requests and returns responses.
@RestController
public class HelloController{
@GetMapping("/hello")
public String hello(){
return "Hello from Spring Boot";
}
