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JavaScript Interview Ques

The document provides an overview of various JavaScript concepts, including object creation methods, the prototype chain, and the differences between call, apply, and bind functions. It also covers JSON operations, the purposes of array methods like slice and splice, and highlights key differences between them. Each section includes examples and explanations to clarify the concepts discussed.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

7 views154 pages

JavaScript Interview Ques

Uploaded by

updatesktu

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

No.

Questions

452 What is the purpose of the this keyword in JavaScript?

453 What are the uses of closures?

454 What are the phases of execution context?

455 What are the possible reasons for memory leaks?

456 What are the optimization techniques of V8 engine?

457 What are the examples of built-in higher order functions?

458 What are the benefits higher order functions?

459 How do you create polyfills for map, filter and reduce methods?

460 What is the difference between map and forEach functions?

461 Give an example of statements affected by automatic semicolon insertion?

462 What are the event phases of a browser?

463 What are the real world use cases of proxy?

464 What are hidden classes?

465 What is inline caching?

466 What are the different ways to execute external scripts?

467 What is Lexical Scope?

468 How to detect system dark mode in javascript?

469 What is the purpose of requestAnimationFrame method?

470 What is the difference between substring and substr methods?

471 How to find the number of parameters expected by a function?

472 What is globalThis, and what is the importance of it?

473 What are the array mutation methods?

474 What is module scope in JavaScript?

475 What are shadowing and illegal shadowing?

476 Why is it important to remove event listeners after use?

477 What is structuredClone and how is it used for deep copying objects?

478 What is the difference between const and [Link]

1. What are the possible ways to create objects in JavaScript

There are many ways to create objects in javascript as mentioned below:

i. Object literal syntax:

The object literal syntax (or object initializer), is a comma-separated set of name-value pairs wrapped in curly braces.

var object = {
name: "Sudheer",
age: 34,
};

Object literal property values can be of any data type, including array, function, and nested object.

Note: This is one of the easiest ways to create an object and it's most commonly used for creating simple, ad-hoc objects.

ii. Object constructor:

The simplest way to create an empty object is using the Object constructor. Currently this approach is not recommended.

var object = new Object();

The Object() is a built-in constructor function so "new" keyword is not required for creating plain objects. The above code snippet
can be re-written as:

var object = Object();

However, Object() can be used to either create a plain object or convert a given value into its corresponding object wrapper,
whereas new Object() is specifically used to explicitly create a new object instance.

iii. Object's create method:

The create method of Object is used to create a new object by passing the specified prototype object and properties as arguments,
i.e., this pattern is helpful to create new objects based on existing objects. In other words, this is useful for setting up prototypal
inheritance. The second argument is optional and it is used to create properties on a newly created object.

The following code creates a new empty object whose prototype is null.

var object = [Link](null);

The following example creates an object along with additional new properties.

let vehicle = {
wheels: "4",
fuelType: "Gasoline",
color: "Green",
};
let carProps = {
type: {
value: "Volkswagen",
},
model: {
value: "Golf",
},
};

var car = [Link](vehicle, carProps);

[Link](car);

iv. Function constructor:

In this approach, create any function and apply the new operator to create object instances. This was the main way to do constructor-
based OOP before ES6 classes.

function Person(name) {
[Link] = name;
[Link] = 21;
}
var object = new Person("Sudheer");

v. Function constructor with prototype:

This is similar to function constructor but it uses prototype for their properties and methods. Using prototype means you're sharing
methods/properties across instances, which saves memory and improve performance.

function Person() {}
[Link] = "Sudheer";
var object = new Person();

This is equivalent to creating an instance with [Link] method with a function prototype and then calling that function with an
instance and parameters as arguments.

function func(x, y, z) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.z = z;
}

var instance = new func(1, 2, 3);

(OR)

function func(x, y, z) {
this.x = x;
this.y = y;
this.z = z;
}
// Create a new instance using function prototype.
var newInstance = [Link]([Link]);

// Call the function

var result = [Link](newInstance, 1, 2, 3);

// If the result is a non-null object then use it otherwise just use the new instance.
[Link](result && typeof result === 'object' ? result : newInstance);

vi. Object's assign method:

The [Link] method is used to copy all the properties from one or more source objects and stores them into a target object.
This is mainly used for cloning and merging

The following code creates a new staff object by copying properties of his working company and the car he owns.

const orgObject = { company: "XYZ Corp" };

const carObject = { name: "Toyota" };
const staff = [Link]({}, orgObject, carObject);

vii. ES6 Class syntax:

ES6 introduces class feature to create objects. This is syntactic sugar over the prototype-based system.

class Person {
constructor(name) {
[Link] = name;
}
}

var object = new Person("Sudheer");

viii. Singleton pattern:

A Singleton is an object which can only be instantiated one time. Repeated calls to its constructor return the same instance. This way
one can ensure that they don't accidentally create multiple instances.

Singleton with Closure (Classic JS Pattern)

const Singleton = (function () {

let instance;

function createInstance() {
return { name: "Sudheer" };
}

return {
getInstance: function () {
if (!instance) {
instance = createInstance();
}
return instance;
}
};
})();

// Usage
const obj1 = [Link]();
const obj2 = [Link]();

[Link](obj1 === obj2); // true

In modern JavaScript applications, singletons are commonly implemented using ES6 modules for their built-in caching behavior, or
closures for encapsulated state management.
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2. What is a prototype chain

The prototype chain is a core concept in JavaScript’s inheritance model. It allows objects to inherit properties and methods from other
objects. When you try to access a property or method on an object, JavaScript first looks for it on that object itself. If it’s not found, the
engine looks up the object's internal [[Prototype]] reference (accessible via [Link](obj) or the deprecated __proto__
property) and continues searching up the chain until it finds the property or reaches the end (usually null ).

For objects created via constructor functions, the prototype chain starts with the instance, then refers to the constructor’s .prototype
object, and continues from there. For example:

function Person() {}
const person1 = new Person();

[Link]([Link](person1) === [Link]); // true

This mechanism allows for property and method sharing among objects, enabling code reuse and a form of inheritance.

Summary:

The prototype chain enables inheritance in JavaScript.

If a property isn’t found on an object, JavaScript looks up its prototype chain.
The prototype of an object instance can be accessed with [Link](obj) or __proto__ .
The prototype of a constructor function is available via [Link] .
The chain ends when the prototype is null .

The prototype chain among objects appears as below,

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3. What is the Difference Between call , apply , and bind

In JavaScript, call , apply , and bind are methods that allow you to control the context ( this value) in which a function is executed. While
their purposes are similar, they differ in how they handle arguments and when the function is invoked.

call

Description:
The call() method invokes a function immediately, allowing you to specify the value of this and pass arguments individually (comma-
separated).

Syntax:

[Link](thisArg, arg1, arg2, ...)

Example:

var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };

var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

[Link](
greeting1 + " " + [Link] + " " + [Link] + ", " + greeting2
);
}

[Link](employee1, "Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
[Link](employee2, "Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?

apply
Description:
The apply() method is similar to call() , but it takes the function arguments as an array (or array-like object) instead of individual
arguments.

Syntax:

[Link](thisArg, [argsArray])

Example:

var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };

var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

[Link](
greeting1 + " " + [Link] + " " + [Link] + ", " + greeting2
);
}

[Link](employee1, ["Hello", "How are you?"]); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
[Link](employee2, ["Hello", "How are you?"]); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?

bind

Description:
The bind() method creates a new function with a specific this value and, optionally, preset initial arguments. Unlike call and apply ,
bind does not immediately invoke the function; instead, it returns a new function that you can call later.

Syntax:

var boundFunc = [Link](thisArg[, arg1[, arg2[, ...]]])

Example:

var employee1 = { firstName: "John", lastName: "Rodson" };

var employee2 = { firstName: "Jimmy", lastName: "Baily" };

function invite(greeting1, greeting2) {

[Link](
greeting1 + " " + [Link] + " " + [Link] + ", " + greeting2
);
}

var inviteEmployee1 = [Link](employee1);

var inviteEmployee2 = [Link](employee2);

inviteEmployee1("Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello John Rodson, How are you?
inviteEmployee2("Hello", "How are you?"); // Hello Jimmy Baily, How are you?

Summary

Method Invokes Function Immediately? How Arguments Are Passed Returns

call Yes Comma-separated list Function's result

apply Yes Array or array-like object Function's result

bind No (Optional) preset, then rest New function

Key Points
call and apply are almost interchangeable; both invoke the function immediately, but differ in how arguments are passed.

Tip: "Call is for Comma-separated, Apply is for Array."

bind does not execute the function immediately. Instead, it creates a new function with the specified this value and optional
arguments, which can be called later.

Use call or apply when you want to immediately invoke a function with a specific this context. Use bind when you want to create a
new function with a specific this context to be invoked later.

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4. What is JSON and its common operations

JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) is a lightweight, text-based data format that uses JavaScript object syntax for structuring data. It was
popularized by Douglas Crockford and is widely used for transmitting data between a server and a client in web applications. JSON files
typically have a .json extension and use the MIME type application/json .

Common Operations with JSON

i. Parsing: Transforming a JSON-formatted string into a native JavaScript object.

const obj = [Link](jsonString);

Example:

const jsonString = '{"name":"John","age":30}';

const obj = [Link](jsonString); // { name: "John", age: 30 }

ii. Stringification: Converting a JavaScript object into a JSON-formatted string, commonly used for data transmission or storage.

const jsonString = [Link](object);

Example:

const obj = { name: "Jane", age: 25 };

const jsonString = [Link](obj); // '{"name":"Jane","age":25}'

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5. What is the purpose of the array slice method

The slice() method in JavaScript is used to extract a section of an array, returning a new array containing the selected elements. It does
not modify the original array. The method takes two arguments:

start: The index at which extraction begins (inclusive).

end (optional): The index before which to end extraction (exclusive). If omitted, extraction continues to the end of the array.

You can also use negative indices, which count from the end of the array.

Examples:

let arrayIntegers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let arrayIntegers1 = [Link](0, 2); // [1, 2]

let arrayIntegers2 = [Link](2, 3); // [3]
let arrayIntegers3 = [Link](4); // [5]
let arrayIntegers4 = [Link](-3, -1); // [3, 4]

Note:
The slice() method does not mutate (change) the original array; instead, it returns a new array containing the extracted elements.

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6. What is the purpose of the array splice method

The splice() method in JavaScript is used to add, remove, or replace elements within an array. Unlike slice() , which creates a shallow
copy and does not alter the original array, splice() modifies the original array in place and returns an array containing the removed
elements.

Syntax
[Link](start, deleteCount, item1, item2, ...)

start: The index at which to start changing the array.

deleteCount: (Optional) The number of elements to remove from the array. If omitted, all elements from the start index to the end of
the array will be removed.
item1, item2, ...: (Optional) Elements to add to the array, starting at the start position.

Examples

let arrayIntegersOriginal1 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

let arrayIntegersOriginal2 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
let arrayIntegersOriginal3 = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

// Remove the first two elements

Converts operands to the same type before making the comparison.

null == undefined is true .

"1" == 1 is true because the string is converted to a number.

0 == false is true because false is converted to 0 .

Examples:

0 == false // true (loose equality, type coercion)

0 === false // false (strict equality, different types)
1 == "1" // true (string converted to number)
1 === "1" // false (different types)
null == undefined // true (special case)
null === undefined // false (different types)
'0' == false // true ('0' is converted to 0)
'0' === false // false (different types)
NaN == NaN // false (NaN is never equal to itself)
NaN === NaN // false
[] == [] // false (different array objects)
[] === [] // false
{} == {} // false (different object references)
{} === {} // false

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10. What are lambda expressions or arrow functions

Arrow functions (also known as "lambda expressions") provide a concise syntax for writing function expressions in JavaScript. Introduced in
ES6, arrow functions are often shorter and more readable, especially for simple operations or callbacks.

Key Features:
Arrow functions do not have their own this , arguments , super , or [Link] bindings. They inherit these from their surrounding
(lexical) context.
They are best suited for non-method functions, such as callbacks or simple computations.
Arrow functions cannot be used as constructors and do not have a prototype property.
They also cannot be used with new , yield , or as generator functions.

Syntax Examples:

const arrowFunc1 = (a, b) => a + b; // Multiple parameters, returns a + b

const arrowFunc2 = a => a * 10; // Single parameter (parentheses optional), returns a * 10
const arrowFunc3 = () => {}; // No parameters, returns undefined
const arrowFunc4 = (a, b) => {
// Multiple statements require curly braces and explicit return
const sum = a + b;
return sum * 2;
};

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11. What is a first class function

In JavaScript, first-class functions(first-class citizens) mean that functions are treated like any other variable. That means:

i. You can assign a function to a variable.

ii. You can pass a function as an argument to another function.
iii. You can return a function from another function.

This capability enables powerful patterns like callbacks, higher-order functions, event handling, and functional programming in JavaScript.

For example, the handler function below is assigned to a variable and then passed as an argument to the addEventListener method.

const handler = () => [Link]("This is a click handler function");

[Link]("click", handler);

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12. What is a first order function

A first-order function is a function that doesn’t accept another function as an argument and doesn’t return a function as its return value. i.e,
It's a regular function that works with primitive or non-function values.

const firstOrder = () => [Link]("I am a first order function!");

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13. What is a higher order function

A higher-order function is a function that either accepts another function as an argument, returns a function as its result, or both. This
concept is a core part of JavaScript's functional programming capabilities and is widely used for creating modular, reusable, and expressive
code.

The syntactic structure of higher order function will be explained with an example as follows,

// First-order function (does not accept or return another function)

const firstOrderFunc = () =>
[Link]("Hello, I am a first-order function");

// Higher-order function (accepts a function as an argument)

const higherOrder = (callback) => callback();

// Passing the first-order function to the higher-order function

higherOrder(firstOrderFunc);

In this example:

i. firstOrderFunc is a regular (first-order) function.

ii. higherOrder is a higher-order function because it takes another function as an argument.

iii. firstOrderFunc is also called a callback function because it is passed to and executed by another function.

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14. What is a unary function

A unary function (also known as a monadic function) is a function that accepts exactly one argument. The term "unary" simply refers to
the function's arity—the number of arguments it takes.

Let us take an example of unary function,

const unaryFunction = (a) => [Link](a + 10); // This will add 10 to the input and log the result
unaryFunction(5); // Output: 15

In this example:

unaryFunction takes a single parameter a , making it a unary function.

It performs a simple operation: adding 10 to the input and printing the result.

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15. What is the currying function

Currying is the process of transforming a function with multiple arguments into a sequence of nested functions, each accepting only one
argument at a time.

This concept is named after mathematician Haskell Curry, and is commonly used in functional programming to enhance modularity and
reuse.

Before Currying (Normal n-ary Function)

const multiArgFunction = (a, b, c) => a + b + c;

[Link](multiArgFunction(1, 2, 3)); // Output: 6

This is a standard function that takes three arguments at once.

After Currying (Unary Function Chain)

const curryUnaryFunction = (a) => (b) => (c) => a + b + c;

[Link](curryUnaryFunction(1)); // Returns: function (b) => ...

[Link](curryUnaryFunction(1)(2)); // Returns: function (c) => ...
[Link](curryUnaryFunction(1)(2)(3)); // Output: 6

Each function in the chain accepts one argument and returns the next function, until all arguments are provided and the final result is
computed.

Benefits of Currying
Improves code reusability → You can partially apply functions with known arguments.

Enhances functional composition → Easier to compose small, pure functions.

Encourages clean, modular code → You can split logic into smaller single-responsibility functions.

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16. What is a pure function

A pure function is a function whose output depends only on its input arguments and produces no side effects. This means that given the
same inputs, a pure function will always return the same output, and it does not modify any external state or data.

Let's take an example to see the difference between pure and impure functions,

Example: Pure vs. Impure Functions

// Impure Function
let numberArray = [];
const impureAddNumber = (number) => [Link](number);

// Pure Function
const pureAddNumber = (number) => (inputArray) =>
[Link]([number]);

// Usage
[Link](impureAddNumber(6)); // returns 1
[Link](numberArray); // returns [6]

[Link](pureAddNumber(7)(numberArray)); // returns [6, 7]

[Link](numberArray); // remains [6]

impureAddNumber changes the external variable numberArray and returns the new length of the array, making it impure.

pureAddNumber creates a new array with the added number and does not modify the original array, making it pure.

17. What are the benefits of pure functions

Some of the major benefits of pure functions are listed below,

Easier testing: Since output depends only on input, pure functions are simple to test.
Predictability: No hidden side effects make behavior easier to reason about.
Immutability: Pure functions align with ES6 best practices, such as preferring const over let, supporting safer and more maintainable
code.
No side effects: Reduces bugs related to shared state or mutation.

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18. What is the purpose of the let keyword

The let keyword in JavaScript is used to declare a block-scoped local variable. This means that variables declared with let are only
accessible within the block, statement, or expression where they are defined. This is a significant improvement over the older var
keyword, which is function-scoped (or globally-scoped if declared outside a function), and does not respect block-level scoping.

Key Features of let :

Block Scope: The variable exists only within the nearest enclosing block (e.g., inside an {} pair).
No Hoisting Issues: While let declarations are hoisted, they are not initialized until the code defining them is executed. Accessing
them before declaration results in a ReferenceError (temporal dead zone).
No Redeclaration: The same variable cannot be declared twice in the same scope with let .

Example:

let counter = 30;

if (counter === 30) {
let counter = 31;
[Link](counter); // Output: 31 (block-scoped variable inside if-block)
}
[Link](counter); // Output: 30 (outer variable, unaffected by inner block)

In this example, the counter inside the if block is a separate variable from the one outside. The let keyword ensures that both have
their own distinct scope.

In summary, you need to use let when you want variables to be limited to the block in which they are defined, preventing accidental
overwrites and bugs related to variable scope.

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19. What is the difference between let and var

You can list out the differences in a tabular format

var let

It has been available from the beginning of JavaScript Introduced as part of ES6

It has function scope It has block scope

var let

Variable declaration will be hoisted, initialized as undefined Hoisted but not initialized

It is possible to re-declare the variable in the same scope It is not possible to re-declare the variable

Let's take an example to see the difference,

(function () {
// logic here
})();

The primary reason to use an IIFE is to obtain data privacy because any variables declared within the IIFE cannot be accessed by the
outside world. i.e, If you try to access variables from the IIFE then it throws an error as below,

(function () {
var message = "IIFE";
[Link](message);
})();
[Link](message); //Error: message is not defined

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24. How do you decode or encode a URL in JavaScript?

encodeURI() function is used to encode an URL. This function requires a URL string as a parameter and return that encoded string.
decodeURI() function is used to decode an URL. This function requires an encoded URL string as parameter and return that decoded
string.

Note: If you want to encode characters such as / ? : @ & = + $ # then you need to use encodeURIComponent() .

let uri = "employeeDetails?name=john&occupation=manager";

let encoded_uri = encodeURI(uri);
let decoded_uri = decodeURI(encoded_uri);

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25. What is memoization

Memoization is a functional programming technique which attempts to increase a function’s performance by caching its previously
computed results. Each time a memoized function is called, its parameters are used to index the cache. If the data is present, then it can be
returned, without executing the entire function. Otherwise the function is executed and then the result is added to the cache. Let's take an
example of adding function with memoization,

const memoizeAddition = () => {

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26. What is Hoisting

Hoisting is JavaScript's default behavior where variable and function declarations are moved to the top of their scope before code execution.
This means you can access certain variables and functions even before they are defined in the code.

Example of variable hoisting:

[Link](message); // Output: undefined

var message = "The variable has been hoisted";

var message;
[Link](message); // undefined
message = "The variable has been hoisted";

Example of function hoisting:

message("Good morning"); // Output: Good morning

function message(name) {
[Link](name);
}

Because of hoisting, functions can be used before they are declared.

[⬆ Back to Top](#table-of-contents)

27. What are classes in ES6

In ES6, Javascript classes are primarily syntactic sugar over JavaScript’s existing prototype-based inheritance. For example, the prototype
based inheritance written in function expression as below,

function Bike(model, color) {

[Link] = model;
[Link] = color;
}

[Link] = function () {
return [Link] + " bike has" + [Link] + " color";
};

Whereas ES6 classes can be defined as an alternative

class Bike {
constructor(color, model) {
[Link] = color;
[Link] = model;
}

getDetails() {
return [Link] + " bike has" + [Link] + " color";
}
}
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28. What are closures

A closure is the combination of a function bundled(enclosed) together with its lexical environment within which that function was declared.
i.e, It is an inner function that has access to the outer or enclosing function’s variables, functions and other data even after the outer
function has finished its execution. The closure has three scope chains.

i. Own scope where variables defined between its curly brackets

ii. Outer function's variables
iii. Global variables

Let's take an example of closure concept,

function Welcome(name) {
var greetingInfo = function (message) {
[Link](message + " " + name);
};
return greetingInfo;
}
var myFunction = Welcome("John");
myFunction("Welcome "); //Output: Welcome John
myFunction("Hello Mr."); //output: Hello Mr. John

As per the above code, the inner function(i.e, greetingInfo) has access to the variables in the outer function scope(i.e, Welcome) even after
the outer function has returned.

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29. What are modules

Modules refer to small units of independent, reusable code and also act as the foundation of many JavaScript design patterns. Most of the
JavaScript modules export an object literal, a function, or a constructor

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30. Why do you need modules

Below are the list of benefits using modules in javascript ecosystem

Web storage is an API that provides a mechanism by which browsers can store key/value pairs locally within the user's browser, in a much
more intuitive fashion than using cookies. The web storage provides two mechanisms for storing data on the client.

i. Local storage: It stores data for current origin with no expiration date.
ii. Session storage: It stores data for one session and the data is lost when the browser tab is closed.

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There are few below options available for a cookie,

i. By default, the cookie is deleted when the browser is closed but you can change this behavior by setting expiry date (in UTC time).

[Link] = "username=John; expires=Sat, 8 Jun 2019 12:00:00 UTC";

ii. By default, the cookie belongs to a current page. But you can tell the browser what path the cookie belongs to using a path parameter.

[Link] = "username=John; path=/services";

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41. How do you delete a cookie

You can delete a cookie by setting the expiry date as a passed date. You don't need to specify a cookie value in this case. For example, you
can delete a username cookie in the current page as below.

[Link] =
"username=; expires=Fri, 07 Jun 2019 00:00:00 UTC; path=/;";

Note: You should define the cookie path option to ensure that you delete the right cookie. Some browsers doesn't allow to delete a cookie
unless you specify a path parameter.

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42. What are the differences between cookie, local storage and session storage
Below are some of the differences between cookie, local storage and session storage,

Session
Feature Cookie Local storage
storage

Accessed on client or Both server-side & client-side. The set-cookie HTTP response client-side
client-side only
server side header is used by server inorder to send it to user. only

Forever until until tab is

Expiry Manually configured using Expires option
deleted closed

Not
SSL support Supported Not supported
supported

Maximum data size 4KB 5 MB 5MB

Accessible from Any window Any window Same tab

Sent with requests Yes No No

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43. What is the main difference between localStorage and sessionStorage

LocalStorage is the same as SessionStorage but it persists the data even when the browser is closed and reopened(i.e it has no expiration
time) whereas in sessionStorage data gets cleared when the page session ends.

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44. How do you access web storage

The Window object implements the WindowLocalStorage and WindowSessionStorage objects which has
localStorage ([Link]) and sessionStorage ([Link]) properties respectively. These properties create an
instance of the Storage object, through which data items can be set, retrieved and removed for a specific domain and storage type (session
or local). For example, you can read and write on local storage objects as below

[Link]("logo", [Link]("logo").value);
[Link]("logo");

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45. What are the methods available on session storage

The session storage provided methods for reading, writing and clearing the session data

// Save data to sessionStorage

[Link]("key", "value");

// Get saved data from sessionStorage

let data = [Link]("key");

// Remove saved data from sessionStorage

[Link]("key");
// Remove all saved data from sessionStorage
[Link]();

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46. What is a storage event and its event handler

The StorageEvent is an event that fires when a storage area has been changed in the context of another document. Whereas onstorage
property is an EventHandler for processing storage events. The syntax would be as below

[Link] = functionRef;

Let's take the example usage of onstorage event handler which logs the storage key and it's values

You need to follow below steps to start using web workers for counting example

i. Create a Web Worker File: You need to write a script to increment the count value. Let's name it as [Link]

let i = 0;

function timedCount() {
i = i + 1;
postMessage(i);
setTimeout("timedCount()", 500);
}

timedCount();

Here postMessage() method is used to post a message back to the HTML page

ii. Create a Web Worker Object: You can create a web worker object by checking for browser support. Let's name this file as
web_worker_example.js

if (typeof w == "undefined") {
w = new Worker("[Link]");
}

and we can receive messages from web worker

[Link] = function (event) {

[Link]("message").innerHTML = [Link];
};

iii. Terminate a Web Worker: Web workers will continue to listen for messages (even after the external script is finished) until it is
terminated. You can use the terminate() method to terminate listening to the messages.

[Link]();

iv. Reuse the Web Worker: If you set the worker variable to undefined you can reuse the code

w = undefined;

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51. What are the restrictions of web workers on DOM

WebWorkers don't have access to below javascript objects since they are defined in an external files

i. Window object
ii. Document object
iii. Parent object

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52. What is a promise

A Promise is a JavaScript object that represents the eventual completion (or failure) of an asynchronous operation and its resulting value. It
acts as a placeholder for a value that may not be available yet but will be resolved in the future.

A Promise can be in one of three states:

pending : Initial state, neither fulfilled nor rejected.

fulfilled : The operation completed successfully.

rejected : The operation failed (e.g., due to a network error).

Promise Syntax

const promise = new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {

// Perform async operation
});

Example: Creating and Using a Promise

const promise = new Promise((resolve, reject) => {

setTimeout(() => {
resolve("I'm a Promise!");
}, 5000);
});

promise
.then((value) => [Link](value)) // Logs after 5 seconds: "I'm a Promise!"
.catch((error) => [Link](error)) // Handles any rejection
.finally(() => [Link]("Done")); // Runs regardless of success or failure

In the above example:

A Promise is created to handle an asynchronous operation with resolve and reject callbacks.
The setTimeout resolves the promise with a value after 5 seconds.
.then() , .catch() , and .finally() are used to handle success, errors, and cleanup respectively.

The action flow of a promise will be as below,

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53. Why do you need a promise

Promises are used to handle asynchronous operations, especially in languages like JavaScript, which often work with non-blocking
operations such as network requests, file I/O, and timers. When an operation is asynchronous, it doesn't immediately return a result;
instead, it works in the background and provides the result later. Handling this in a clean, organized way can be difficult without a
structured approach.

Promises are used to:

async1(function(){
async2(function(){
async3(function(){
async4(function(){
....
});
});
});
});

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58. What are server-sent events

Server-sent events (SSE) is a server push technology enabling a browser to receive automatic updates from a server via HTTP connection
without resorting to polling. These are a one way communications channel - events flow from server to client only. This has been used in
Facebook/Twitter/X updates, stock price updates, news feeds etc.

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59. How do you receive server-sent event notifications

The EventSource object is used to receive server-sent event notifications. For example, you can receive messages from server as below,
if (typeof EventSource !== "undefined") {
var source = new EventSource("sse_generator.js");
[Link] = function (event) {
[Link]("output").innerHTML += [Link] + "<br>";
};
}

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60. How do you check browser support for server-sent events

You can perform browser support for server-sent events before using it as below,

if (typeof EventSource !== "undefined") {

// Server-sent events supported. Let's have some code here!
} else {
// No server-sent events supported
}

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61. What are the events available for server sent events
Below are the list of events available for server sent events

Event Description

onopen It is used when a connection to the server is opened

onmessage This event is used when a message is received

onerror It happens when an error occurs

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62. What are the main rules of promise

A promise must follow a specific set of rules:

i. A promise is an object that supplies a standard-compliant .then() method

ii. A pending promise may transition into either fulfilled or rejected state
iii. A fulfilled or rejected promise is settled and it must not transition into any other state.
iv. Once a promise is settled, the value must not change.

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63. What is callback in callback

You can nest one callback inside in another callback to execute the actions sequentially one by one. This is known as callbacks in callbacks.
Beware, too many levels of nesting lead to Callback hell

loadScript("/[Link]", function (script) {

[Link]("first script is loaded");

loadScript("/[Link]", function (script) {

[Link]("second script is loaded");

loadScript("/[Link]", function (script) {

[Link]("third script is loaded");
// after all scripts are loaded
});
});
});

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64. What is promise chaining

The process of executing a sequence of asynchronous tasks one after another using promises is known as Promise chaining. Let's take an
example of promise chaining for calculating the final result,
new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {
setTimeout(() => resolve(1), 1000);
})
.then(function (result) {
[Link](result); // 1
return result * 2;
})
.then(function (result) {
[Link](result); // 2
return result * 3;
})
.then(function (result) {
[Link](result); // 6
return result * 4;
});

In the above handlers, the result is passed to the chain of .then() handlers with the below work flow,

i. The initial promise resolves in 1 second,

ii. After that .then handler is called by logging the result(1) and then return a promise with the value of result * 2.
iii. After that the value passed to the next .then handler by logging the result(2) and return a promise with result * 3.
iv. Finally the value passed to the last .then handler by logging the result(6) and return a promise with result * 4.

The strict mode is declared by adding "use strict"; to the beginning of a script or a function. If declared at the beginning of a script, it has
global scope.

"use strict";
x = 3.14; // This will cause an error because x is not declared

and if you declare inside a function, it has local scope

72. What is typeof operator

You can use the JavaScript typeof operator to find the type of a JavaScript variable. It returns the type of a variable or an expression.

typeof "John Abraham"; // Returns "string"

typeof (1 + 2); // Returns "number"
typeof [1, 2, 3]; // Returns "object" because all arrays are also objects

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73. What is undefined property

The undefined property indicates that a variable has not been assigned a value, or declared but not initialized at all. The type of undefined
value is undefined too.

var user; // Value is undefined, type is undefined

[Link](typeof user); //undefined

Any variable can be emptied by setting the value to undefined.

user = undefined;

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74. What is null value

The value null represents the intentional absence of any object value. It is one of JavaScript's primitive values. The type of null value is
object. You can empty the variable by setting the value to null.

var user = null;

[Link](typeof user); //object

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75. What is the difference between null and undefined

Below are the main differences between null and undefined,

Null Undefined

It is an assignment value which indicates that variable points It is not an assignment value where a variable has been declared but
to no object. has not yet been assigned a value.

Type of null is object Type of undefined is undefined

The null value is a primitive value that represents the null, The undefined value is a primitive value used when a variable has not
empty, or non-existent reference. been assigned a value.

Indicates the absence of a value for a variable Indicates absence of variable itself

Converted to zero (0) while performing primitive operations Converted to NaN while performing primitive operations

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76. What is eval

The eval() function evaluates JavaScript code represented as a string. The string can be a JavaScript expression, variable, statement, or
sequence of statements.

[Link](eval("1 + 2")); // 3

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77. What is the difference between window and document

Below are the main differences between window and document,

Window Document

It is the direct child of the window object. This is also known as Document
It is the root level element in any web page
Object Model (DOM)

By default window object is available implicitly in the

You can access it via [Link] or document.
page

It has methods like alert(), confirm() and properties like It provides methods like getElementById, getElementsByTagName,
document, location createElement etc

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78. How do you access history in javascript
The [Link] object contains the browser's history. You can load previous and next URLs in the history using back() and next()
methods.

function goBack() {
[Link]();
}
function goForward() {
[Link]();
}

Note: You can also access history without window prefix.

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79. How do you detect caps lock key turned on or not

The mouseEvent getModifierState() is used to return a boolean value that indicates whether the specified modifier key is activated or not.
The modifiers such as CapsLock, ScrollLock and NumLock are activated when they are clicked, and deactivated when they are clicked again.

Let's take an input element to detect the CapsLock on/off behavior with an example:

<input type="password" />

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80. What is isNaN

The isNaN() function is used to determine whether a value is an illegal number (Not-a-Number) or not. i.e, This function returns true if the
value equates to NaN. Otherwise it returns false.

isNaN("Hello"); //true
isNaN("100"); //false

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81. What are the differences between undeclared and undefined variables
Below are the major differences between undeclared(not defined) and undefined variables,

undeclared undefined

These variables declared in the program but have not assigned

These variables do not exist in a program and are not declared
any value

If you try to read the value of an undeclared variable, then a If you try to read the value of an undefined variable, an
runtime error is encountered undefined value is returned.

var a;
a; // yields undefined

b; // Throws runtime error like "Uncaught ReferenceError: b is not defined"

This can be confusing, because it says not defined instead of not declared (Chrome)
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82. What are global variables

Global variables are those that are available throughout the length of the code without any scope. The var keyword is used to declare a
local variable but if you omit it then it will become global variable

msg = "Hello"; // var is missing, it becomes global variable

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83. What are the problems with global variables

The problem with global variables is the conflict of variable names of local and global scope. It is also difficult to debug and test the code
that relies on global variables.

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84. What is NaN property

The NaN property is a global property that represents "Not-a-Number" value. i.e, It indicates that a value is not a legal number. It is very
rare to use NaN in a program but it can be used as return value for few cases

[Link](-1);
parseInt("Hello");

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85. What is the purpose of isFinite function

The isFinite() function is used to determine whether a number is a finite, legal number. It returns false if the value is +infinity, -infinity, or
NaN (Not-a-Number), otherwise it returns true.

isFinite(Infinity); // false
isFinite(NaN); // false
isFinite(-Infinity); // false

Event bubbling is a type of event propagation in which an event first triggers on the innermost target element (the one the user interacted
with), and then bubbles up through its ancestors in the DOM hierarchy — eventually reaching the outermost elements, like the document
or window.

By default, event listeners in JavaScript are triggered during the bubbling phase, unless specified otherwise.

<div>
<button class="child">Hello</button>
</div>

// Bubbling phase (default)

[Link]("click", function () {
[Link]("Parent");
});

[Link]("click", function () {
[Link]("Child");
});
</script>
//Child
//Parent

Here, at first, the event triggers on the child button. Thereafter it bubbles up and triggers the parent div's event handler.

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89. How do you submit a form using JavaScript

You can submit a form using [Link][0].submit() . All the form input's information is submitted using onsubmit event handler

function submit() {
[Link][0].submit();
}

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90. How do you find operating system details

The [Link] object contains information about the visitor's browser OS details. Some of the OS properties are available under
platform property,

[Link]([Link]);

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91. What is the difference between document load and DOMContentLoaded events
The DOMContentLoaded event is fired when the initial HTML document has been completely loaded and parsed, without waiting for
assets(stylesheets, images, and subframes) to finish loading. Whereas The load event is fired when the whole page has loaded, including all
dependent resources(stylesheets, images).

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92. What is the difference between native, host and user objects
Native objects are objects that are part of the JavaScript language defined by the ECMAScript specification. For example, String, Math,
RegExp, Object, Function etc core objects defined in the ECMAScript spec. Host objects are objects provided by the browser or runtime
environment (Node).

For example, window, XmlHttpRequest, DOM nodes etc are considered as host objects. User objects are objects defined in the javascript
code. For example, User objects created for profile information.

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93. What are the tools or techniques used for debugging JavaScript code
You can use below tools or techniques for debugging javascript

i. Chrome Devtools
ii. debugger statement
iii. Good old [Link] statement

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94. What are the pros and cons of promises over callbacks
Below are the list of pros and cons of promises over callbacks,

Pros:

i. It avoids callback hell which is unreadable

ii. Easy to write sequential asynchronous code with .then()
iii. Easy to write parallel asynchronous code with [Link]()
iv. Solves some of the common problems of callbacks(call the callback too late, too early, many times and swallow errors/exceptions)

Cons:

v. It makes little complex code

vi. You need to load a polyfill if ES6 is not supported

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95. What is the difference between an attribute and a property

Attributes are defined on the HTML markup whereas properties are defined on the DOM. For example, the below HTML element has 2
attributes: type and value ,

<input type="text" value="Name:">

You can retrieve the attribute value as below, for example after typing "Good morning" into the input field:

const input = [Link]("input");

[Link]([Link]("value")); // Good morning
[Link]([Link]); // Good morning

And after you change the value of the text field to "Good evening", it becomes like

[Link]([Link]("value")); // Good evening

[Link]([Link]); // Good evening

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96. What is same-origin policy
The same-origin policy is a policy that prevents JavaScript from making requests across domain boundaries. An origin is defined as a
combination of URI scheme, hostname, and port number. If you enable this policy then it prevents a malicious script on one page from
obtaining access to sensitive data on another web page using Document Object Model(DOM).

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97. What is the purpose of void 0

Void(0) is used to prevent the page from refreshing. This will be helpful to eliminate the unwanted side-effect, because it will return the
undefined primitive value. It is commonly used for HTML documents that use href="JavaScript:Void(0);" within an <a> element. i.e, when
you click a link, the browser loads a new page or refreshes the same page. But this behavior will be prevented using this expression. For
example, the below link notify the message without reloading the page

<a href="JavaScript:void(0);" done!')">

Click Me!
</a>

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98. Is JavaScript a compiled or interpreted language

JavaScript is an interpreted language, not a compiled language. An interpreter in the browser reads over the JavaScript code, interprets
each line, and runs it. Nowadays modern browsers use a technology known as Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation, which compiles JavaScript to
executable bytecode just as it is about to run.

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99. Is JavaScript a case-sensitive language

Yes, JavaScript is a case sensitive language. The language keywords, variables, function & object names, and any other identifiers must
always be typed with a consistent capitalization of letters.

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100. Is there any relation between Java and JavaScript

No, they are entirely two different programming languages and have nothing to do with each other. But both of them are Object Oriented
Programming languages and like many other languages, they follow similar syntax for basic features(if, else, for, switch, break, continue
etc).

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101. What are events

Events are "things" that happen to HTML elements. When JavaScript is used in HTML pages, JavaScript can react on these events. Some
of the examples of HTML events are,

i. Web page has finished loading

ii. Input field was changed
iii. Button was clicked

Let's describe the behavior of click event for button element,

<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<script>
function greeting() {
alert('Hello! Good morning');
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<button type="button" me</button>
</body>
</html>
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102. Who created javascript

JavaScript was created by Brendan Eich in 1995 during his time at Netscape Communications. Initially it was developed under the name
Mocha , but later the language was officially called LiveScript when it first shipped in beta releases of Netscape.

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103. What is the use of preventDefault method

The preventDefault() method cancels the event if it is cancelable, meaning that the default action or behaviour that belongs to the event
will not occur. For example, prevent form submission when clicking on submit button and prevent opening the page URL when clicking on
hyperlink are some common use cases.

document
.getElementById("link")
.addEventListener("click", function (event) {
[Link]();
});

JavaScript is a single-threaded language. Because the language specification does not allow the programmer to write code so that the
interpreter can run parts of it in parallel in multiple threads or processes. Whereas languages like java, go, C++ can make multi-threaded
and multi-process programs.

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110. What is an event delegation

Event delegation is a technique for listening to events where you delegate a parent element as the listener for all of the events that happen
inside it.

For example, if you wanted to detect field changes inside a specific form, you can use event delegation technique,

var form = [Link]("#registration-form");

// Listen for changes to fields inside the form

[Link](
"input",
function (event) {
// Log the field that was changed
[Link]([Link]);
},
false
);

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111. What is ECMAScript

ECMAScript is the scripting language that forms the basis of JavaScript. ECMAScript standardized by the ECMA International standards
organization in the ECMA-262 and ECMA-402 specifications. The first edition of ECMAScript was released in 1997.

function redirect() {
[Link] = "[Link]";
}

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121. How do you check whether a string contains a substring

There are 3 possible ways to check whether a string contains a substring or not,

i. Using includes: ES6 provided [Link] method to test a string contains a substring

var mainString = "hello",

subString = "hell";
[Link](subString);

ii. Using indexOf: In an ES5 or older environment, you can use [Link] which returns the index of a substring. If the
index value is not equal to -1 then it means the substring exists in the main string.

var mainString = "hello",

subString = "hell";
[Link](subString) !== -1;

iii. Using RegEx: The advanced solution is using Regular expression's test method( [Link] ), which allows for testing for against
regular expressions

var mainString = "hello",

regex = /hell/;
[Link](mainString);

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122. How do you validate an email in javascript
You can validate an email in javascript using regular expressions. It is recommended to do validations on the server side instead of the
client side. Because the javascript can be disabled on the client side.

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The above regular expression accepts unicode characters.

123. How do you get the current url with javascript

You can use [Link] expression to get the current url path and you can use the same expression for updating the URL too.
You can also use [Link] for read-only purposes but this solution has issues in FF.

[Link]("[Link]", [Link]); // Returns full URL

and If you want to check if a key doesn't exist, remember to use parenthesis,

!("key" in obj);

ii. Using hasOwnProperty method: You can use hasOwnProperty to particularly test for properties of the object instance (and not
inherited properties)
[Link]("key"); // true

iii. Using undefined comparison: If you access a non-existing property from an object, the result is undefined. Let’s compare the
properties against undefined to determine the existence of the property.

const user = {
name: "John",
};

[Link]([Link] !== undefined); // true

[Link]([Link] !== undefined); // false

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127. How do you loop through or enumerate javascript object

You can use the for-in loop to loop through javascript object. You can also make sure that the key you get is an actual property of an
object, and doesn't come from the prototype using hasOwnProperty method.

var object = {
k1: "value1",
k2: "value2",
k3: "value3",
};

for (var key in object) {

if ([Link](key)) {
[Link](key + " -> " + object[key]); // k1 -> value1 ...
}
}

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128. How do you test for an empty object

There are different solutions based on ECMAScript versions

i. Using Object entries(ECMA 7+): You can use object entries length along with constructor type.

[Link](obj).length === 0 && [Link] === Object; // Since date object length is 0, you need to check constru

ii. Using Object keys(ECMA 5+): You can use object keys length along with constructor type.

[Link](obj).length === 0 && [Link] === Object; // Since date object length is 0, you need to check constructo

iii. Using for-in with hasOwnProperty(Pre-ECMA 5): You can use a for-in loop along with hasOwnProperty.

function isEmpty(obj) {
for (var prop in obj) {
if ([Link](prop)) {
return false;
}
}

return [Link](obj) === [Link]({});

}

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129. What is an arguments object

The arguments object is an Array-like object accessible inside functions that contains the values of the arguments passed to that function.
For example, let's see how to use arguments object inside sum function,

function sum() {
var total = 0;
for (var i = 0, len = [Link]; i < len; ++i) {
total += arguments[i];
}
return total;
}

sum(1, 2, 3); // returns 6

Note: You can't apply array methods on arguments object. But you can convert into a regular array as below.

var argsArray = [Link](arguments);

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130. How do you make first letter of the string in an uppercase

You can create a function which uses a chain of string methods such as charAt, toUpperCase and slice methods to generate a string with
the first letter in uppercase.

function capitalizeFirstLetter(string) {
return [Link](0).toUpperCase() + [Link](1);
}

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131. What are the pros and cons of for loops

The for-loop is a commonly used iteration syntax in javascript. It has both pros and cons

Pros

i. Works on every environment

ii. You can use break and continue flow control statements

Cons

iii. Too verbose

iv. Imperative
v. You might face off-by-one errors.

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132. How do you display the current date in javascript

You can use new Date() to generate a new Date object containing the current date and time. For example, let's display the current date in
mm/dd/yyyy

var today = new Date();

var dd = String([Link]()).padStart(2, "0");
var mm = String([Link]() + 1).padStart(2, "0"); //January is 0!
var yyyy = [Link]();

today = mm + "/" + dd + "/" + yyyy;

[Link](today);

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133. How do you compare two date objects

You need to use [Link]() method in order to compare unix timestamp values

var d1 = new Date();

var d2 = new Date(d1);
[Link]([Link]() === [Link]()); //True
[Link](d1 === d2); // False

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134. How do you check if a string starts with another string

You can use ECMAScript 6's [Link]() method to check if a string starts with another string or not. But it is not yet
supported in all browsers. Let's see an example to see this usage,

"Good morning".startsWith("Good"); // true

"Good morning".startsWith("morning"); // false

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135. How do you trim a string in javascript

JavaScript provided a trim method on string types to trim any whitespaces present at the beginning or ending of the string.

" Hello World ".trim(); //Hello World

If your browser(<IE9) doesn't support this method then you can use below polyfill.

if (![Link]) {
(function () {
// Make sure we trim BOM and NBSP
var rtrim = /^[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+|[\s\uFEFF\xA0]+$/g;
[Link] = function () {
return [Link](rtrim, "");
};
})();
}

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136. How do you add a key value pair in javascript

There are two possible solutions to add new properties to an object.

Let's take a simple object to explain these solutions.

var object = {
key1: value1,
key2: value2,
};

i. Using dot notation: This solution is useful when you know the name of the property

object.key3 = "value3";

ii. Using square bracket notation: This solution is useful when the name of the property is dynamically determined or the key's name is
non-JS like "user-name"

obj["key3"] = "value3";

141. Can we define properties for functions

Yes, we can define properties for functions because functions are also objects.

fn = function (x) {
//Function code goes here
};

[Link] = "John";

[Link] = function (y) {

//Profile code goes here
};

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142. What is the way to find the number of parameters expected by a function
You can use [Link] syntax to find the number of parameters expected by a function. Let's take an example of sum function to
calculate the sum of numbers,

function sum(num1, num2, num3, num4) {

return num1 + num2 + num3 + num4;
}
[Link]; // 4 is the number of parameters expected.

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143. What is a polyfill

A polyfill is a piece of JS code used to provide modern functionality on older browsers that do not natively support it. For example,
Silverlight plugin polyfill can be used to mimic the functionality of an HTML Canvas element on Microsoft Internet Explorer 7.

There are two main polyfill libraries available,

i. [Link]: It is a modular javascript library used for cutting-edge ECMAScript features.

ii. [Link]: It provides polyfills that are required for browser needs.

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144. What are break and continue statements

The break statement is used to "jump out" of a loop. i.e, It breaks the loop and continues executing the code after the loop.

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i === 5) {
break;
}
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}

The continue statement is used to "jump over" one iteration in the loop. i.e, It breaks one iteration (in the loop), if a specified condition
occurs, and continues with the next iteration in the loop.

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {

if (i === 5) {
continue;
}
text += "Number: " + i + "<br>";
}

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145. What are js labels

The label statement allows us to name loops and blocks in JavaScript. We can then use these labels to refer back to the code later. For
example, the below code with labels avoids printing the numbers when they are same,

var i, j;

loop1: for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) {

loop2: for (j = 0; j < 3; j++) {
if (i === j) {
continue loop1;
}
[Link]("i = " + i + ", j = " + j);
}
}

ii. Assign "" instead of new String()
iii. Assign 0 instead of new Number()
iv. Assign false instead of new Boolean()
v. Assign [] instead of new Array()
vi. Assign /()/ instead of new RegExp()
vii. Assign function (){} instead of new Function()

You can define them as an example,

var v1 = {};
var v2 = "";
var v3 = 0;
var v4 = false;
var v5 = [];
var v6 = /()/;
var v7 = function () {};

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149. How do you define JSON arrays

JSON arrays are written inside square brackets and arrays contain javascript objects. For example, the JSON array of users would be as
below,

"users":[
{"firstName":"John", "lastName":"Abrahm"},
{"firstName":"Anna", "lastName":"Smith"},
{"firstName":"Shane", "lastName":"Warn"}
]

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150. How do you generate random integers

You can use [Link]() with [Link]() to return random integers. For example, if you want generate random integers between 1
to 10, the multiplication factor should be 10,

[Link]([Link]() * 10) + 1; // returns a random integer from 1 to 10

[Link]([Link]() * 100) + 1; // returns a random integer from 1 to 100

Note: [Link]() returns a random number between 0 (inclusive), and 1 (exclusive)

g Perform a global match rather than stops at first match

m Perform multiline matching

Let's take an example of global modifier,

var text = "Learn JS one by one";

var pattern = /one/g;
var result = [Link](pattern); // one,one

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158. What are regular expression patterns

Regular Expressions provide a group of patterns in order to match characters. Basically they are categorized into 3 types,

[Link]("title").[Link] = "30px";

ii. Using ClassName property: It is easy to modify element class using className property

[Link]("title").className = "custom-title";
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163. What would be the result of 1+2+'3'

The output is going to be 33 . Since 1 and 2 are numeric values, the result of the first two digits is going to be a numeric value 3 . The
next digit is a string type value because of that the addition of numeric value 3 and string type value 3 is just going to be a
concatenation value 33 . Other operationrs like 3 * '3' do yield correct results because the string is coerced into a number.

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164. What is a debugger statement

The debugger statement invokes any available debugging functionality, such as setting a breakpoint. If no debugging functionality is
available, this statement has no effect. For example, in the below function a debugger statement has been inserted. So execution is paused
at the debugger statement just like a breakpoint in the script source.

function getProfile() {
// code goes here
debugger;
// code goes here
}

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165. What is the purpose of breakpoints in debugging

You can set breakpoints in the javascript code once the debugger statement is executed and the debugger window pops up. At each
breakpoint, javascript will stop executing, and let you examine the JavaScript values. After examining values, you can resume the execution
of code using the play button.

170. How do you make synchronous HTTP request

Browsers provide an XMLHttpRequest object which can be used to make synchronous HTTP requests from JavaScript.

function httpGet(theUrl) {
var xmlHttpReq = new XMLHttpRequest();
[Link]("GET", theUrl, false); // false for synchronous request
[Link](null);
return [Link];
}

You can use innerWidth, innerHeight, clientWidth, clientHeight properties of windows, document element and document body objects to
find the size of a window. Let's use them combination of these properties to calculate the size of a window or document,

var width =
[Link] ||
[Link] ||
[Link];

var height =
[Link] ||
[Link] ||
[Link];

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174. What is a conditional operator in javascript

The conditional (ternary) operator is the only JavaScript operator that takes three operands which acts as a shortcut for if statements.

var isAuthenticated = false;

[Link](
isAuthenticated ? "Hello, welcome" : "Sorry, you are not authenticated"
); // Sorry, you are not authenticated

177. What is the difference between proto and prototype

The __proto__ object is the actual object that is used in the lookup chain to resolve methods, etc. Whereas prototype is the object that
is used to build __proto__ when you create an object with the new operator (a special variant of a function call).

new Employee().proto === [Link];

new Employee().prototype === undefined;

There are few more differences,

feature Prototype proto

Access All function constructors have prototype properties. All objects have __proto__ property

Used to reduce memory wastage with a single copy of Used in lookup chain to resolve methods, constructors
Purpose
function etc.

ECMAScript Introduced in ES6 Introduced in ES5

Usage Frequently used Rarely used

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178. Can you give an example of when you really need a semicolon
It is recommended to use semicolons after every statement in JavaScript. For example, in the below case (that is an IIFE = Immediately
Invoked Function Expression) it throws an error ".. is not a function" at runtime due to missing semicolon.

// define a function
var fn = (function () {
//...
})(
// semicolon missing at this line

// then execute some code inside a closure

function () {
//...
}
)();

and it will be interpreted as

var fn = (function () {
//...
})(function () {
//...
})();

In this case, we are passing the second function as an argument to the first function and then trying to call the result of the first function
call as a function. Hence, the second function will fail with a "... is not a function" error at runtime.

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179. What is the freeze method

The freeze() method is used to freeze an object. Freezing an object does not allow adding new properties to an object, prevents
removing, and prevents changing the enumerability, configurability, or writability of existing properties. i.e. It returns the passed object and
does not create a frozen copy.

const obj = {
prop: 100,
};

[Link](obj);
[Link] = 200; // Throws an error in strict mode

[Link]([Link]); //100

Remember freezing is only applied to the top-level properties in objects but not for nested objects. For example, let's try to freeze user
object which has employment details as nested object and observe that details have been changed.

const user = {
name: "John",
employment: {
department: "IT",
},
};

[Link](user);
[Link] = "HR";

Note: It causes a TypeError if the argument passed is not an object.

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180. What is the purpose of the freeze method

Below are the main benefits of using freeze method,

i. It is used for freezing objects and arrays.

ii. It is used to make an object immutable.

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181. Why do I need to use the freeze method

In the Object-oriented paradigm, an existing API contains certain elements that are not intended to be extended, modified, or re-used
outside of their current context. Hence it works as the final keyword which is used in various languages.

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182. How do you detect a browser language preference

You can use the navigator object to detect a browser language preference as below,

var language =
([Link] && [Link][0]) || // Chrome / Firefox
[Link] || // All browsers
[Link]; // IE <= 10

[Link](language);

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183. How to convert a string to title case with javascript

Title case means that the first letter of each word is capitalized. You can convert a string to title case using the below function,

function toTitleCase(str) {
return [Link](/\w\S*/g, function (txt) {
return [Link](0).toUpperCase() + [Link](1).toLowerCase();
});
}
toTitleCase("good morning john"); // Good Morning John

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184. How do you detect if javascript is disabled on the page

You can use the <noscript> tag to detect javascript disabled or not. The code block inside <noscript> gets executed when JavaScript is
disabled, and is typically used to display alternative content when the page generated in JavaScript.
<script type="javascript">
// JS related code goes here
</script>
<noscript>
<a href="next_page.html?noJS=true">JavaScript is disabled in the page. Please click Next Page</a>
</noscript>

188. What are the bitwise operators available in javascript

Two values are considered identical if one of the following holds:

i. both undefined
ii. both null
iii. both true or both false
iv. both strings of the same length with the same characters in the same order
v. both the same object (means both object have same reference)
vi. both numbers and both +0 both -0 both NaN both non-zero and both not NaN and both have the same value.

The Proxy object is used to define custom behavior for fundamental operations such as property lookup, assignment, enumeration,
function invocation, etc.

A proxy is created with two parameters: a target object which you want to proxy and a handler object which contains methods to intercept
fundamental operations. The syntax would be as follows,

var p = new Proxy(target, handler);

Let's take a look at below examples of proxy object and how the get method which customize the lookup behavior,

//Example1:

const person = {
name: "Sudheer Jonna",
age: 35,
};

const handler = {
get(target, prop) {
if (prop === "name") {
return "Mr. " + target[prop];
}
return target[prop];
},
};

const proxy = new Proxy(person, handler);

//Example2:
var handler1 = {
get: function (obj, prop) {
return prop in obj ? obj[prop] : 100;
},
};

var p = new Proxy({}, handler1);

p.a = 10;
p.b = null;

[Link](p.a, p.b); // 10, null

[Link]("c" in p, p.c); // false, 100

202. How can you get the list of keys of any object
You can use the [Link]() method which is used to return an array of a given object's own property names, in the same order as we
get with a normal loop. For example, you can get the keys of a user object,

const user = {
name: "John",
gender: "male",
age: 40,
};

[Link]([Link](user)); //['name', 'gender', 'age']

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203. How do you create an object with a prototype

The [Link]() method is used to create a new object with the specified prototype object and properties. i.e, It uses an existing
object as the prototype of the newly created object. It returns a new object with the specified prototype object and properties.

const user = {
name: "John",
printInfo: function () {
[Link](`My name is ${[Link]}.`);
},
};

const admin = [Link](user);

[Link] = "Nick"; // Remember that "name" is a property set on "admin" but not on "user" object
[Link](); // My name is Nick

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204. What is a WeakSet

A WeakSet is used to store a collection of weakly(weak references) held objects. The syntax would be as follows,

new WeakSet([iterable]);

Let's see the below example to explain it's behavior,

var ws = new WeakSet();

var user = {};
[Link](user);
[Link](user); // true
[Link](user); // removes user from the set
[Link](user); // false, user has been removed

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205. What are the differences between WeakSet and Set

The main difference is that references to objects in Set are strong while references to objects in WeakSet are weak. i.e, An object in
WeakSet can be garbage collected if there is no other reference to it. Other differences are:

i. Set can store any value whereas WeakSet can store only collections of objects
ii. WeakSet does not have size property unlike Set
iii. WeakSet does not have methods such as clear, keys, values, entries, forEach.
iv. WeakSet is not iterable.

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206. List down the collection of methods available on WeakSet

Below are the list of methods available on WeakSet ,

i. add(value) : A new object is appended with the given value

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210. What is the purpose of uneval

The uneval() is an builtin function which is used to create a string representation of the source code of an Object. It is a top-level
function and is not associated with any object. Let's see the below example to know more about it's functionality,

var a = 1;
uneval(a); // returns a String containing 1
uneval(function user() {}); // returns "(function user(){})"

The uneval() function has been deprecated. It is recommended to use toString() for functions and [Link]() for other cases.

function user() {}
[Link]([Link]()); // returns "(function user(){})"

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211. How do you encode an URL

The encodeURI() function is used to encode complete URI which has special characters except (, / ? : @ & = + $ #) characters.

var uri = "[Link]

var encoded = encodeURI(uri);
[Link](encoded); // [Link]

An anonymous function is a function without a name! Anonymous functions are commonly assigned to a variable name or used as a
callback function. The syntax would be as below,

function (optionalParameters) {
//do something
}

const myFunction = function(){ //Anonymous function assigned to a variable

//do something
};

[1, 2, 3].map(function(element){ //Anonymous function used as a callback function

//do something
});

Let's see the above anonymous function in an example,

var x = function (a, b) {

return a * b;
};
var z = x(5, 10);
[Link](z); // 50

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216. What is the precedence order between local and global variables
A local variable takes precedence over a global variable with the same name. Let's see this behavior in an example.
var msg = "Good morning";
function greeting() {
msg = "Good Evening";
[Link](msg); // Good Evening
}
greeting();

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223. What are the conventions to be followed for the usage of switch case
Below are the list of conventions should be taken care,

i. The expression can be of type either number or string.

ii. Duplicate values are not allowed for the expression.
iii. The default statement is optional. If the expression passed to switch does not match with any case value then the statement within
default case will be executed.
iv. The break statement is used inside the switch to terminate a statement sequence.
v. The break statement is optional. But if it is omitted, the execution will continue on into the next case.

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224. What are primitive data types

A primitive data type is data that has a primitive value (which has no properties or methods). There are 7 types of primitive data types.

i. string
ii. number
iii. boolean
iv. null
v. undefined
vi. bigint
vii. symbol

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225. What are the different ways to access object properties

try {
eval("greeting('welcome)"); // Missing ' will produce an error
} catch (err) {
[Link]([Link]);
}

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229. What are the different error names from error object
There are 7 different types of error names returned from error object,

Error Name Description

AggregateError An error indicating that multiple errors occurred

EvalError An error has occurred in the eval() function

RangeError An error has occurred with a number "out of range"

ReferenceError An error due to an illegal reference

SyntaxError An error due to a syntax error

TypeError An error due to a type error

URIError An error due to encodeURI()

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230. What are the various statements in error handling

Below are the list of statements used in an error handling,

i. try: This statement is used to test a block of code for errors

ii. catch: This statement is used to handle the error
iii. throw: This statement is used to create custom errors.
iv. finally: This statement is used to execute code after try and catch regardless of the result.

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231. What are the two types of loops in javascript

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238. What is the call stack

Call Stack is a data structure for javascript interpreters to keep track of function calls(creates execution context) in the program. It has two
major actions,

i. Whenever you call a function for its execution, you are pushing it to the stack.
ii. Whenever the execution is completed, the function is popped out of the stack.

Let's take an example and it's state representation in a diagram format

function hungry() {
eatFruits();
}
function eatFruits() {
return "I'm eating fruits";
}

// Invoke the `hungry` function

hungry();
The above code processed in a call stack as below,

iii. Add the hungry() function to the call stack list and execute the code.
iv. Add the eatFruits() function to the call stack list and execute the code.
v. Delete the eatFruits() function from our call stack list.
vi. Delete the hungry() function from the call stack list since there are no items anymore.

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239. What is the event queue

The event queue follows the queue data structure. It stores async callbacks to be added to the call stack. It is also known as the Callback
Queue or Macrotask Queue.

Whenever the call stack receives an async function, it is moved into the Web API. Based on the function, Web API executes it and awaits the
result. Once it is finished, it moves the callback into the event queue (the callback of a promise is moved into the microtask queue).

The event loop constantly checks whether or not the call stack is empty. Once the call stack is empty and there is a callback in the event
queue, the event loop moves the callback into the call stack. But if there is a callback in the microtask queue as well, it is moved first. The
microtask queue has a higher priority than the event queue.

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240. What is a decorator

A decorator is an expression that evaluates to a function and that takes the target, name, and decorator descriptor as arguments. Also, it
optionally returns a decorator descriptor to install on the target object. Let's define admin decorator for user class at design time,

function admin(isAdmin) {
return function(target) {
[Link] = isAdmin;
}
}

@admin(true)
class User() {
}
[Link]([Link]); //true

@admin(false)
class User() {
}
[Link]([Link]); //false

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241. What are the properties of the Intl object

Below are the list of properties available on the Intl object,

i. Collator: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive string comparison.
ii. DateTimeFormat: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive date and time formatting.
iii. ListFormat: These are the objects that enable language-sensitive list formatting.
iv. NumberFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive number formatting.
v. PluralRules: Objects that enable plural-sensitive formatting and language-specific rules for plurals.
vi. RelativeTimeFormat: Objects that enable language-sensitive relative time formatting.
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242. What is an Unary operator

The unary(+) operator is used to convert a variable to a [Link] the variable cannot be converted, it will still become a number but with
the value NaN. Let's see this behavior in an action.

247. How do you find the min and max values without Math functions
You can write functions which loop through an array comparing each value with the lowest value or highest value to find the min and max
values. Let's create those functions to find min and max values,

var marks = [50, 20, 70, 60, 45, 30];

function findMin(arr) {
var length = [Link];
var min = Infinity;
while (length--) {
if (arr[length] < min) {
min = arr[length];
}
}
return min;
}

function findMax(arr) {
var length = [Link];
var max = -Infinity;
while (length--) {
if (arr[length] > max) {
max = arr[length];
}
}
return max;
}

[Link](findMin(marks));
[Link](findMax(marks));

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248. What is an empty statement and purpose of it

The empty statement is a semicolon (;) indicating that no statement will be executed, even if JavaScript syntax requires one. Since there is
no action with an empty statement you might think that it's usage is quite less, but the empty statement is occasionally useful when you
want to create a loop that has an empty body. For example, you can initialize an array with zero values as below,

// Initialize an array a
for (let i = 0; i < [Link]; a[i++] = 0);

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249. How do you get the metadata of a module

You can use the [Link] object which is a meta-property exposing context-specific meta data to a JavaScript module. It contains
information about the current module, such as the module's URL. In browsers, you might get different meta data than NodeJS.

<script type="module" src="[Link]"></script>;

[Link]([Link]); // { url: "[Link] }

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250. What is the comma operator

The comma operator is used to evaluate each of its operands from left to right and returns the value of the last operand. This is totally
different from comma usage within arrays, objects, and function arguments and parameters. For example, the usage for numeric
expressions would be as below,

var x = 1;
x = (x++, x);

[Link](x); // 2
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251. What is the advantage of the comma operator

It is normally used to include multiple expressions in a location that requires a single expression. One of the common usages of this
comma operator is to supply multiple parameters in a for loop. For example, the below for loop uses multiple expressions in a single
location using comma operator,

for (var a = 0, b =10; a <= 10; a++, b--)

You can also use the comma operator in a return statement where it processes before returning.

function myFunction() {
var a = 1;
return (a += 10), a; // 11
}

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252. What is typescript

TypeScript is a typed superset of JavaScript created by Microsoft that adds optional types, classes and many other features, and compiles
to plain JavaScript. Angular is built entirely in TypeScript and it is used as the primary language there. You can install it globally as

npm install -g typescript

Let's see a simple example of TypeScript usage,

function greeting(name: string): string {

return "Hello, " + name;
}

let user = "Sudheer";

[Link](greeting(user));

The greeting method allows only string type as argument.

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253. What are the differences between javascript and typescript

Below are the list of differences between javascript and typescript,

feature typescript javascript

Language paradigm Object oriented programming language Multi-paradigm language

Typing support Supports static typing Dynamic typing

Modules Supported Not supported

Interface It has interfaces concept Doesn't support interfaces

Optional parameters Functions support optional parameters No support of optional parameters for functions

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254. What are the advantages of typescript over javascript

Below are some of the advantages of typescript over javascript,

i. TypeScript is able to find compile time errors at the development time only and it makes sures less runtime errors. Whereas javascript
is an interpreted language.
ii. TypeScript is strongly-typed or supports static typing which allows for checking type correctness at compile time. This is not available
in javascript.
iii. TypeScript compiler can compile the .ts files into ES3,ES4 and ES5 unlike ES6 features of javascript which may not be supported in
some browsers.
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255. What is an object initializer

An object initializer is an expression that describes the initialization of an Object. The syntax for this expression is represented as a comma-
delimited list of zero or more pairs of property names and associated values of an object, enclosed in curly braces ({}). This is also known as
literal notation. It is one of the ways to create an object.

var initObject = { a: "John", b: 50, c: {} };

[Link](initObject.a); // John

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256. What is a constructor method

The constructor method is a special method for creating and initializing an object created within a class. If you do not specify a constructor
method, a default constructor is used. The example usage of constructor would be as below,

class Employee {
constructor() {
[Link] = "John";
}
}

var employeeObject = new Employee();

[Link]([Link]); // John

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257. What happens if you write constructor more than once in a class
The "constructor" in a class is a special method and it should be defined only once in a class. i.e, If you write a constructor method more
than once in a class it will throw a SyntaxError error.

class Employee {
constructor() {
[Link] = "John";
}
constructor() { // Uncaught SyntaxError: A class may only have one constructor
[Link] = 30;
}
}

var employeeObject = new Employee();

[Link]([Link]);

This constructor is called by using the special function call new (see example above).

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258. How do you call the constructor of a parent class

You can use the super keyword to call the constructor of a parent class. Remember that super() must be called before using this
reference. Otherwise it will cause a reference error. Let's the usage of it,

class Square extends Rectangle {

constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
[Link] = "Square";
}

get area() {
return [Link] * [Link];
}

set area(value) {
[Link] = value;
}
}

[Link](newObject); // NOT extendable

try {
[Link](newObject, "newProperty", {
// Adding new property
value: 100,
});
} catch (e) {
[Link](e); // TypeError: Cannot define property newProperty, object is not extensible
}
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264. What are the different ways to make an object non-extensible

You can mark an object non-extensible in 3 ways,

i. [Link]
ii. [Link]
iii. [Link]

var newObject = {};

[Link](newObject); // Prevent objects are non-extensible

[Link](newObject); // false

var sealedObject = [Link]({}); // Sealed objects are non-extensible

[Link](sealedObject); // false

var frozenObject = [Link]({}); // Frozen objects are non-extensible

[Link](frozenObject); // false

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265. How do you define multiple properties on an object

The [Link]() method is used to define new or modify existing properties directly on an object and returning the
object. Let's define multiple properties on an empty object,

const newObject = {};

[Link](newObject, {
newProperty1: {
value: "John",
writable: true,
},
newProperty2: {},
});

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266. What is the MEAN stack

The MEAN (MongoDB, Express, AngularJS, and [Link]) stack is the most popular open-source JavaScript software tech stack available for
building dynamic web apps where you can write both the server-side and client-side halves of the web project entirely in JavaScript.

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267. What is obfuscation in javascript

Obfuscation is the deliberate act of creating obfuscated javascript code(i.e, source or machine code) that is difficult for humans to
understand. It is something similar to encryption, but a machine can understand the code and execute it. Let's see the below function
before Obfuscation,

function greeting() {
[Link]("Hello, welcome to JS world");
}

And after the code Obfuscation, it would be appeared as below,

eval(
(function (p, a, c, k, e, d) {
e = function (c) {
return c;
};
if (!"".replace(/^/, String)) {
while (c--) {
d[c] = k[c] || c;
}
k = [
function (e) {
return d[e];
},
];
e = function () {
return "\\w+";
};
c = 1;
}
while (c--) {
if (k[c]) {
p = [Link](new RegExp("\\b" + e(c) + "\\b", "g"), k[c]);
}
}
return p;
})(
"2 1(){0.3('4, 7 6 5 8')}",
9,
9,
"console|greeting|function|log|Hello|JS|to|welcome|world".split("|"),
0,
{}
)
);

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268. Why do you need Obfuscation

Below are the few reasons for Obfuscation,

i. The Code size will be reduced. So data transfers between server and client will be fast.
ii. It hides the business logic from outside world and protects the code from others
iii. Reverse engineering is highly difficult
iv. The download time will be reduced

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269. What is Minification

Minification is the process of removing all unnecessary characters(empty spaces are removed) and variables will be renamed without
changing it's functionality. It is also a type of obfuscation .

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270. What are the advantages of minification

Normally it is recommended to use minification for heavy traffic and intensive requirements of resources. It reduces file sizes with below
benefits,

i. Decreases loading times of a web page

ii. Saves bandwidth usages

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271. What are the differences between obfuscation and Encryption

Below are the main differences between obfuscation and encryption,

Feature Obfuscation Encryption

Changing the form of any data in any other Changing the form of information to an unreadable format by
Definition
form using a key

A key to decode It can be decoded without any key It is required

Target data
It will be converted to a complex form Converted into an unreadable format
format

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272. What are the common tools used for minification

There are many online/offline tools to minify the javascript files,
i. Google's Closure Compiler
ii. UglifyJS2
iii. jsmin
iv. [Link]/
v. [Link]

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273. How do you perform form validation using javascript

JavaScript can be used to perform HTML form validation. For example, if the form field is empty, the function needs to notify, and return
false, to prevent the form being submitted. Lets' perform user login in an html form,

<form name="myForm" validateForm()" method="post">

User name:
<input type="text" name="uname" />
<input type="submit" value="Submit" />
</form>

And the validation on user login is below,

function validateForm() {
var x = [Link]["myForm"]["uname"].value;
if (x == "") {
alert("The username shouldn't be empty");
return false;
}
}

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274. How do you perform form validation without javascript

You can perform HTML form validation automatically without using javascript. The validation enabled by applying the required attribute
to prevent form submission when the input is empty.

Note: Automatic form validation does not work in Internet Explorer 9 or earlier.

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275. What are the DOM methods available for constraint validation
The below DOM methods are available for constraint validation on an invalid input,

i. checkValidity() : It returns true if an input element contains valid data.

ii. setCustomValidity() : It is used to set the validationMessage property of an input element. Let's take an user login form with DOM
validations

function myFunction() {
var userName = [Link]("uname");
if (![Link]()) {
[Link]("message").innerHTML =
[Link];
} else {
[Link]("message").innerHTML =
"Entered a valid username";
}
}

[Link]([Link](newObject));
["a", "b", "c"];

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282. How do you get property descriptors of an object

You can use the [Link]() method which returns all own property descriptors of a given object. The example
usage of this method is below,

const newObject = {
a: 1,
b: 2,
c: 3,
};
const descriptorsObject = [Link](newObject);
[Link]([Link]); //true
[Link]([Link]); //true
[Link]([Link]); //true
[Link]([Link]); // 1

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283. What are the attributes provided by a property descriptor

A property descriptor is a record which has the following attributes

i. value : The value associated with the property

ii. writable : Determines whether the value associated with the property can be changed or not
iii. configurable : Returns true if the type of this property descriptor can be changed and if the property can be deleted from the
corresponding object.
iv. enumerable : Determines whether the property appears during enumeration of the properties on the corresponding object or not.
v. set : A function which serves as a setter for the property
vi. get : A function which serves as a getter for the property

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284. How do you extend classes

The extends keyword is used in class declarations/expressions to create a class which is a child of another class. It can be used to subclass
custom classes as well as built-in objects. The syntax would be as below,

class ChildClass extends ParentClass { ... }

Let's take an example of Square subclass from Polygon parent class,

class Square extends Rectangle {

constructor(length) {
super(length, length);
[Link] = "Square";
}

get area() {
return [Link] * [Link];
}

set area(value) {
[Link] = value;
}
}

287. How do you compare scalar arrays

You can use length and every method of arrays to compare two scalars (compared directly using === ) arrays. The combination of these
expressions can give the expected result,

const arrayFirst = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const arraySecond = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
[Link](
[Link] === [Link] &&
[Link]((value, index) => value === arraySecond[index])
); // true

Both are totally unrelated programming languages and no relation between them. Java is statically typed, compiled, runs on its own VM.
Whereas Javascript is dynamically typed, interpreted, and runs in a browser and nodejs environments. Let's see the major differences in a
tabular format,

Feature Java JavaScript

Typed It's a strongly typed language It's a dynamic typed language

Paradigm Object oriented programming Prototype based programming

Scoping Block scoped Function-scoped, block scoped since ES6

Concurrency Thread based event based

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291. Does JavaScript support namespaces

JavaScript doesn’t support namespaces by default. So if you create any element (function, method, object, variable) then it becomes global
and pollutes the global namespace. Let's take an example of defining two functions without any namespace,

function func1() {
[Link]("This is a first definition");
}
function func1() {
[Link]("This is a second definition");
}
func1(); // This is a second definition

It always calls the second function definition. In this case, namespaces will solve the name collision problem.

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292. How do you declare a namespace

Even though JavaScript lacks namespaces, we can use Objects, an IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) or let / const to create
namespaces.

i. Using Object Literal Notation: Let's wrap variables and functions inside an Object literal which acts as a namespace. After that you can
access them using object notation

ii. Using IIFE (Immediately invoked function expression): The outer pair of parentheses of IIFE creates a local scope for all the code
inside of it and makes the anonymous function a function expression. Due to that, you can create the same function in two different
function expressions to act as a namespace.

(function () {
function fun1() {
[Link]("This is a first definition");
}
fun1();
})();

(function () {
function fun1() {
[Link]("This is a second definition");
}
fun1();
})();

iii. Using a block and a let/const declaration: In ECMAScript 6, you can simply use a block and a let declaration to restrict the scope of a
variable to a block.

{
let myFunction = function fun1() {
[Link]("This is a first definition");
};
myFunction();
}
//myFunction(): ReferenceError: myFunction is not defined.

{
let myFunction = function fun1() {
[Link]("This is a second definition");
};
myFunction();
}
//myFunction(): ReferenceError: myFunction is not defined.

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293. How do you invoke javascript code in an iframe from the parent page
Initially iFrame needs to be accessed using either [Link] or [Link] . After that contentWindow property of iFrame
gives the access for targetFunction

[Link]("targetFrame").[Link]();
[Link][0].[Link](); // Accessing iframe this way may not work in latest versions

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294. How do you get the timezone offset of a date object

You can use the getTimezoneOffset method of the date object. This method returns the time zone difference, in minutes, from current
locale (host system settings) to UTC

var offset = new Date().getTimezoneOffset();

[Link](offset); // -480

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295. How do you load CSS and JS files dynamically

You can create both link and script elements in the DOM and append them as child to head tag. Let's create a function to add script and
style resources as below,

function loadAssets(filename, filetype) {

if (filetype == "css") {
// External CSS file
var fileReference = [Link]("link");
[Link]("rel", "stylesheet");
[Link]("type", "text/css");
[Link]("href", filename);
} else if (filetype == "js") {
// External JavaScript file
var fileReference = [Link]("script");
[Link]("type", "text/javascript");
[Link]("src", filename);
}
if (typeof fileReference != "undefined")
[Link]("head")[0].appendChild(fileReference);
}

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301. How to set the cursor to wait

The output of the above for loops is 4 4 4 4 and 0 1 2 3

Explanation: Due to the event queue/loop of javascript, the setTimeout callback function is called after the loop has been executed. Since
the variable i is declared with the var keyword it became a global variable and the value was equal to 4 using iteration when the time
setTimeout function is invoked. Hence, the output of the second loop is 4 4 4 4 .

function myFunc() {
var name = "Nick";
var name = "Abraham"; // Re-assigned in the same function block
alert(name); // Abraham
}
myFunc();
alert(name); // John

The block-scoped multi-declaration throws syntax error,

let name = "John";

function myFunc() {
let name = "Nick";
let name = "Abraham"; // Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'name' has already been declared
alert(name);
}

myFunc();
alert(name);
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308. Does the const variable make the value immutable

No, the const variable doesn't make the value immutable. But it disallows subsequent assignments(i.e, You can declare with assignment
but can't assign another value later)

const userList = [];

[Link]("John"); // Can mutate even though it can't re-assign
[Link](userList); // ['John']

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309. What are default parameters

In ES5, we need to depend on logical OR operators to handle default values of function parameters. Whereas in ES6, Default function
parameters feature allows parameters to be initialized with default values if no value or undefined is passed. Let's compare the behavior
with an examples,

//ES5
var calculateArea = function (height, width) {
height = height || 50;
width = width || 60;

return width * height;

};
[Link](calculateArea()); //300

The default parameters makes the initialization more simpler,

//ES6
var calculateArea = function (height = 50, width = 60) {
return width * height;
};

[Link](calculateArea()); //300

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310. What are template literals

Template literals or template strings are string literals allowing embedded expressions. These are enclosed by the back-tick (`) character
instead of double or single quotes. In ES6, this feature enables using dynamic expressions as below,

var greeting = `Welcome to JS World, Mr. ${firstName} ${lastName}.`;

In ES5, you need break string like below,

var greeting = 'Welcome to JS World, Mr. ' + firstName + ' ' + lastName.`

Note: You can use multi-line strings and string interpolation features with template literals.

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311. How do you write multi-line strings in template literals

In ES5, you would have to use newline escape characters('\n') and concatenation symbols(+) in order to get multi-line strings.

[Link]("This is string sentence 1\n" + "This is string sentence 2");

Whereas in ES6, You don't need to mention any newline sequence character,

[Link](`This is string sentence

'This is string sentence 2`);
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312. What are nesting templates

The nesting template is a feature supported within template literals syntax to allow inner backticks inside a placeholder ${ } within the
template. For example, the below nesting template is used to display the icons based on user permissions whereas outer template checks
for platform type,

const iconStyles = `icon ${

isMobilePlatform()
? ""
: `icon-${[Link] ? "submit" : "disabled"}`
}`;

You can write the above use case without nesting template features as well. However, the nesting template feature is more compact and
readable.

//Without nesting templates

const iconStyles = `icon ${
isMobilePlatform()
? ""
: [Link]
? "icon-submit"
: "icon-disabled"
}`;

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313. What are tagged templates

Tagged templates are the advanced form of templates in which tags allow you to parse template literals with a function. The tag function
accepts the first parameter as an array of strings and remaining parameters as expressions. This function can also return manipulated
strings based on parameters. Let's see the usage of this tagged template behavior of an IT professional skill set in an organization,

var user1 = "John";

var skill1 = "JavaScript";
var experience1 = 15;

var user2 = "Kane";

var skill2 = "JavaScript";
var experience2 = 5;

function myInfoTag(strings, userExp, experienceExp, skillExp) {

var str0 = strings[0]; // "Mr/Ms. "
var str1 = strings[1]; // " is a/an "
var str2 = strings[2]; // "in"

var expertiseStr;
if (experienceExp > 10) {
expertiseStr = "expert developer";
} else if (skillExp > 5 && skillExp <= 10) {
expertiseStr = "senior developer";
} else {
expertiseStr = "junior developer";
}

return `${str0}${userExp}${str1}${expertiseStr}${str2}${skillExp}`;
}

var output1 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${user1} is a/an ${experience1} in ${skill1}`;

var output2 = myInfoTag`Mr/Ms. ${user2} is a/an ${experience2} in ${skill2}`;

[Link](output1); // Mr/Ms. John is a/an expert developer in JavaScript

[Link](output2); // Mr/Ms. Kane is a/an junior developer in JavaScript

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314. What are raw strings

ES6 provides a raw strings feature using the [Link]() method which is used to get the raw string form of template strings. This
feature allows you to access the raw strings as they were entered, without processing escape sequences. For example, the usage would be
as below,

var calculationString = [Link]`The sum of numbers is \n${

1 + 2 + 3 + 4
}!`;
[Link](calculationString); // The sum of numbers is \n10!

If you don't use raw strings, the newline character sequence will be processed by displaying the output in multiple lines

var calculationString = `The sum of numbers is \n${1 + 2 + 3 + 4}!`;

[Link](calculationString);
// The sum of numbers is
// 10!

Also, the raw property is available on the first argument to the tag function

function tag(strings) {
[Link]([Link][0]);
}

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315. What is destructuring assignment

The destructuring assignment is a JavaScript expression that makes it possible to unpack values from arrays or properties from objects into
distinct variables. Let's get the month values from an array using destructuring assignment

var [one, two, three] = ["JAN", "FEB", "MARCH"];

[Link](one); // "JAN"
[Link](two); // "FEB"
[Link](three); // "MARCH"

and you can get user properties of an object using destructuring assignment,

var { name, age } = { name: "John", age: 32 };

[Link](name); // John
[Link](age); // 32

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316. What are default values in destructuring assignment

A variable can be assigned a default value when the value unpacked from the array or object is undefined during destructuring assignment.
It helps to avoid setting default values separately for each assignment. Let's take an example for both arrays and object use cases,

Arrays destructuring:

var x, y, z;

[x = 2, y = 4, z = 6] = [10];
[Link](x); // 10
[Link](y); // 4
[Link](z); // 6

Objects destructuring:

var { x = 2, y = 4, z = 6 } = { x: 10 };

[Link](x); // 10
[Link](y); // 4
[Link](z); // 6

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317. How do you swap variables in destructuring assignment
If you don't use destructuring assignment, swapping two values requires a temporary variable. Whereas using a destructuring feature, two
variable values can be swapped in one destructuring expression. Let's swap two number variables in array destructuring assignment,

var x = 10,
y = 20;

[x, y] = [y, x];

[Link](x); // 20
[Link](y); // 10

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318. What are enhanced object literals

Object literals make it easy to quickly create objects with properties inside the curly braces. For example, it provides shorter syntax for
common object property definition as below.

//ES6
var x = 10,
y = 20;
obj = { x, y };
[Link](obj); // {x: 10, y:20}
//ES5
var x = 10,
y = 20;
obj = { x: x, y: y };
[Link](obj); // {x: 10, y:20}

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319. What are dynamic imports

The dynamic imports using import() function syntax allows us to load modules on demand by using promises or the async/await syntax.
Currently this feature is in stage4 proposal. The main advantage of dynamic imports is reduction of our bundle's sizes, the size/payload
response of our requests and overall improvements in the user experience. The syntax of dynamic imports would be as below,

import("./Module").then((Module) => [Link]());

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320. What are the use cases for dynamic imports

Below are some of the use cases of using dynamic imports over static imports,

i. Import a module on-demand or conditionally. For example, if you want to load a polyfill on legacy browser

if (isLegacyBrowser()) {
import(···)
.then(···);
}

ii. Compute the module specifier at runtime. For example, you can use it for internationalization.

import(`messages_${getLocale()}.js`).then(···);

iii. Import a module from within a regular script instead a module.

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321. What are typed arrays

Typed arrays are array-like objects from ECMAScript 6 API for handling binary data. JavaScript provides 12 Typed array types,

i. Int8Array: An array of 8-bit signed integers

325. What is the output of below spread operator array

[..."John Resig"];

The output of the array is ['J', 'o', 'h', 'n', ' ', 'R', 'e', 's', 'i', 'g']

Explanation: The string is an iterable type and the spread operator within an array maps every character of an iterable to one element.
Hence, each character of a string becomes an element within an Array.

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326. Is PostMessage secure

Yes, postMessages can be considered very secure as long as the programmer/developer is careful about checking the origin and source of
an arriving message. But if you try to send/receive a message without verifying its source will create cross-site scripting attacks.

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327. What are the problems with postmessage target origin as wildcard
The second argument of postMessage method specifies which origin is allowed to receive the message. If you use the wildcard “*” as an
argument then any origin is allowed to receive the message. In this case, there is no way for the sender window to know if the target
window is at the target origin when sending the message. If the target window has been navigated to another origin, the other origin
would receive the data. Hence, this may lead to XSS vulnerabilities.

[Link](message, "*");

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328. How do you avoid receiving postMessages from attackers

Since the listener listens for any message, an attacker can trick the application by sending a message from the attacker’s origin, which gives
an impression that the receiver received the message from the actual sender’s window. You can avoid this issue by validating the origin of
the message on the receiver's end using the “[Link]” attribute.

For example, let's check the sender's origin [Link] on receiver side [Link],

//Listener on [Link]
[Link]("message", function(message){
if(/^[Link]
[Link]('You received the data from valid sender', [Link]);
}
});

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329. Can I avoid using postMessages completely

You cannot avoid using postMessages completely(or 100%). Even though your application doesn’t use postMessage considering the risks,
a lot of third party scripts use postMessage to communicate with the third party service. So your application might be using postMessage
without your knowledge.

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330. Is postMessages synchronous

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335. What is the purpose of double tilde operator

The double tilde operator(~~) is known as double NOT bitwise operator. This operator is a slightly quicker substitute for [Link]().

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336. How do you convert character to ASCII code

You can use the [Link]() method to convert string characters to ASCII numbers. For example, let's find ASCII code
for the first letter of 'ABC' string,

"ABC".charCodeAt(0); // returns 65

Whereas [Link]() method converts numbers to equal ASCII characters.

[Link](65, 66, 67); // returns 'ABC'

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337. What is ArrayBuffer

An ArrayBuffer object is used to represent a generic, fixed-length raw binary data buffer. You can create it as below,

let buffer = new ArrayBuffer(16); // create a buffer of length 16

alert([Link]); // 16

To manipulate an ArrayBuffer, we need to use a “view” object.

//Create a DataView referring to the buffer

let view = new DataView(buffer);

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338. What is the output of below string expression

[Link]("Welcome to JS world"[0]);
The output of the above expression is "W". Explanation: The bracket notation with specific index on a string returns the character at a
specific location. Hence, it returns the character "W" of the string. Since this is not supported in IE7 and below versions, you may need to
use the .charAt() method to get the desired result.

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339. What is the purpose of Error object

The Error constructor creates an error object and the instances of error objects are thrown when runtime errors occur. The Error object can
also be used as a base object for user-defined exceptions. The syntax of error object would be as below,

new Error([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])

You can throw user defined exceptions or errors using Error object in try...catch block as below,

try {
if (withdraw > balance)
throw new Error("Oops! You don't have enough balance");
} catch (e) {
[Link]([Link] + ": " + [Link]);
}

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340. What is the purpose of EvalError object

The EvalError object indicates an error regarding the global eval() function. Even though this exception is not thrown by JavaScript
anymore, the EvalError object remains for compatibility. The syntax of this expression would be as below,

new EvalError([message[, fileName[, lineNumber]]])

You can throw EvalError with in try...catch block as below,

try {
throw new EvalError('Eval function error', '[Link]', 100);
} catch (e) {
[Link]([Link], [Link], [Link]); // "Eval function error", "EvalError", "[Link]"

Parameter is the variable name of a function definition whereas an argument represents the value given to a function when it is invoked.
Let's explain this with a simple function

function myFunction(parameter1, parameter2, parameter3) {

[Link](arguments[0]); // "argument1"
[Link](arguments[1]); // "argument2"
[Link](arguments[2]); // "argument3"
}
myFunction("argument1", "argument2", "argument3");

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344. What is the purpose of some method in arrays

The some() method is used to test whether at least one element in the array passes the test implemented by the provided function. The
method returns a boolean value. Let's take an example to test for any odd elements,

var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];

var odd = (element) => element % 2 !== 0;

[Link]([Link](odd)); // true (the odd element exists)

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345. How do you combine two or more arrays

The concat() method is used to join two or more arrays by returning a new array containing all the elements. The syntax would be as below,

[Link](array2, array3, ..., arrayX)

Let's take an example of array's concatenation with veggies and fruits arrays,

var veggies = ["Tomato", "Carrot", "Cabbage"];

var fruits = ["Apple", "Orange", "Pears"];
var veggiesAndFruits = [Link](fruits);
[Link](veggiesAndFruits); // Tomato, Carrot, Cabbage, Apple, Orange, Pears

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346. What is the difference between Shallow and Deep copy

There are two ways to copy an object,

Shallow Copy: Shallow copy is a bitwise copy of an object. A new object is created that has an exact copy of the values in the original
object. If any of the fields of the object are references to other objects, just the reference addresses are copied i.e., only the memory
address is copied.

Example

var empDetails = {
name: "John",
age: 25,
expertise: "Software Developer",
};
to create a duplicate

var empDetailsShallowCopy = empDetails; //Shallow copying!

if we change some property value in the duplicate one like this:

[Link] = "Johnson";

The above statement will also change the name of empDetails , since we have a shallow copy. That means we're losing the original data as
well.

Deep copy: A deep copy copies all fields, and makes copies of dynamically allocated memory pointed to by the fields. A deep copy occurs
when an object is copied along with the objects to which it refers.

Example

var empDetails = {
name: "John",
age: 25,
expertise: "Software Developer",
};

Create a deep copy by using the properties from the original object into new variable

var empDetailsDeepCopy = {
name: [Link],
age: [Link],
expertise: [Link],
};

Now if you change [Link] , it will only affect empDetailsDeepCopy & not empDetails

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347. How do you create specific number of copies of a string

The repeat() method is used to construct and return a new string which contains the specified number of copies of the string on which it
was called, concatenated together. Remember that this method has been added to the ECMAScript 2015 specification. Let's take an
example of Hello string to repeat it 4 times,

"Hello".repeat(4); // 'HelloHelloHelloHello'

348. How do you return all matching strings against a regular expression
The matchAll() method can be used to return an iterator of all results matching a string against a regular expression. For example, the
below example returns an array of matching string results against a regular expression,

let regexp = /Hello(\d?)/g;

let greeting = "Hello1Hello2Hello3";

let greetingList = [...[Link](regexp)];

[Link](greetingList[0][0]); //Hello1
[Link](greetingList[1][0]); //Hello2
[Link](greetingList[2][0]); //Hello3

JavaScript does not have built-in support for mixins as a formal language feature. However, developers commonly implement mixins using
various patterns to enable code reuse and composition.

A mixin is a way to add reusable functionality from one or more objects into a class or another object, without using classical inheritance. It
promotes object composition by combining behaviors or properties from different sources into a single destination.

352. Mixin Example using Object composition

// Define a mixin
const canEat = {
eat() {
[Link]("Eating...");
}
};

const canWalk = {
walk() {
[Link]("Walking...");
}
};

const canRead = {
read() {
[Link]("Reading...");
}
};

// Create a class
class Person {
constructor(name) {
[Link] = name;
}
}

// Apply mixins
[Link]([Link], canEat, canWalk, canRead);

// Use it
const person = new Person("Sudheer");
[Link](); // Output: Eating...
[Link](); // Output: Walking...
[Link](); // Output: Reading...

353. Benefits

Avoids deep inheritance hierarchies

Encourages composition over inheritance
Promotes reusable and modular code
Modern JavaScript favors mixin alternatives like composition, delegation, higher-order functions, and class mixins to promote reusable and
modular code. Libraries like Lodash offer utilities for object composition, while frameworks like [Link] provide built-in mixin features to
promote reusable and modular code.

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354. What is a thunk function

A thunk is just a function which delays the evaluation of the value. It doesn’t take any arguments but gives the value whenever you invoke
the thunk. i.e, It is used not to execute now but it will be sometime in the future. Let's take a synchronous example,

const add = (x, y) => x + y;

const thunk = () => add(2, 3);

thunk(); // 5

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355. What are asynchronous thunks

The asynchronous thunks are useful to make network requests. Let's see an example of network requests,

function fetchData(fn) {
fetch("[Link]
.then((response) => [Link]())
.then((json) => fn(json));
}

const asyncThunk = function () {

return fetchData(function getData(data) {
[Link](data);
});
};

asyncThunk();

The getData function won't be called immediately but it will be invoked only when the data is available from API endpoint. The
setTimeout function is also used to make our code asynchronous. The best real time example is redux state management library which
uses the asynchronous thunks to delay the actions to dispatch.

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356. What is the output of below function calls

Code snippet:

const circle = {
radius: 20,
diameter() {
return [Link] * 2;
},
perimeter: () => 2 * [Link] * this?.radius,
};

[Link]([Link]());
[Link]([Link]());

Output:

The output is 40 and NaN. Remember that diameter is a regular function, whereas the value of perimeter is an arrow function. The this
keyword of a regular function(i.e, diameter) refers to the surrounding scope which is a class(i.e, Shape object). Whereas this keyword of
perimeter function refers to the surrounding scope which is a window object. Since there is no radius property on window objects it returns
an undefined value and the multiple of number value returns NaN value.

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357. How to remove all line breaks from a string

The easiest approach is using regular expressions to detect and replace newlines in the string. In this case, we use replace function along
with string to replace with, which in our case is an empty string.

function remove_linebreaks( var message ) {

return [Link]( /[\r\n]+/gm, "" );
}

In the above expression, g and m are for global and multiline flags.

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358. What is the difference between reflow and repaint

A repaint occurs when changes are made which affect the visibility of an element, but not its layout. Examples of this include outline,
visibility, or background color. A reflow involves changes that affect the layout of a portion of the page (or the whole page). Resizing the
browser window, changing the font, content changing (such as user typing text), using JavaScript methods involving computed styles,
adding or removing elements from the DOM, and changing an element's classes are a few of the things that can trigger reflow. Reflow of
an element causes the subsequent reflow of all child and ancestor elements as well as any elements following it in the DOM.

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359. What happens with negating an array

Negating an array with ! character will coerce the array into a boolean. Since Arrays are considered to be truthy So negating it will return
false .

[Link](![]); // false

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360. What happens if we add two arrays

[Link](Boolean); // [1, 5] // is same as [Link](x => x);

[Link](cityNames); // ['Delhi, 'Washington', 'Moscow', 'Singapore', 'Beijing', 'Paris']

Below are the list of placeholders available from console object,

i. %o — It takes an object,
ii. %s — It takes a string,
iii. %d — It is used for a decimal or integer These placeholders can be represented in the [Link] as below

const user = { name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" };

[Link](
"Hello %s, your details %o are available in the object form",
"John",
user
); // Hello John, your details {name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi"} are available in object

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372. Is it possible to add CSS to console messages

Yes, you can apply CSS styles to console messages similar to html text on the web page.

[Link](
"%c The text has blue color, with large font and red background",
"color: blue; font-size: x-large; background: red"
);

The text will be displayed as below,

Note: All CSS styles can be applied to console messages.

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373. What is the purpose of dir method of console object

The [Link]() is used to display an interactive list of the properties of the specified JavaScript object as JSON.

const user = { name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" };

[Link](user);

The user object displayed in JSON representation

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374. Is it possible to debug HTML elements in console

Yes, it is possible to get and debug HTML elements in the console just like inspecting elements.

const element = [Link]("body")[0];

[Link](element);

It prints the HTML element in the console,

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375. How do you display data in a tabular format using console object
The [Link]() is used to display data in the console in a tabular format to visualize complex arrays or objects.

const users = [
{ name: "John", id: 1, city: "Delhi" },
{ name: "Max", id: 2, city: "London" },
{ name: "Rod", id: 3, city: "Paris" },
];
[Link](users);

The data visualized in a table format,

Not: Remember that [Link]() is not supported in IE.

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376. How do you verify that an argument is a Number or not

The combination of IsNaN and isFinite methods are used to confirm whether an argument is a number or not.

function isNumber(n) {
return !isNaN(parseFloat(n)) && isFinite(n);
}

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377. How do you create copy to clipboard button

You need to select the content(using .select() method) of the input element and execute the copy command with execCommand (i.e,
execCommand('copy')). You can also execute other system commands like cut and paste.

[Link]("#copy-button"). () {
// Select the content
[Link]("#copy-input").select();
// Copy to the clipboard
[Link]("copy");
};

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378. What is the shortcut to get timestamp

You can use new Date().getTime() to get the current timestamp. There is an alternative shortcut to get the value.

[Link](+new Date());
[Link]([Link]());

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379. How do you flattening multi dimensional arrays

Flattening bi-dimensional arrays is trivial with Spread operator.

const biDimensionalArr = [11, [22, 33], [44, 55], [66, 77], 88, 99];
const flattenArr = [].concat(...biDimensionalArr); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99]

But you can make it work with multi-dimensional arrays by recursive calls,

function flattenMultiArray(arr) {
const flattened = [].concat(...arr);
return [Link]((item) => [Link](item))
? flattenMultiArray(flattened)
: flattened;
}
const multiDimensionalArr = [
11,
[22, 33],
[44, [55, 66, [77, [88]], 99]],
];
const flatArr = flattenMultiArray(multiDimensionalArr); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99]

Also you can use the flat method of Array.

const arr = [1, [2, 3], 4, 5, [6, 7]];

const fllattenArr = [Link](); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

// And for multiDimensional arrays

const multiDimensionalArr = [
11,
[22, 33],
[44, [55, 66, [77, [88]], 99]],
];
const // [11, 22, 33, 44, [55, 66, [77, [88]], 99]]
const towStep = [Link](2); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, [77, [88]], 99]
const fullyFlatArray = [Link](Infinity); // [11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99]

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380. What is the easiest multi condition checking

You can use indexOf to compare input with multiple values instead of checking each value as one condition.

// Verbose approach
if (
input === "first" ||
input === 1 ||
input === "second" ||
input === 2
) {
someFunction();
}
// Shortcut
if (["first", 1, "second", 2].indexOf(input) !== -1) {
someFunction();
}

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381. How do you capture browser back button

The beforeunload event is triggered when the window, the document and its resources are about to be unloaded. This event is helpful to
warn users about losing the current data and detect back button event.

[Link]("beforeunload", () => {
[Link]("Clicked browser back button");
});

You can also use popstate event to detect the browser back button. Note: The history entry has been activated using [Link]
method.

[Link]("popstate", () => {
[Link]("Clicked browser back button");
[Link] = "white";
});

const box = [Link]("div");

[Link]("click", () => {
[Link] = "blue";
[Link]({}, null, null);
});

In the preceeding code, When the box element clicked, its background color appears in blue color and changed to while color
upon clicking the browser back button using `popstate` event handler. The `state` property of `popstate` contains the copy of
history entry's state object.

[⬆ Back to Top](#table-of-contents)

382. How do you disable right click in the web page
The right click on the page can be disabled by returning false from the oncontextmenu attribute on the body element.

<body false;"></body>

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383. What are wrapper objects

Primitive Values like string,number and boolean don't have properties and methods but they are temporarily converted or coerced to an
object(Wrapper object) when you try to perform actions on them. For example, if you apply toUpperCase() method on a primitive string
value, it does not throw an error but returns uppercase of the string.

let name = "john";

[Link]([Link]()); // Behind the scenes treated as [Link](new String(name).toUpperCase());

i.e, Every primitive except null and undefined have Wrapper Objects and the list of wrapper objects are String,Number,Boolean,Symbol and
BigInt.

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384. What is AJAX

AJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML and it is a group of related technologies(HTML, CSS, JavaScript, XMLHttpRequest API
etc) used to display data asynchronously. i.e. We can send data to the server and get data from the server without reloading the web page.

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385. What are the different ways to deal with Asynchronous Code
Below are the list of different ways to deal with Asynchronous code.

i. Callbacks
ii. Promises
iii. Async/await
iv. Third-party libraries such as [Link],bluebird etc

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386. How to cancel a fetch request

Until a few days back, One shortcoming of native promises is no direct way to cancel a fetch request. But the new AbortController from
js specification allows you to use a signal to abort one or multiple fetch calls. The basic flow of cancelling a fetch request would be as
below,

i. Create an AbortController instance

ii. Get the signal property of an instance and pass the signal as a fetch option for signal
iii. Call the AbortController's abort property to cancel all fetches that use that signal For example, passing the same signal to multiple
fetch calls will cancel all requests with that signal,

const controller = new AbortController();

const { signal } = controller;

fetch("[Link] { signal })
.then((response) => {
[Link](`Request 1 is complete!`);
})
.catch((e) => {
if ([Link] === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});

fetch("[Link] { signal })
.then((response) => {
[Link](`Request 2 is complete!`);
})
.catch((e) => {
if ([Link] === "AbortError") {
// We know it's been canceled!
}
});

// Wait 2 seconds to abort both requests

setTimeout(() => [Link](), 2000);

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387. What is web speech API

Web speech API is used to enable modern browsers recognize and synthesize speech(i.e, voice data into web apps). This API was
introduced by W3C Community in the year 2012. It has two main parts:

i. SpeechRecognition (Asynchronous Speech Recognition or Speech-to-Text): It provides the ability to recognize voice context from an
audio input and respond accordingly. This is accessed by the SpeechRecognition interface. The example below shows how to use this
API to get text from speech,

[Link] =
[Link] || [Link]; // webkitSpeechRecognition for Chrome and SpeechRecognition f
const recognition = new [Link]();
[Link] = (event) => {
// SpeechRecognitionEvent type
const speechToText = [Link][0][0].transcript;
[Link](speechToText);
};
[Link]();

In this API, browser is going to ask you for permission to use your microphone

ii. SpeechSynthesis (Text-to-Speech): It provides the ability to recognize voice context from an audio input and respond. This is accessed
by the SpeechSynthesis interface. For example, the below code is used to get voice/speech from text,

if ("speechSynthesis" in window) {
var speech = new SpeechSynthesisUtterance("Hello World!");
[Link] = "en-US";
[Link](speech);
}

The above examples can be tested on chrome(33+) browser's developer console. Note: This API is still a working draft and only available in
Chrome and Firefox browsers(ofcourse Chrome only implemented the specification)

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388. What is minimum timeout throttling

Both browser and NodeJS javascript environments throttles with a minimum delay that is greater than 0ms. That means even though
setting a delay of 0ms will not happen instantaneously. Browsers: They have a minimum delay of 4ms. This throttle occurs when successive
calls are triggered due to callback nesting(certain depth) or after a certain number of successive intervals. Note: The older browsers have a
minimum delay of 10ms. Nodejs: They have a minimum delay of 1ms. This throttle happens when the delay is larger than 2147483647 or
less than 1. The best example to explain this timeout throttling behavior is the order of below code snippet.

function runMeFirst() {
[Link]("My script is initialized");
}
setTimeout(runMeFirst, 0);
[Link]("Script loaded");

and the output would be in

Script loaded
My script is initialized

If you don't use setTimeout , the order of logs will be sequential.

function runMeFirst() {
[Link]("My script is initialized");
}
runMeFirst();
[Link]("Script loaded");

and the output is,

My script is initialized
Script loaded

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389. How do you implement zero timeout in modern browsers

You can't use setTimeout(fn, 0) to execute the code immediately due to minimum delay of greater than 0ms. But you can use
[Link]() to achieve this behavior.

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390. What are tasks in event loop

A task is any javascript code/program which is scheduled to be run by the standard mechanisms such as initially starting to run a program,
run an event callback, or an interval or timeout being fired. All these tasks are scheduled on a task queue. Below are the list of use cases to
add tasks to the task queue,

i. When a new javascript program is executed directly from console or running by the <script> element, the task will be added to the
task queue.
ii. When an event fires, the event callback added to task queue
iii. When a setTimeout or setInterval is reached, the corresponding callback added to task queue

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391. What is microtask

A microtask is a type of JavaScript callback that is scheduled to run immediately after the currently executing script and before the next
event loop tick. Microtasks are executed after the current task completes and before any new tasks (macrotasks) are run. This ensures a fast
and predictable update cycle.

Common sources of microtasks stored in the microtask queue include:

i. Promises: When a Promise is resolved or rejected, its .then() , .catch() , and .finally() callbacks are placed in the microtask
queue.

[Link]().then(() => {
[Link]('Microtask from a Promise');
});

ii. queueMicrotask():

A method that explicitly schedules a function to be run in the microtask queue.

queueMicrotask(() => {
[Link]('Microtask from queueMicrotask');
});

iii. MutationObserver callbacks:

Observers changes in the DOM and triggers a callback as a microtask.

const observer = new MutationObserver(() => {

[Link]('Microtask from MutationObserver');
})
[Link]([Link], {childList: true});

iv. await:
Await internally uses Promises, so the code after await is scheduled as a microtask.
async function asyncFunction() {
await null;
[Link]('Microtask from Await'); // Schedule this code as microtask
}

Note: All of these microtasks are processed in the same turn of the event loop.

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392. What are different event loops

In JavaScript, there are multiple event loops that can be used depending on the context of your application. The most common event loops
are:

i. The Browser Event Loop

ii. The [Link] Event Loop

Browser Event Loop: The Browser Event Loop is used in client-side JavaScript applications and is responsible for handling events that occur
within the browser environment, such as user interactions (clicks, keypresses, etc.), HTTP requests, and other asynchronous actions.

The [Link] Event Loop is used in server-side JavaScript applications and is responsible for handling events that occur within the [Link]
runtime environment, such as file I/O, network I/O, and other asynchronous actions.

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393. What is the purpose of queueMicrotask

The queueMicrotask function is used to schedule a microtask, which is a function that will be executed asynchronously in the microtask
queue. The purpose of queueMicrotask is to ensure that a function is executed after the current task has finished, but before the browser
performs any rendering or handles user events.

Example:

[Link]("Start"); //1

queueMicrotask(() => {
[Link]("Inside microtask"); // 3
});

[Link]("End"); //2

By using queueMicrotask, you can ensure that certain tasks or callbacks are executed at the earliest opportunity during the JavaScript
event loop, making it useful for performing work that needs to be done asynchronously but with higher priority than regular setTimeout
or setInterval callbacks.

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394. How do you use javascript libraries in typescript file

It is known that not all JavaScript libraries or frameworks have TypeScript declaration files. But if you still want to use libraries or
frameworks in your TypeScript files without getting compilation errors, the only solution is declare keyword along with a variable
declaration. For example, let's imagine you have a library called customLibrary that doesn’t have a TypeScript declaration and have a
namespace called customLibrary in the global namespace. You can use this library in typescript code as below,

declare var customLibrary;

In the runtime, typescript will provide the type to the customLibrary variable as any type. The another alternative without using declare
keyword is below

var customLibrary: any;

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395. What are the differences between promises and observables

Some of the major difference in a tabular form
Promises Observables

Emits multiple values over a period of time(stream of values ranging

Emits only a single value at a time
from 0 to multiple)

Eager in nature; they are going to be called immediately Lazy in nature; they require subscription to be invoked

Promise is always asynchronous even though it resolved

Observable can be either synchronous or asynchronous
immediately

Provides operators such as map, forEach, filter, reduce, retry, and

Doesn't provide any operators
retryWhen etc

Cannot be canceled Canceled by using unsubscribe() method

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396. What is heap

Heap(Or memory heap) is the memory location where objects are stored when we define variables. i.e, This is the place where all the
memory allocations and de-allocation take place. Both heap and call-stack are two containers of JS runtime. Whenever runtime comes
across variables and function declarations in the code it stores them in the Heap.

402. Is [Link] completely single threaded

Node is a single thread, but some of the functions included in the [Link] standard library(e.g, fs module functions) are not single
threaded. i.e, Their logic runs outside of the [Link] single thread to improve the speed and performance of a program.

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403. What are the common use cases of observables

Some of the most common use cases of observables are web sockets with push notifications, user input changes, repeating intervals, etc

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404. What is RxJS

RxJS (Reactive Extensions for JavaScript) is a library for implementing reactive programming using observables that makes it easier to
compose asynchronous or callback-based code. It also provides utility functions for creating and working with observables.

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405. What is the difference between Function constructor and function declaration
The functions which are created with Function constructor do not create closures to their creation contexts but they are always created
in the global scope. i.e, the function can access its own local variables and global scope variables only. Whereas function declarations can
access outer function variables(closures) too.

Let's see this difference with an example,

Function Constructor:
var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return new Function("return a;");
}
[Link](createFunction()()); // 100

Function declaration:

var a = 100;
function createFunction() {
var a = 200;
return function func() {
return a;
};
}
[Link](createFunction()()); // 200

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406. What is a Short circuit condition

Short circuit conditions are meant for condensed way of writing simple if statements. Let's demonstrate the scenario using an example. If
you would like to login to a portal with an authentication condition, the expression would be as below,

if (authenticate) {
loginToPorta();
}

Since the javascript logical operators evaluated from left to right, the above expression can be simplified using && logical operator

authenticate && loginToPorta();

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407. What is the easiest way to resize an array

The length property of an array is useful to resize or empty an array quickly. Let's apply length property on number array to resize the
number of elements from 5 to 2,

var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

[Link]([Link]); // 5

[Link] = 2;
[Link]([Link]); // 2
[Link](array); // [1,2]

and the array can be emptied too

var array = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

[Link] = 0;
[Link]([Link]); // 0
[Link](array); // []

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408. What is an observable

An Observable is basically a function that can return a stream of values either synchronously or asynchronously to an observer over time.
The consumer can get the value by calling subscribe() method. Let's look at a simple example of an Observable

import { Observable } from "rxjs";

const observable = new Observable((observer) => {

setTimeout(() => {
[Link]("Message from a Observable!");
}, 3000);
});

[Link]((value) => [Link](value));

Note: Observables are not part of the JavaScript language yet but they are being proposed to be added to the language

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409. What is the difference between function and class declarations

The main difference between function declarations and class declarations is hoisting . The function declarations are hoisted but not class
declarations.

Classes:

const user = new User(); // ReferenceError

class User {}

Constructor Function:

const user = new User(); // No error

function User() {}

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410. What is an async function

An async function is a function declared with the async keyword which enables asynchronous, promise-based behavior to be written in a
cleaner style by avoiding promise chains. These functions can contain zero or more await expressions.

Let's take a below async function example,

async function logger() {

let data = await fetch("[Link] // pause until fetch returns
[Link](data);
}
logger();

It is basically syntax sugar over ES2015 promises and generators.

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411. How do you prevent promises swallowing errors

While using asynchronous code, JavaScript’s ES6 promises can make your life a lot easier without having callback pyramids and error
handling on every second line. But Promises have some pitfalls and the biggest one is swallowing errors by default.

Let's say you expect to print an error to the console for all the below cases,
[Link]("promised value").then(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});

[Link]("error value").catch(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});

new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {

throw new Error("error");
});

But there are many modern JavaScript environments that won't print any errors. You can fix this problem in different ways,

i. Add catch block at the end of each chain: You can add catch block to the end of each of your promise chains

[Link]("promised value")
.then(function () {
throw new Error("error");
})
.catch(function (error) {
[Link]([Link]);
});

But it is quite difficult to type for each promise chain and verbose too.

ii. Add done method: You can replace first solution's then and catch blocks with done method

[Link]("promised value").done(function () {
throw new Error("error");
});

Let's say you want to fetch data using HTTP and later perform processing on the resulting data asynchronously. You can write done
block as below,

getDataFromHttp()
.then(function (result) {
return processDataAsync(result);
})
.done(function (processed) {
displayData(processed);
});

In future, if the processing library API changed to synchronous then you can remove done block as below,

getDataFromHttp().then(function (result) {
return displayData(processDataAsync(result));
});

and then you forgot to add done block to then block leads to silent errors.

iii. Extend ES6 Promises by Bluebird: Bluebird extends the ES6 Promises API to avoid the issue in the second solution. This library has a
“default” onRejection handler which will print all errors from rejected Promises to stderr. After installation, you can process unhandled
rejections

[Link](function (error) {
throw error;
});

and discard a rejection, just handle it with an empty catch

[Link]("error value").catch(function () {});

414. What is a Proper Tail Call

First, we should know about tail call before talking about "Proper Tail Call". A tail call is a subroutine or function call performed as the final
action of a calling function. Whereas Proper tail call(PTC) is a technique where the program or code will not create additional stack frames
for a recursion when the function call is a tail call.

For example, the below classic or head recursion of factorial function relies on stack for each step. Each step need to be processed upto n
* factorial(n - 1)
function factorial(n) {
if (n === 0) {
return 1;
}
return n * factorial(n - 1);
}
[Link](factorial(5)); //120

But if you use Tail recursion functions, they keep passing all the necessary data it needs down the recursion without relying on the stack.

function factorial(n, acc = 1) {

if (n === 0) {
return acc;
}
return factorial(n - 1, n * acc);
}
[Link](factorial(5)); //120

The above pattern returns the same output as the first one. But the accumulator keeps track of total as an argument without using stack
memory on recursive calls.

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415. How do you check an object is a promise or not

If you don't know if a value is a promise or not, wrapping the value as [Link](value) which returns a promise

const myGenFunc = function* () {

yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
};
const genObj = myGenFunc();

iii. Generator method definitions in object literals:

const myObj = {
*myGeneratorMethod() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
},
};
const genObj = [Link]();

iv. Generator method definitions in class:

class MyClass {
*myGeneratorMethod() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
}
}
const myObject = new MyClass();
const genObj = [Link]();

v. Generator as a computed property:

const SomeObj = {
*[[Link]]() {
yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
},
};

[Link]([Link](SomeObj)); // [ 1, 2, 3 ]

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420. What are the built-in iterables

Below are the list of built-in iterables in javascript,

i. Arrays and TypedArrays

ii. Strings: Iterate over each character or Unicode code-points
iii. Maps: iterate over its key-value pairs
iv. Sets: iterates over their elements
v. arguments: An array-like special variable in functions
vi. DOM collection such as NodeList

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421. What are the differences between for...of and for...in statements
Both for...in and for...of statements iterate over js data structures. The only difference is over what they iterate:

i. for..in iterates over all enumerable property keys of an object

ii. for..of iterates over the values of an iterable object.

Let's explain this difference with an example,

let arr = ["a", "b", "c"];

[Link] = "newVlue";

// key are the property keys

for (let key in arr) {
[Link](key); // 0, 1, 2 & newProp
}

// value are the property values

for (let value of arr) {
[Link](value); // a, b, c
}

Since for..in loop iterates over the keys of the object, the first loop logs 0, 1, 2 and newProp while iterating over the array object. The for..of
loop iterates over the values of a arr data structure and logs a, b, c in the console.

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422. How do you define instance and non-instance properties

The Instance properties must be defined inside of class methods. For example, name and age properties defined inside constructor as
below,

class Person {
constructor(name, age) {
[Link] = name;
[Link] = age;
}
}
But Static(class) and prototype data properties must be defined outside of the ClassBody declaration. Let's assign the age value for Person
class as below,

[Link] = 30;
[Link] = 40;

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423. What is the difference between isNaN and [Link]?

i. isNaN: The global function isNaN converts the argument to a Number and returns true if the resulting value is NaN.
ii. [Link]: This method does not convert the argument. But it returns true when the type is a Number and value is NaN.

Let's see the difference with an example,

isNaN(‘hello’); // true
[Link]('hello'); // false

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424. How to invoke an IIFE without any extra brackets?

Immediately Invoked Function Expressions(IIFE) requires a pair of parenthesis to wrap the function which contains set of statements.

(function (dt) {
[Link]([Link]());
})(new Date());

Since both IIFE and void operator discard the result of an expression, you can avoid the extra brackets using void operator for IIFE as
below,

void (function (dt) {

[Link]([Link]());
})(new Date());

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425. Is that possible to use expressions in switch cases?

You might have seen expressions used in switch condition but it is also possible to use for switch cases by assigning true value for the
switch condition. Let's see the weather condition based on temperature as an example,

const weather = (function getWeather(temp) {

switch (true) {
case temp < 0:
return "freezing";
case temp < 10:
return "cold";
case temp < 24:
return "cool";
default:
return "unknown";
}
})(10);

429. How do you group and nest console output?

The [Link]() can be used to group related log messages to be able to easily read the logs and use [Link]()to close
the group. Along with this, you can also nest groups which allows to output message in hierarchical manner.

For example, if you’re logging a user’s details:

[Link]("User Details");
[Link]("name: Sudheer Jonna");
[Link]("job: Software Developer");

// Nested Group
[Link]("Address");
[Link]("Street: Commonwealth");
[Link]("City: Los Angeles");
[Link]("State: California");

// Close nested group

[Link]();

// Close outer group

[Link]();

You can also use [Link]() instead of [Link]() if you want the groups to be collapsed by default.

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430. What is the difference between dense and sparse arrays?

An array contains items at each index starting from first(0) to last([Link] - 1) is called as Dense array. Whereas if at least one item is
missing at any index, the array is called as sparse.

Let's see the below two kind of arrays,

const avengers = ["Ironman", "Hulk", "CaptainAmerica"];

[Link](avengers[0]); // 'Ironman'
[Link](avengers[1]); // 'Hulk'
[Link](avengers[2]); // 'CaptainAmerica'
[Link]([Link]); // 3

const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", , "Batman"];

[Link](justiceLeague[0]); // 'Superman'
[Link](justiceLeague[1]); // 'Aquaman'
[Link](justiceLeague[2]); // undefined
[Link](justiceLeague[3]); // 'Batman'
[Link]([Link]); // 4

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431. What are the different ways to create sparse arrays?

There are 4 different ways to create sparse arrays in JavaScript

i. Array literal: Omit a value when using the array literal

const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", , "Batman"];

[Link](justiceLeague); // ['Superman', 'Aquaman', empty ,'Batman']

ii. Array() constructor: Invoking Array(length) or new Array(length)

const array = Array(3);

[Link](array); // [empty, empty ,empty]

iii. Delete operator: Using delete array[index] operator on the array

const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", "Batman"];

delete justiceLeague[1];
[Link](justiceLeague); // ['Superman', empty, ,'Batman']

iv. Increase length property: Increasing length property of an array

const justiceLeague = ["Superman", "Aquaman", "Batman"];

[Link] = 5;
[Link](justiceLeague); // ['Superman', 'Aquaman', 'Batman', empty, empty]

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432. What is the difference between setTimeout, setImmediate and [Link]?

i. Set Timeout: setTimeout() is to schedule execution of a one-time callback after delay milliseconds.
ii. Set Immediate: The setImmediate function is used to execute a function right after the current event loop finishes.
iii. Process NextTick: If [Link]() is called in a given phase, all the callbacks passed to [Link]() will be resolved before
the event loop continues. This will block the event loop and create I/O Starvation if [Link]() is called recursively.

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433. How do you reverse an array without modifying original array?

The reverse() method reverses the order of the elements in an array but it mutates the original array. Let's take a simple example to
demonistrate this case,

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = [Link]();

[Link](newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
[Link](originalArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

There are few solutions that won't mutate the original array. Let's take a look.

i. Using slice and reverse methods: In this case, just invoke the slice() method on the array to create a shallow copy followed by
reverse() method call on the copy.

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = [Link]().reverse(); //Slice an array gives a new copy

[Link](originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[Link](newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

ii. Using spread and reverse methods: In this case, let's use the spread syntax (...) to create a copy of the array followed by reverse()
method call on the copy.

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = [...originalArray].reverse();
[Link](originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[Link](newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

iii. Using reduce and spread methods: Here execute a reducer function on an array elements and append the accumulated array on right
side using spread syntax

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = [Link]((accumulator, value) => {
return [value, ...accumulator];
}, []);

[Link](originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[Link](newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

iv. Using reduceRight and spread methods: Here execute a right reducer function(i.e. opposite direction of reduce method) on an array
elements and append the accumulated array on left side using spread syntax

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = [Link]((accumulator, value) => {
return [...accumulator, value];
}, []);

[Link](originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[Link](newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

v. Using reduceRight and push methods: Here execute a right reducer function(i.e. opposite direction of reduce method) on an array
elements and push the iterated value to the accumulator

const originalArray = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const newArray = [Link]((accumulator, value) => {
[Link](value);
return accumulator;
}, []);

[Link](originalArray); // [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
[Link](newArray); // [ 5, 4, 3, 2, 1]

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434. How do you create custom HTML element?

The creation of custom HTML elements involves two main steps,

i. Define your custom HTML element: First you need to define some custom class by extending HTMLElement class. After that define
your component properties (styles,text etc) using connectedCallback method. Note: The browser exposes a function called
[Link] inorder to reuse the element.

class CustomElement extends HTMLElement {

connectedCallback() {
[Link] = "This is a custom element";
}
}
[Link]("custom-element", CustomElement);

ii. Use custom element just like other HTML element: Declare your custom element as a HTML tag.

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435. What is global execution context?

The global execution context is the default or first execution context that is created by the JavaScript engine before any code is
executed(i.e, when the file first loads in the browser). All the global code that is not inside a function or object will be executed inside this
global execution context. Since JS engine is single threaded there will be only one global environment and there will be only one global
execution context.
For example, the below code other than code inside any function or object is executed inside the global execution context.

var x = 10;

function A() {
[Link]("Start function A");

function B() {
[Link]("In function B");
}

B();
}

A();

[Link]("GlobalContext");

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436. What is function execution context?

Whenever a function is invoked, the JavaScript engine creates a different type of Execution Context known as a Function Execution Context
(FEC) within the Global Execution Context (GEC) to evaluate and execute the code within that function.

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437. What is debouncing?

Debouncing is a programming technique used to limit how often a function is executed. Specifically, it ensures that a
function is only triggered after a certain amount of time has passed since it was last invoked. This prevents unnecessary or
excessive function calls, which can help optimize performance and reduce unnecessary CPU usage or API requests.

For example, when a user types in a search box, you typically want to wait until they’ve finished typing before fetching
suggestions. Without debouncing, an API call would be triggered on every keystroke, potentially causing performance issues.
With debouncing, the function call is postponed until the user stops typing for a specified period (e.g., 300ms). If the user
types again before this time elapses, the timer resets.

Typical use cases for debouncing include:

* Search box suggestions (wait until typing pauses before fetching results)
* Auto-saving text fields (save only after the user stops typing)
* Preventing double-clicks on buttons
* Handling window resize or scroll events efficiently

Example Debounce Function:

JavaScript

```css
function debounce(func, timeout = 500) {
let timer;
return function (...args) {
clearTimeout(timer);
timer = setTimeout(() => {
[Link](this, args);
}, timeout);
};
}
```

**Usage Example:**

JavaScript

```css
function fetchResults() {
[Link]("Fetching input suggestions");
}
const processChange = debounce(fetchResults, 300);

// Attach to input element

// Attach to button
<button me</button>
// Attach to window event
[Link]("scroll", processChange);
```

**How it works:**
When `processChange` is invoked (e.g., by typing or clicking), any pending execution is canceled, and the function is
scheduled to run after the specified delay. If another event occurs before the delay is up, the timer resets, and the
function will only run after events have stopped for the delay duration.

Debouncing is an essential tool for improving user experience and application performance, especially when dealing with
events that can fire rapidly and repeatedly.

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438. What is throttling?

Throttling is a programming technique used to control the rate at which a function is executed. When an event is triggered continuously—
such as during window resizing, scrolling, or mouse movement—throttling ensures that the associated event handler is not called more
often than a specified interval. This helps improve performance by reducing the number of expensive function calls and preventing
performance bottlenecks.

Common use cases:

Window resize events

Scroll events
Mouse movement or drag events
API rate limiting

How does throttling work?

Throttling will execute the function at most once every specified time interval, ignoring additional calls until the interval has passed.

Example: Throttle Implementation and Usage

JavaScript

// Simple throttle function: allows 'func' to run at most once every 'limit' ms
function throttle(func, limit) {
let inThrottle = false;
return function(...args) {
if (!inThrottle) {
[Link](this, args);
inThrottle = true;
setTimeout(() => (inThrottle = false), limit);
}
};
}

// Usage: throttling a scroll event handler

function handleScrollAnimation() {
[Link]('Scroll event triggered');
}

[Link](
"scroll",
throttle(handleScrollAnimation, 100) // Will run at most once every 100ms
);

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439. What is optional chaining?

According to MDN official docs, the optional chaining operator (?.) permits reading the value of a property located deep within a chain of
connected objects without having to expressly validate that each reference in the chain is valid.

The ?. operator is like the . chaining operator, except that instead of causing an error if a reference is nullish (null or undefined), the
expression short-circuits with a return value of undefined. When used with function calls, it returns undefined if the given function does not
exist.

const adventurer = {
name: "Alice",
cat: {
name: "Dinah",
},
};

const dogName = [Link]?.name;

[Link](dogName);
// expected output: undefined

[Link]([Link]?.());
// expected output: undefined

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440. What is an environment record?

According to ECMAScript specification 262 (9.1):

Environment Record is a specification type used to define the association of Identifiers to specific variables and functions, based upon
the lexical nesting structure of ECMAScript code.

Usually an Environment Record is associated with some specific syntactic structure of ECMAScript code such as a FunctionDeclaration, a
BlockStatement, or a Catch clause of a TryStatement.

Each time such code is evaluated, a new Environment Record is created to record the identifier bindings that are created by that code.

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441. How to verify if a variable is an array?

It is possible to check if a variable is an array instance using 3 different ways,

i. [Link]() method:

442. What is pass by value and pass by reference?

Pass-by-value creates a new space in memory and makes a copy of a value. Primitives such as string, number, boolean etc will actually
create a new copy. Hence, updating one value doesn't impact the other value. i.e, The values are independent of each other.

let a = 5;
let b = a;
b++;
[Link](a, b); //5, 6

In the above code snippet, the value of a is assigned to b and the variable b has been incremented. Since there is a new space created
for variable b , any update on this variable doesn't impact the variable a .

Pass by reference doesn't create a new space in memory but the new variable adopts a memory address of an initial variable. Non-
primitives such as objects, arrays and functions gets the reference of the initiable variable. i.e, updating one value will impact the other
variable.

let user1 = {
name: "John",
age: 27,
};
let user2 = user1;
[Link] = 30;

[Link]([Link], [Link]); // 30, 30

In the above code snippet, updating the age property of one object will impact the other property due to the same reference.

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443. What are the differences between primitives and non-primitives?

JavaScript language has both primitives and non-primitives but there are few differences between them as below,

Primitives Non-primitives

These types are predefined Created by developer

These are immutable Mutable

Compare by value Compare by reference

Stored in Stack Stored in heap

Contain certain value Can contain NULL too

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444. How do you create your own bind method using either call or apply method?
The custom bind function needs to be created on Function prototype inorder to use it as other builtin functions. This custom function
should return a function similar to original bind method and the implementation of inner function needs to use apply method call.

The function which is going to bind using custom myOwnBind method act as the attached function( boundTargetFunction ) and argument
as the object for apply method call.

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445. What are the differences between pure and impure functions?
Some of the major differences between pure and impure function are as below,

Pure function Impure function

return {
// Return public variables or functions here.
};
})();

Let's see an example of a module pattern for an employee with private and public access,

const createEmployee = (function () {

// Private
const name = "John";
const department = "Sales";
const getEmployeeName = () => name;
const getDepartmentName = () => department;

// Public
return {
name,
department,
getName: () => getEmployeeName(),
getDepartment: () => getDepartmentName(),
};
})();

[Link]([Link]);
[Link]([Link]);
[Link]([Link]());
[Link]([Link]());

Note: It mimic the concepts of classes with private variables and methods.

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450. What is Function Composition?

It is an approach where the result of one function is passed on to the next function, which is passed to another until the final function is
executed for the final result.

//example
const double = (x) => x * 2;
const square = (x) => x * x;

var output1 = double(2);

var output2 = square(output1);
[Link](output2);

var output_final = square(double(2));

[Link](output_final);

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451. How to use await outside of async function prior to ES2022?

Prior to ES2022, if you attempted to use an await outside of an async function resulted in a SyntaxError.

await [Link]([Link]("Hello await")); // SyntaxError: await is only valid in async function

But you can fix this issue with an alternative IIFE (Immediately Invoked Function Expression) to get access to the feature.

(async function () {
await [Link]([Link]("Hello await")); // Hello await
})();

In ES2022, you can write top-level await without writing any hacks.

await [Link]([Link]("Hello await")); //Hello await

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452. What is the purpose of the this keyword in JavaScript?

The this keyword in JavaScript refers to the object that is executing the current function. Its value is determined by how a function is called,
not where it is defined. this is essential for writing object-oriented and event-driven code, as it allows methods to interact with the data of
the object they belong to.

Example 1: this in a Global Context

[Link](this);

In a global context, this refers to the global object (e.g., window in a browser).

Example 2: this in a Function

function displayThis() {
[Link](this);
}
displayThis();

In a regular function, this refers to the global object(window in browser and global in nodejs) for non-strict mode. In strict mode, it's value
is undefined.

Example 3: this in a Method

const person = {
name: "John",
greet: function () {
[Link]("Hello, " + [Link]);
},
};

[Link]();

In a method, this refers to the object that owns the method (person in the case).

Example 4: this in an Event Handler

[Link]("myButton").addEventListener("click", function () {
[Link](this);
});

In an event handler, this refers to the element that triggered the event (the button in this case).

Example 5: this with Arrow Functions

Arrow functions do not have their own this binding; they inherit it from their surrounding (lexical) context.

Example 6: this in Constructor Functions / Classes

function Person(name) {
[Link] = name;
}

const p1 = new Person('Sudheer');

[Link]([Link]); // Sudheer

When used with new, this refers to the newly created object.

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453. What are the uses of closures?

Closures are a powerful feature in programming languages like JavaScript. They allow functions to retain access to variables from their
containing (enclosing) scope even after the outer function has finished executing. This means that a function defined within another
function can access variables from the outer function, even if the outer function has already returned. Here are some common use cases of
closures:

Data Privacy: Closures can be used to create private variables and methods. By defining variables within a function's scope and returning
inner functions that have access to those variables, you can create a form of encapsulation, limiting access to certain data or functionality.

Function Factories: Closures are often used to create functions with pre-set parameters. This is useful when you need to create multiple
functions with similar behavior but different configurations.

Callback Functions: Closures are frequently used in asynchronous programming, such as handling event listeners or AJAX requests. The
inner function captures variables from the outer scope and can access them when the callback is invoked.

Memoization: Closures can be used for memoization, a technique to optimize performance by caching the results of expensive function
calls. The inner function can remember the results of previous calls and return the cached result if the same input is provided again.
iterators and Generators: Closures can be used to create iterators and generators, which are essential for working with collections of data in
modern JavaScript.

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454. What are the phases of execution context?

The execution context in JavaScript is a data structure that stores the information necessary for executing a piece of code. It includes the
code itself, the values of the variables used in the code, and the scope chain. The scope chain is a list of objects that are used to resolve
variable names.

The execution context has two phases:

Creation phase: In this phase, the JavaScript engine creates the execution context and sets up the script's environment. This includes
creating the variable object and the scope chain.
Execution phase: In this phase, the JavaScript engine executes the code in the execution context. This includes evaluating expressions,
assigning values to variables, and calling functions.

The execution context is created when a function is called. The function's code is then executed in the execution context. When the function
returns, the execution context is destroyed.

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455. What are the possible reasons for memory leaks?

Memory leaks can lead to poor performance, slow loading times and even crashes in web applications. Some of the common causes of
memory leaks are listed below,

i. The execessive usage of global variables or omitting the var keyword in local scope.
ii. Forgetting to clear the timers set up by setTimeout or setInterval .
iii. Closures retain references to variables from their parent scope, which leads to variables might not garbage collected even they are no
longer used.

456. What are the optimization techniques of V8 engine?

V8 engine uses the below optimization techniques.

The syntax would like below,

let newArray = [Link](callback(currentValue[, index, arr) {

// return new array after executing the code
})

Let's build our map polyfill based on the above syntax,

[Link] = function (cb) {

let newArr = [];
for (let i = 0; i < [Link]; i++) {
[Link](cb(this[i], i, this));
}
return newArr;
};

const nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

const multiplyByTwo = [Link]((x) => x * 2);
[Link](multiplyByTwo); // [2, 4, 6, 8, 10]

In the above code, custom method name 'myMap' has been used to avoid conflicts with built-in method.

2. filter: Similar to map method, [Link] method takes callback function as an argument and the callback function can have three
agurguments passed into it.

i. Current value
ii. Index of current value(optional)
iii. array(optional)

The syntax looks like below,

let newArray = [Link](callback(currentValue[, index, arr) {

// return new array whose elements satisfy the callback conditions
})

Let's build our filter polyfill based on the above syntax,

const nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];

const evenNums = [Link]((x) => x % 2);
[Link](evenNums); // [2, 4, 6]

3. reduce:

The built-in `[Link]` method syntax will be helpful to write our own polyfill. The reduce method takes the
callback function as first argument and the initial value as second argument.

The callback function can have four arguments passed into it.
i. Accumulator
ii. Current value
iii. Index of current value(optional)
iv. array(optional)
The syntax would like below,

```js
[Link](callback((acc, curr, i, arr) => {}), initValue);
```
Let's build our reduce polyfill based on the above syntax,

```js
[Link] = function(cb, initialValue) {
let accumulator = initialValue;
for(let i=0; i< [Link]; i++) {
accumulator = accumulator ? cb(accumulator, this[i], i, this) : this[i];
}
return accumulator;
}
const nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
const sum = [Link]((acc, curr, i, arr) => {
return acc += curr
}, 0);
[Link](sum); // 21
```

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4. What is the difference between map and forEach functions?

Both map and forEach functions are used to iterate over an arrays but there are some differences in their functionality.

1. **Returning values:** The `map` method returns a new array with transformed elements whereas `forEach` method returns
`undefined` eventhough both of them are doing the same job.

```javascript
const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
[Link](x => x * x); // [1, 4, 9, 16, 25]
[Link](x => x * x); //

The `forEach()` method in JavaScript always returns undefined. This is because forEach() is used to iterate over arrays and
perform side effects on each element, rather than returning a `new array or transforming the original array`
```

2. **Chaining methods:** The `map` method is chainable. i.e, It can be attached with `reduce`, `filter`, `sort` and other
methods as well. Whereas `forEach` cannot be attached with any other methods because it returns `undefined` value.

```javascript
const arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
[Link]((x) => x * x).reduce((total, cur) => total + cur); // 55
[Link]((x) => x * x).reduce((total, cur) => total + cur); //Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read properties of
undefine(reading 'reduce')
```

3. **Mutation:** The `map` method doesn't mutate the original array by returning new array. Whereas `forEach` method also
doesn't mutate the original array but it's callback is allowed to mutate the original array.

Note: Both these methods existed since ES5 onwards.

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461. Give an example of statements affected by automatic semicolon insertion?

The javascript parser will automatically add a semicolon while parsing the source code. For example, the below common statements
affected by Automatic Semicolon Insertion(ASI).

i. An empty statement
ii. var statement
iii. An expression statement
iv. do-while statement
v. continue statement
vi. break statement
vii. return statement
viii. throw statement
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462. What are the event phases of a browser?

There are 3 phases in the lifecycle of an event propagation in JavaScript,

i. Capturing phase: This phase goes down gradually from the top of the DOM tree to the target element when a nested element clicked.
Before the click event reaching the final destination element, the click event of each parent's element must be triggered.

ii. Target phase: This is the phase where the event originally occurred reached the target element .

iii. Bubbling phase: This is reverse of the capturing phase. In this pase, the event bubbles up from the target element through it's parent
element, an ancestor and goes all the way to the global window object.

The pictorial representation of these 3 event phases in DOM looks like below,

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463. What are the real world use cases of proxy?

Proxies are not used in regular day to day JavaScript work but they enabled many exciting programming patterns. Some of the real world
use cases are listed below,

i. Vue3 used proxy concept to implement reactive state

ii. SolidJS implemented reactive stores
iii. Immerjs built upon proxy to track updates to immutable updates
iv. ZenStack improved Prisma ORM for access control layer

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464. What are hidden classes?

Since JavaScript is a dynamic programming language, you can add or remove properties and methods from objects on the fly at runtime.
This nature of JavaScript increases the dynamic dictionary lookups(because objects implemented as HashTables in memory) for retrieving a
property on an object.

Let's consider the following example to see how the additional properties age and gender added at runtime.

function Person(name) {
[Link] = name;
}

var person1 = new Person("John");

var person2 = new Person("Randy");
[Link] = 40;
[Link] = "Male";

[Link] = "Female";
[Link] = 50;

As a result, this behavior leads to lower JavaScript performance compared to the contiguous buffer method used in non-dynamic
languages. The V8 engine provided a solution named hidden classes to optimize the access time when retrieving a property on an object.
This optimization is achieved by sharing hidden classes among objects created in a similar fashion. These hidden classes are attached to
each and every object to track its shape.

When V8 engine sees the constructor function(e.g, Person) is declared, it creates a hidden class (let's say Class01) without any offsets. Once
the first property assignment statement ( [Link] = name ) is executed, V8 engine will create a new hidden class (let's say Class02),
inheriting all properties from the previous hidden class (Class01), and assign the property to offset 0. This process enables compiler to skip
dictionary lookup when you try to retrieve the same property(i.e, name). Instead, V8 will directly point to Class02. The same procedure
happens when you add new properties to the object.

For example, adding age and gender properties to Person constructor leads to transition of hidden classes(Class02 -> Class03 ->
Class04). If you create a second object(Person2) based on the same Person object, both Class01 and Class02 hidden classes are going to be
shared. However, the hidden classes Class03 and Class04 cannot be shared because second object has been modified with a different order
of properties assignment.

Since both the objects(person1 and person2) do not share the hidden classes, now V8 engine cannot use Inline Caching technique for the
faster access of properties.

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465. What is inline caching?

Inline caching is an optimization technique based on the observation that repeated calls to same function tends to occur on same type of
objects. The V8 compiler stores a cache of the type of objects that were passed as a parameter in recent method calls. Upon next time when
same function is called, compiler can directly search for the type in cache.

Let's consider an example where the compiler stores the shape type in cache for repeated calls in the loop.

let shape = { width: 30, height: 20 }; // Compiler store the type in cache as { width: <int>, height: <int>} after repeated call

function area(obj) {
//Calculate area
}
for (let i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
area(shape);
}

After few successful calls of the same area method to its same hidden class, V8 engine omits the hidden class lookup and simply adds the offset
of the property to the object pointer itself. As a result, it increases the execution speed.

There are mainly 3 types of inline caching possible:

1. Monomorphic: This is a optimized caching technique in which there can be always same type of objects passed.
2. Polymorphic: This ia slightly optimized caching technique in which limited number of different types of objects can be passed.
3. Megamorphic: It is an unoptimized caching in which any number of different objects can be passed.

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466. What are the different ways to execute external scripts?

There are three different ways to execute external scripts,

i. async: The script is downloaded in parallel to parsing the page, and executed as soon as it is available even before parsing completes.
The parsing of the page is going to be interuppted once the script is downloaded completely and then the script is executed.
Thereafter, the parsing of the remaining page will continue.

The syntax for async usage is as shown below,

<script src="[Link]" async></script>

ii. defer: The script is downloaded in parallel to parsing the page, and executed after the page has finished parsing.
The syntax for defer usage is as shown below,

<script src="[Link]" defer></script>

iii. Neither async or defer: The script is downloaded and executed immediately by blocking parsing of the page until the script execution
is completed.

Note: You should only use either async or defer attribute if the src attribute is present.

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467. What is Lexical Scope?

Lexical scope is the ability for a function scope to access variables from the parent scope.

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468. How to detect system dark mode in javascript?

The combination of [Link]() utility method along with media query is used to check if the user has selected a dark color
scheme in their operating system settings or not. The CSS media query prefers-color-scheme needs to be passed to identify system color
theme.

The following javascript code describes the usage,

const hasDarkColorScheme = () =>

[Link] &&
[Link]("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)").matches;

You can also watch changes to system color scheme using addEventListener ,

window
.matchMedia("(prefers-color-scheme: dark)")
.addEventListener("change", (event) => {
const theme = [Link] ? "dark" : "light";
});

Note: The matchMedia method returns MediaQueryList object stores information from a media query.

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469. What is the purpose of requestAnimationFrame method?

The requestAnimationFrame() method in JavaScript is used to schedule a function to be called before the next repaint of the browser
window, allowing you to create smooth, efficient animations. It's primarily used for animations and visual updates, making it an essential
tool for improving performance when you're animating elements on the web.

const element = [Link]("myElement");

function animate() {
let currentPosition = parseInt([Link](element).left, 10);

// Move the element 2px per frame

currentPosition += 2;
[Link] = currentPosition + "px";
// If the element hasn't moved off-screen, request the next frame
if (currentPosition < [Link]) {
requestAnimationFrame(animate);
}
}
// Start the animation
requestAnimationFrame(animate);

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470. What is the difference between substring and substr methods?

Both substring and substr are used to extract parts of a string, but there are subtle differences between the substring() and substr()
methods in terms of syntax and behavior.

i. substring(start, end)

Parameters:
start : The index to start extracting (inclusive).

end : The index to stop extracting (exclusive).

Behavior:
If start > end , it swaps the arguments.
Negative values are treated as 0 .

let str = "Hello World";

[Link]([Link](0, 5)); // "Hello"
[Link]([Link](5, 0)); // "Hello" (swapped)
[Link]([Link](-3, 4)); // "Hell" (negative = 0)

ii. substr(start, length) (Deprecated)

Parameters:
start : The index to start extracting.

length : The number of characters to extract.

Behavior:
If start is negative, it counts from the end of the string.
If length is omitted, it extracts to the end of the string.

let str = "Hello World"; [Link]([Link](0, 5)); // "Hello"

[Link]([Link](-5, 3)); // "Wor" (starts from 'W')`

Note: substr() is considered a legacy feature in ECMAScript, so it is best to avoid using it if possible.

⬆ Back to Top

471. How to find the number of parameters expected by a function?

The function's object has a length property which tells you how many formal parameters expected by a function. This is a static value
defined by the function, not the number of arguments the function is called with([Link]). The basic usage of length propery is,

function multiply(x, y) {
return x * y;
}

function sum(a, b, c) {
return a + b + c;
}

[Link]([Link]); //2
[Link]([Link]); //3

But there are few important rules which needs to be noted while using length property.

1. Default values: Only the parameters which exists before a default value are considered.

function sum(a, b = 2, c = 3) {
return a + b + c;
}
[Link]([Link]); // 1

2. Rest params: The rest parameters are excluded with in length property.
function sum(a, b, ...moreArgs) {
let total = a + b;
for (const arg of moreArgs) {
total += arg;
}
return total;
}
[Link]([Link]); // 2

3. Destructuring patterns: Each destructuring pattern counted as a single parameter.

function func([a, b], { x, y }) {

[Link](a + b, x, y);
}

[Link]([Link]); // 2

Note: The Function constructor is itself a function object and it has a length property of 1.

⬆ Back to Top

472. What is globalThis, and what is the importance of it?

Nowadays JavaScript language is used in a wide variety of environments and each environment has its own object model. Due to this fact,
there are different ways(syntax) to access the global object.

i. In web browser, the global object is accessible via window , self , or frames .
ii. In Node environment, you have to use global .
iii. In Web workers, the global object is available through self .

The globalThis property provides a standard way of accessing the global object without writing various code snippet to support multiple
environments. For example, the global object retuned from multiple environments as shown below,

//1. browser environment

[Link](globalThis); // => Window {...}

//2. [Link] environment

[Link](globalThis); // => Object [global] {...}

//3. web worker environment

[Link](globalThis); // => DedicatedWorkerGlobalScope {...}

⬆ Back to Top

473. What are the array mutation methods?

JavaScript array methods can be categorized into two groups:
474. Mutating methods: These are the methods that directly modify the original array.
475. Non-mutating methods: These methods return a new array without altering the original one.

There are 9 methods in total that mutate the arrays,

1. push: Adds one or more elements to the end of the array and returns the new length.
2. pop: Removes the last element from the array and returns that element.
3. unshift: Adds one or more elements to the beginning of the array and returns the new length..
4. shift: Removes the first element from the array and returns that element.
5. splice: Adds or removes elements from the array at a specific index position.
6. sort: Sorts the elements of the array in-place based on a given sorting criteria.
7. reverse: Reverses the order of elements in the given array.
8. fill: Fills all elements of the array with a specific value.
9. copyWithIn: Copies a sequence of elements within the array to a specified target index in the same array.

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474. What is module scope in JavaScript?

Module scope is a feature introduced with ES6 (ES2015) modules that creates a scope specific to a module file, isolating variables and
functions declared within it from the global scope and other modules. Variables and functions declared in a module are private by default
and can only be accessed by other modules if they are explicitly exported.

Key characteristics of module scope:

1. Variables declared in a module are scoped to that module only.

2. Each module has its own top-level scope
3. Variables and functions need to be explicitly exported to be used in other modules
4. The global scope cannot access module variables unless they are explicitly exported and imported
5. Modules are always executed in strict mode

// [Link]

// This variable is PRIVATE to moduleA. It's like a tool inside a closed box.
const privateVariable = "I am private";

// This variable is PUBLIC because it's exported. Others can use it when they import moduleA.
export const publicVariable = "I am public";

// PUBLIC function because it's exported. But it can still access privateVariable inside moduleA.
export function publicFunction() {
[Link](privateVariable); // ✅ This works because we're inside the same module.
return "Hello from publicFunction!";
}

// [Link]

// Importing PUBLIC items from moduleA.

import { publicVariable, publicFunction } from "./[Link]";

[Link](publicVariable); // ✅ "I am public" - Works because it's exported.

[Link](publicFunction()); // ✅ "Hello from publicFunction!" - Works as well.

// ❌ This will cause an ERROR because privateVariable was NOT exported from moduleA.
// [Link](privateVariable); // ❌ ReferenceError: privateVariable is not defined

Common use cases and benefits:

Encapsulation of module-specific code

Prevention of global scope pollution
Better code organization and maintenance
Explicit dependency management
Protection of private implementation details

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475. What are shadowing and illegal shadowing?

Both shadowing and illegal shadowing refer to how variable names can "hide" or override others within nested scopes.

Shadowing occurs when a variable declared within a certain scope (like a function or block) has the same name as a variable declared in an
outer scope. The inner variable shadows the outer one — meaning, the inner variable takes precedence in its own scope.

Let's take an example where the inner a inside func() shadows the outer variable a .

let a = 10;

function func() {
let a = 20; // Shadows the outer 'a'
[Link](a); // 20
}

func();
[Link](a); // 10

Illegal shadowing in JavaScript refers to a syntax error that happens when you try to declare a block-scoped variable ( let or const ) with
the same name as a variable declared using var in the same or an overlapping scope.

For example, if you declare both block-scoped variable and function scoped variable using the same name inside a function causes an
illegal shadowing.
function test() {
var a = 10;
let a = 20; // SyntaxError: Identifier 'a' has already been declared
}

As an another example, if you declare a variable with let or const in an outer scope, and then try to redeclare it with var inside a
nested block, JavaScript throws an error — even though var is supposed to be function-scoped. Since the var appears in a block, it ends
up trying to overwrite the let in the outer scope, which causes a conflict.

let a = 10;
{
var a = 20; // SyntaxError: Identifier 'a' has already been declared
[Link](a);
}

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476. Why is it important to remove event listeners after use?

In JavaScript, you need to be mindful of removing event listeners to avoid memory leaks — especially in long-lived apps like single-page
applications (SPAs) or when working with frameworks/libraries. Eventhough JavaScript has automatic garbage collection, memory leaks can still
happen if:

1. A DOM element is removed, but a listener still references it.

2. A callback (event listener) holds a reference to a large object or closure that can't be cleaned up.
3. Global objects like window, document etc retain listeners indefinitely unless manually removed.

So if you add any event listeners to DOM element, it is a good practice to remove it after its usage as shown below,

const button = [Link]("btn");

function handleClick() {
[Link]("Clicked!");
}

[Link]("click", handleClick);

// Always remove when done

[Link]("click", handleClick);

⬆ Back to Top 477. ### What is structuredClone and how is it used for deep copying objects?

In JavaScript, `structuredClone()` is a built-in method used to create a **deep copy** of a value. It safely clones nested
objects, arrays, Maps, Sets, Dates, TypedArrays, and even circular references — without sharing references to the original
value. This prevents accidental mutations and makes it useful for state management and data processing.

For example, the below snippet demonstrates deep cloning of a nested object,

```javascript
const originalObject = {
name: "Deep Copy Test",
nested: {
value: 10,
list: [1, 2, 3]

}, };

const deepCopy = structuredClone(originalObject);

// Modify cloned value

[Link] = 99;
[Link](4);
[Link]([Link]); // 10
[Link]([Link]); // 99
[Link]([Link]); // [1, 2, 3]
[Link]([Link]); // [1, 2, 3, 4]

⬆ Back to Top
478. What is the difference between const and [Link]
The main difference is that const applies to variables (bindings), while [Link]() applies to values (objects).

i. const : Prevents the reassignment of a variable identifier. It ensures that the variable name always points to the same memory
reference. However, if the variable holds an object or array, the contents of that object can still be modified.
ii. [Link]() : Prevents the modification of an object's properties. It makes the object immutable (you cannot add, remove, or
change properties), but it does not affect the variable assignment itself (unless the variable is also declared with const ).

Example:

// Case 1: Using const (Reassignment prevented, Mutation allowed)

const person = { name: "John" };
[Link] = "Doe"; // ✅ Allowed: The object is mutable
[Link]([Link]); // "Doe"

// person = { name: "Jane" }; // ❌ Error: Assignment to constant variable

// Case 2: Using [Link] (Reassignment allowed, Mutation prevented)

let profile = { name: "John" };
[Link](profile);

[Link] = "Doe"; // ❌ Ignored (or throws TypeError in strict mode)

[Link]([Link]); // "John"

profile = { name: "Jane" }; // ✅ Allowed: 'profile' is declared with 'let'

[Link]([Link]); // "Jane"

[⬆ Back to Top](#table-of-contents)

Coding Exercise

1. What is the output of below code

var car = new Vehicle("Honda", "white", "2010", "UK");

[Link](car);

function Vehicle(model, color, year, country) {

[Link] = model;
[Link] = color;
[Link] = year;
[Link] = country;
}

1: Undefined
2: ReferenceError
3: null
4: {model: "Honda", color: "white", year: "2010", country: "UK"}

Answer

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2. What is the output of below code

2: [null, 'b', 'c', 'd'], empty, 3
3: [empty, 'b', 'c', 'd'], undefined, 4
4: [null, 'b', 'c', 'd'], undefined, 4

Answer

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8. What is the output of below code in latest Chrome

var array1 = new Array(3);

[Link](array1);

var array2 = [];

array2[2] = 100;
[Link](array2);

var array3 = [, , ,];

[Link](array3);

1: [undefined × 3], [undefined × 2, 100], [undefined × 3]

2: [empty × 3], [empty × 2, 100], [empty × 3]
3: [null × 3], [null × 2, 100], [null × 3]
4: [], [100], []

Answer

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9. What is the output of below code

const obj = {
prop1: function () {
return 0;
},
prop2() {
return 1;
},
["prop" + 3]() {
return 2;
},
};

18. What is the output of below code

[Link]([0] == false);
if ([0]) {
[Link]("I'm True");
} else {
[Link]("I'm False");
}

1: True, I'm True

2: True, I'm False
3: False, I'm True
4: False, I'm False

21. What is the output of below code

[Link](NaN === NaN);

1: True
2: False

Answer
⬆ Back to Top

22. What is the output of below code

let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, NaN];

[Link]([Link](NaN));

1: 4
2: NaN
3: SyntaxError
4: -1

Answer

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23. What is the output of below code

let [a, ...b, c] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];

[Link](a, b, c);

1: 1, [2, 3, 4, 5]
2: 1, {2, 3, 4, 5}
3: SyntaxError
4: 1, [2, 3, 4]

Answer

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25. What is the output of below code

async function func() {

return 10;
}
[Link](func());

1: Promise {<fulfilled>: 10}

2: 10
3: SyntaxError
4: Promise {<rejected>: 10}

Answer

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26. What is the output of below code

async function func() {

await 10;
}
[Link](func());

1: Promise {<fulfilled>: 10}

2: 10
3: SyntaxError
4: Promise {<resolved>: undefined}

Answer
⬆ Back to Top

27. What is the output of below code

function delay() {
return new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 2000));
}

async function delayedLog(item) {

await delay();
[Link](item);
}

async function processArray(array) {

[Link](item => {
await delayedLog(item);
})
}

processArray([1, 2, 3, 4]);

1: SyntaxError
2: 1, 2, 3, 4
3: 4, 4, 4, 4
4: 4, 3, 2, 1

Answer

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28. What is the output of below code

function delay() {
return new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 2000));
}

async function delayedLog(item) {

await delay();
[Link](item);
}

async function process(array) {

[Link](async (item) => {
await delayedLog(item);
});
[Link]("Process completed!");
}
process([1, 2, 3, 5]);

1: 1 2 3 5 and Process completed!

2: 5 5 5 5 and Process completed!
3: Process completed! and 5 5 5 5
4: Process completed! and 1 2 3 5

Answer

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29. What is the output of below code

var set = new Set();

[Link]("+0").add("-0").add(NaN).add(undefined).add(NaN);
[Link](set);

1: Set(4) {"+0", "-0", NaN, undefined}

2: Set(3) {"+0", NaN, undefined}
3: Set(5) {"+0", "-0", NaN, undefined, NaN}
4: Set(4) {"+0", NaN, undefined, NaN}

Answer

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30. What is the output of below code

const sym1 = Symbol("one");

const sym2 = Symbol("one");

const sym3 = [Link]("two");

const sym4 = [Link]("two");

[Link](sym1 === sym2, sym3 === sym4);

1: true, true
2: true, false
3: false, true
4: false, false

Answer

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31. What is the output of below code

const sym1 = new Symbol("one");

[Link](sym1);

1: SyntaxError
2: one
3: Symbol('one')
4: Symbol

Answer

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32. What is the output of below code

let myNumber = 100;

let myString = "100";

if (!typeof myNumber === "string") {

[Link]("It is not a string!");
} else {
[Link]("It is a string!");
}

if (!typeof myString === "number") {

[Link]("It is not a number!");
} else {
[Link]("It is a number!");
}

1: SyntaxError
2: It is not a string!, It is not a number!
3: It is not a string!, It is a number!
4: It is a string!, It is a number!

Answer
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33. What is the output of below code

[Link](
[Link]({ myArray: ["one", undefined, function () {}, Symbol("")] })
);
[Link](
[Link]({ [[Link]("one")]: "one" }, [[Link]("one")])
);

1: {"myArray":['one', undefined, {}, Symbol]}, {}

2: {"myArray":['one', null,null,null]}, {}
3: {"myArray":['one', null,null,null]}, "{ [[Link]('one')]: 'one' }, [[Link]('one')]"
4: {"myArray":['one', undefined, function(){}, Symbol('')]}, {}

Answer

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34. What is the output of below code

class A {
constructor() {
[Link]([Link]);
}
}

class B extends A {
constructor() {
super();
}
}

new A();
new B();

function area({ length = 10, width = 20 }) {

[Link](length * width);
}

area();

1: 200
2: Error
3: undefined
4: 0

⬆ Back to Top

40. What is the output of below code

function add(item, items = []) {

[Link](item);
return items;
}

[Link](add("Orange"));
[Link](add("Apple"));

1: ['Orange'], ['Orange', 'Apple']

2: ['Orange'], ['Apple']

Answer

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41. What is the output of below code

function greet(greeting, name, message = greeting + " " + name) {

[Link]([greeting, name, message]);
}

function* yieldAndReturn() {
yield 1;
return 2;
yield 3;
}

var myGenObj = yieldAndReturn();

[Link]([Link]());
[Link]([Link]());
[Link]([Link]());

1: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: true }, { value: undefined, done: true }
2: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: false }, { value: undefined, done: true }
3: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: true }, { value: 3, done: true }
4: { value: 1, done: false }, { value: 2, done: false }, { value: 3, done: true }

Answer
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47. What is the output of below code

const myGenerator = (function* () {

yield 1;
yield 2;
yield 3;
})();
for (const value of myGenerator) {
[Link](value);
break;
}

for (const value of myGenerator) {

[Link](value);
}

1: 1,2,3 and 1,2,3

2: 1,2,3 and 4,5,6
3: 1 and 1
4: 1

Answer

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48. What is the output of below code

const num = 0o38;

[Link](num);

1: SyntaxError
2: 38

Answer

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49. What is the output of below code

const squareObj = new Square(10);

[Link]([Link]);

class Square {
constructor(length) {
[Link] = length;
}

get area() {
return [Link] * [Link];
}

set area(value) {
[Link] = value;
}
}

1: 100
2: ReferenceError

Answer

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50. What is the output of below code

function Person() {}

[Link] = function () {
return this;
};

let user = new Person();

let walk = [Link];
[Link](walk());

let run = [Link];

[Link](run());

1: undefined, undefined
2: Person, Person
3: SyntaxError
4: Window, Window

Answer

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51. What is the output of below code

class Vehicle {
constructor(name) {
[Link] = name;
}

start() {
[Link](`${[Link]} vehicle started`);
}
}

class Car extends Vehicle {

start() {
[Link](`${[Link]} car started`);
[Link]();
}
}

const car = new Car("BMW");

[Link]([Link]());

1: SyntaxError
2: BMW vehicle started, BMW car started
3: BMW car started, BMW vehicle started
4: BMW car started, BMW car started

Answer

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52. What is the output of below code

const USER = { age: 30 };

[Link] = 25;
[Link]([Link]);

let msg = "Good morning!!";

[Link] = "John";

[Link]([Link]);

1: ""
2: Error
3: John
4: Undefined

Answer

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59. What is the output of below code?

getMessage();

var getMessage = () => {

[Link]("Good morning");
};

1: Good morning
2: getMessage is not a function
3: getMessage is not defined
4: Undefined

Answer

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60. What is the output of below code?

let quickPromise = [Link]();

[Link](() => [Link]("promise finished"));

[Link]("program finished");

1: program finished
2: Cannot predict the order
3: program finished, promise finished
4: promise finished, program finished

Answer

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61. What is the output of below code?

console
.log("First line")
[("a", "b", "c")].forEach((element) => [Link](element));
[Link]("Third line");

1: First line , then print a, b, c in a new line, and finally print Third line as next line
2: First line , then print a, b, c in a first line, and print Third line as next line
3: Missing semi-colon error
4: Cannot read properties of undefined

Answer

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62. Write a function that returns a random HEX color

Solution 1 (Iterative generation)

Solution 2 (One-liner)

⬆ Back to Top

63. What is the output of below code?

var of = ["of"];
for (var of of of) {
[Link](of);
}

1: of
2: SyntaxError: Unexpected token of
3: SyntaxError: Identifier 'of' has already been declared
4: ReferenceError: of is not defined

Answer
⬆ Back to Top

64. What is the output of below code?

const numbers = [11, 25, 31, 23, 33, 18, 200];

[Link]();
[Link](numbers);

1: [11, 18, 23, 25, 31, 33, 200]

2: [11, 18, 200, 23, 25, 31, 33]
3: [11, 25, 31, 23, 33, 18, 200]
4: Cannot sort numbers

Answer

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65. What is the output order of below code?

setTimeout(() => {
[Link]("1");
}, 0);
[Link]("hello").then(() => [Link]("2"));
[Link]("3");

1: 1, 2, 3
2: 1, 3, 2
3: 3, 1, 2
4: 3, 2, 1

Answer

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66. What is the output of below code?

[Link](name);
[Link](message());
var name = "John";
(function message() {
[Link]("Hello John: Welcome");
});

1: John, Hello John: Welcome

2: undefined, Hello John, Welcome
3: Reference error: name is not defined, Reference error: message is not defined
4: undefined, Reference error: message is not defined

Answer

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67. What is the output of below code?

message();

function message() {
[Link]("Hello");
}
function message() {
[Link]("Bye");
}

1: Reference error: message is not defined

2: Hello
3: Bye
4: Compile time error

Answer

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68. What is the output of below code?

var currentCity = "NewYork";

var changeCurrentCity = function () {

[Link]("Current City:", currentCity);
var currentCity = "Singapore";
[Link]("Current City:", currentCity);
};

changeCurrentCity();

1: NewYork, Singapore
2: NewYork, NewYork
3: undefined, Singapore
4: Singapore, Singapore

Answer

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69. What is the output of below code in an order?

function second() {
var message;
[Link](message);
}

function first() {
var message = "first";
second();
[Link](message);
}

var message = "default";

first();
[Link](message);

1: undefined, first, default

2: default, default, default
3: first, first, default
4: undefined, undefined, undefined

Answer

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70. What is the output of below code?

var expressionOne = function functionOne() {

[Link]("functionOne");
};
functionOne();

1: functionOne is not defined

2: functionOne
3: [Link]("functionOne")
4: undefined

Answer

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71. What is the output of below code?

const user = {
name: "John",
eat() {
[Link](this);
var eatFruit = function () {
[Link](this);
};
eatFruit();
},
};
[Link]();

1: {name: "John", eat: f}, {name: "John", eat: f}

2: Window {...}, Window {...}
3: {name: "John", eat: f}, undefined
4: {name: "John", eat: f}, Window {...}

Answer

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72. What is the output of below code?

let message = "Hello World!";

80. What is the output of below code?

let arr = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, -6, 7];

[Link] = 0;
[Link](arr);

1: 0
2: Undefined
3: null
4: [ ]

Answer
---
⬆ Back to Top

81. How do you verify two strings are anagrams or not?

An anagram is a word or phrase formed by rearranging all the letters of a different word or phrase exactly once. For example, the anagrams of
"eat" word are "tea" and "ate".

You can split each word into characters, followed by sort action and later join them back. After that you can compare those two words to verify
whether those two words are anagrams or not.

function verifyAnagrams(word1, word2) {

return [Link]("").sort().join("") === [Link]("").sort().join("");
}
[Link](verifyAnagrams("eat", "ate"));

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82. What is the output of below code?

printHello();

printMessage();

function printHello() {
[Link]("Hello");

function printMessage() {
[Link]("Good day");
}
}

1: Hello, Good day

2: Reference Error: printHello is not defined, Reference Error: printMessage is not defined
3: Reference Error: printHello is not defined, Good day
4: Hello, Reference Error: printMessage is not defined

Answer

---
⬆ Back to Top

83. What is the time taken to execute below timeout callback?

[Link]("Start code");

setTimeout(function () {
[Link]("Callback code");
}, 5000);

[Link]("After callback");

let startTime = new Date().getTime();

let endTime = startTime;

while (endTime <= startTime + 10000) {

endTime = new Date().getTime();
}

[Link]("End code");

1: > 10 sec
2: Immediately
3: < 10 sec
4: <= 5sec

Answer

⬆ Back to Top

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